Abadwebi beRenaissance abadume kakhulu

Ngokuthunyelwe okulandelayo uzokwazi ukwazi okwengeziwe ngomlando, izici nokubaluleka kwezinye zezinto Abadwebi beRenaissance owayenethonya elikhulu ngaleso sikhathi, kanye nokuthi yayiyini imisebenzi yakhe eyizifanekiselo kakhulu.

Abadwebi beRenaissance

Abadwebi beRenaissance

Esihlokweni sethu sanamuhla sizobe sazi abanye abadwebi beRenaissance abavelele futhi ababenamandla bangaleso sikhathi, ngaphezu kokufunda ngomlando nezici zalesi sikhathi sokuvuselelwa kwamasiko okwakuphawula uphawu lwayo futhi kwashiya iminikelo ebalulekile emhlabeni ubuciko.

I-Renaissance ibhekwa njengenkathi yokuvuselela amasiko, ubuciko, izincwadi kanye nezesayensi, okwenzeka phakathi kwekhulu leshumi nane neshumi nanhlanu ezwenikazi laseYurophu. Ukuvela kwale nhlangano kwakungabangelwa isenzakalo esithile, nakuba ekhulwini leshumi nanhlanu neshumi nesithupha labona izenzakalo ezinkulu, njengokuwa kweConstantinople, ukunqotshwa kwamaTurkey eningizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu nokutholwa kwemihlaba emisha.

Kungashiwo ukuthi i-Renaissance isekelwe ekuthuthukisweni kwemiqondo yemvelo neyesayensi, umsuka wayo ongabonakala ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX futhi uqhubeke ngaphansi kwe-Gothic Naturalism.

Ngokuqinisekile asikho isiqalo esichazwe ngokucacile seRenaissance, nokho izazi eziningi ziyavuma ukuthi le nkathi yaqala ukusebenza kusukela lapho abantu beqala ukuqaphela ukuthi abasaphili phakathi nenkathi ephakathi.

Izithakazelo zakhe zihlukile futhi uzazi kakhulu yena kanye nokusebenza kwakhe kwezenhlalo namasiko. Ngokuphambene nalokho okwenzeka kubantu ababephila eNkathini Ephakathi ababengacacile ngobukhona babo ngesikhathi esihlukile kunenkathi yasendulo yasendulo.

Isikhathi esedlule sasihlanganiselwe kubo ka-BC kanye no-AD: inkathi "yomthetho" ehambisana neTestamente elidala kanye nenkathi "Yomusa" ehambisana nesikhathi sangemva kokufika kukaJesu Kristu.

Abadwebi beRenaissance

Ukubaluleka kweRenaissance emikhakheni eminingi yomphakathi akunakutshazwa. Kwakuyinkathi ebonakala kakhulu ngokutholwa noshintsho. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi izinguquko ezinkulu zenzeka: uhlelo lwe-Copernican lwathathelwa indawo yiPtolemaic in Astronomy, i-feudalism yawa, ukuhwebelana kwanda kanye nephepha, ukunyathelisa, ikhampasi yasolwandle kanye nesibhamu.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kwakungenxa yomshini wokunyathelisa ukuthi ezinye izinkulumo ezinjengobuciko zingasakazwa ngempumelelo phakathi nenkathi yeRenaissance, ngaleyo ndlela kusize ukuvela kwalo mnyakazo omusha wamasiko.

“Ngaphandle kokungabaza, intshisekelo enkulu emvelweni yomuntu kanye nokuvuselelwa kwesithunzi somuntu, kuvumela ukubuyisana komuntu noNkulunkulu ngaphandle kokusabela okunobutha, ukuhlasela noma ukuncintisana. Isikhathi esibonakala ngokuvumelanisa kwayo, okuqiniswa isithakazelo sakuqala: umuntu”.

Izici

Ukuze uhlanganise izici zobuciko nokudweba ku-Renaissance, kubalulekile ukuqala ukugqamisa ezinye zezici eziyinhloko ezaziyingxenye yalesi sikhathi:

Ukubhekwa komhlaba kanye nokumelwa kwemininingwane yawo, izimiso zezibalo ezintathu: ibhalansi, ukuvumelana kanye nombono. Izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zamathuba ezithombe anikezwa yisu elisha lokupenda ngowoyela, ukuhlanganiswa kobuciko, ukumelwa kwabanqunu, isithombe kanye nokusayinwa kwemisebenzi.

Kwakungenkathi yeRenaissance lapho yonke imininingwane encane ehilelekile ekubunjweni komdwebo iqala ukunakwa ngokubaluleka okukhulu. Ngaleyo minyaka, yonke leyo mininingwane yaqala ukuba nokubaluleka futhi igqanyiswe ukuze yenziwe yaziwe iyodwa noma njengengxenye yophawu oluphelele.

Abadwebi beRenaissance

Umdwebo waba noshintsho olubalulekile ngaphambi nangemva kwesikhathi seRenaissance. Eminyakeni yangaphambi kweRenaissance, enye yezindlela ezazisetshenziswa kakhulu zokudweba kwakuwumdwebo we-tempera, owawuhilela ngokuyisisekelo ukusebenzisa izingulube zombala ezixubene nesikhuphasha seqanda, okukhiqiza ingxube enhle, eqinile, engeyona eye-homogeneous futhi eyomisa ngokushesha. .

Kukholakala ukuthi omunye wabantu bokuqala ukukhuthaza indlela yokudweba uwoyela kwakungu-Jan Van Eyck, nokho-ke kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukudweba uwoyela kwase kudumile kusukela ngeNkathi Ephakathi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zamatshe noma zensimbi. Umdwebo oseseyili wawugqamile, usetshenzwa ngendlela ephelele amaFlemish.

"Ingxube etholwe kumbala wombala endaweni ye-viscous ivumela ingxube ye-homogeneous namathuba amakhulu e-shades, amafilimu akhanyayo nama-velvety shades angaziwa kuze kube yileso sikhathi, ngaleyo ndlela kuzuzwe imiphumela emikhulu ye-dimensional."

Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, imisebenzi ebalulekile yobuciko yenziwa ekuphatheni izindwangu nezingubo ezingakaze zenzeke ezigabeni ezedlule. Umdwebi uphinde wanikezwa ithuba lokuthuthukisa ubuciko ngaphandle kwezithiyo zokulungiswa nokucwengwa. Ngokufanayo, ukujula komkhathi wezindawo kufinyelelwa ngokunemba okukhulu.

I-Renaissance yaphawula ingqopha-mlando engakaze ibonwe emlandweni wobuciko bendawo yonke. Kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho izinhlobo ezahlukene zobuciko ezifana nokudweba, izakhiwo kanye nokubaza zahlanganiswa okokuqala. Inani elikhulu lamaciko likwazile ukuthuthukisa amakhono abo ngendlela engenasici kwelinye lalawa magatsha obuciko.

Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, ukumelelwa komzimba womuntu kwakwenziwa njengencazelo yesono, kodwa kusukela ekufikeni kweRenaissance, yathola ukuqonda okusha, kwaze kwaba ukubonakaliswa okuphawulekayo komdwebi. I-Contours, ukunyakaza, amandla, izimo, ivolumu kanye nazo zonke lezo zimfanelo ezivumela ukumelwa okuguquguqukayo nemvelo kuyafundwa.

Ngale ndlela, kuhloswe ukubuyisela kumuntu ukubaluleka kwayo okusemthethweni, okwalahleka phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi kanye nobuKristu, ukubuyela ekuthakazelweni okuboniswa amaGreki ekuthuthukiseni nasekubongeni kwemininingwane ngayinye yesibalo somuntu. Yile ndlela umuntu abe ngayo i-eksisi yezinkulumo zobuciko.

Njengoba umzimba womuntu uyimpokophelo ecacile yokusatshalaliswa kobuciko, isithombe saqala nokuba nokubaluleka okukhulu emsebenzini womdwebi. Ngaphambili, ubuso kuphela obupendwe ngaphandle kokucaca, ngaphandle kokubonisa, ngaphandle kwesithakazelo, kodwa manje iqiniso lalihluke ngokuphelele futhi linenkululeko enkulu.

Ngesikhathi seRenaissance, ukuvela kabusha kwesu elisha elihlobene ne-portraiture kungabonakala ngokucacile. Manje imidwebo eyakhiwe kule ndawo yayibonakala, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngokugqamisa izici ezinkulu kumodeli, isimo sabo sengqondo, indawo yabo kanye nokweqa kwesikhundla senhlalo salabo balingisi abasezikhundleni eziphezulu.

Kodwa hhayi kuphela isithombe esibe nokubaluleka okukhulu ngemva kweRenaissance, kodwa futhi i-self-portrait nayo yaba yinto engavamile empilweni yomculi, njengoba umculi ngokwakhe eqaphela ukubaluleka kwayo, okwenza umphakathi awumele. Ukubaluleka okutholwe yiciko kukhulu kangangokuthi imisebenzi iqala ukusayinwa. Masikhumbule ukuthi ngeNkathi Ephakathi abadali bemisebenzi babengaziwa.

Abadwebi be-Early Renaissance

Njengakwezinye izikhathi, i-Renaissance iphinde yafakazela isigaba esithi "incubation", lapho abadwebi bokuqala abanokuthambekela kwe-Renaissance baqala ukudlala indima ehamba phambili. Kulesi simo, umanduleli we-Renaissance oqashelwa izazi-mlando ngokombono wesithombe ngu-Giotto.

Abadwebi beRenaissance

Kwabe sekufika ukuvela kwenkathi entsha eyaziwa ngaphansi kwamagama amabili ahlukene: isiGothic esingasekho kanye neRenaissance yokuqala. Ngaleso sikhathi kwavela abaculi abadumile bobuciko baseFlemish. Owayenethonya elikhulu kubo ngokungangabazeki kwakungu-Jan Van Eyck, owakwazi ukuthuthukisa ikhono elingcono kakhulu lokuphatha uwoyela. Isibonelo esicacile ngumsebenzi wakhe othi "Umshado we-Arnolfini":

URoger Van Der Weyden

Omunye wabadwebi beRenaissance ababedume kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi kwakunguRoger Van Der Weyden, owazinikela kakhulu emininingwaneni yokuchazwa kwemizwa yedrama yesiGothic kulesi sitayela esisha futhi ugqama ngekhono lakhe emininingwaneni yobuso nomlingiswa omkhulu. ezimisweni.

Hugo Van der Goes

Futhi wayengomunye walabo balingisi ababebaluleke kakhulu ngesikhathi seRenaissance. Wayebonakala ngobuntu bakhe obunesiyaluyalu nokucindezeleka, ogcina ethatha impilo yakhe futhi ongaqhathaniswa ngendlela ethile noVan Gogh. Wenza imisebenzi eminingi, enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu kwakuyi-Portinari triptych.

U-Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)

Ngaphandle kokungabaza, ungomunye wezibalo ezinkulu zeRenaissance eNyakatho Yurophu. Wagqama kakhulu ngomunye wemisebenzi yakhe eyizifanekiselo kakhulu awenza futhi awubeka ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi “Insimu Yezinto Ezijabulisayo Zasemhlabeni”. Kungumsebenzi owenziwe ngefomethi ye-triptych lapho imele izikhathi ezintathu zenkolo ezahlukene. ngakwesokunene iNkosi yethula u-Adamu ku-Eva wakhe osanda kudalwa, epharadesi elimaphakathi nesihogo sophiko lwesokunxele.

Conrad Witz

Lo mdwebi waseJalimane naye waba nesikhathi sakhe sodumo ngesikhathi seRenaissance, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yekhono lakhe elimangalisayo lokuphatha izindwangu, edala izingcezu ze-satin ezicace kakhulu zekhwalithi ephezulu.

Ukuvuselelwa KwamaNtaliyane

Ku-Renaissance yase-Italy kwakukhona nabadwebi abaningi nabadwebi abakwazi ukugqama ngemisebenzi yabo:

I-Masaccio (1401-1428)

I-Masaccio (1401-1428)

Umsebenzi wakhe awubanga mude kakhulu, kodwa waphumelela. Eseneminyaka engu-21 ubudala, wazuza udumo, kodwa ngemva kweminyaka eyisithupha washona. Enye yezinto ezamgqamisa kakhulu ubukhazikhazi bakhe obukhulu ekufanekisweni kwezithombe eziqoshiwe, okunethonya elikhulu okukaZiqu-zintathu Ongcwele eseBandleni likaSanta Maria Novella eFlorence.

Umpristi u-Angelico (1400-1455)

Kungabhekwa njengomunye wabalandela ababaluleke kakhulu bakaMasaccio. Phakathi nomsebenzi wakhe wakwazi ukugqama ezicini eziningana, ikakhulukazi ukwenza izibalo zibe ngabantu, ebeka ukubaluleka okukhulu ekukhanyeni, umbala kanye nemininingwane emincane kakhulu.

U-Piero da Francesca (1420-1491)

Yaziwa kakhulu ngamafresco ayo. Wagqama ngombono wakhe oncomekayo wokulinganisa kwezibalo.

USandro Botticelli (144/5-1510)

Yaba omunye wabaculi abayintandokazi yodokotela futhi omunye wamalungu ayo wagunyaza umsebenzi wokuzalwa kwe-Knm, lapho umphumela ophansi ongabonakala ngenxa yokugcizelelwa kwesakhiwo.

ukuvuselelwa sekwephuzile

I-Renaissance engasekho nayo yamelwa abaculi abadumile, esingagqamisa phakathi kwabo okulandelayo:

ULeonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

Omunye wabaculi abakhulu bangaleso sikhathi. Impumelelo yakhe, ngokwengxenye, ibangelwe yikhono elikhulu alikhombise emagatsheni ehlukene obuciko ayesebenza kuwo. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe ebaluleke kakhulu i-Adoration of the Magi, engazange iqedwe, naphezu kokuba enye yemisebenzi yakhe yokuvelela kakhulu ngokombono wobuciko.

ISidlo SeNkosi Sokugcina

Ngaphandle kokungabaza, umsebenzi odume kakhulu nobalulekile kunawo wonke owenziwa ngesikhathi seNkathi Yokuzalwa Kwaphakade. Njengamanje umdwebo osesithombeni useSanta Maria da Gracia eMilan futhi uthathwa njengeminye yemisebenzi emikhulu kakhulu yangaleso sikhathi, nakuba ngeshwa umsebenzi wabonisa ukuwohloka ngemva nje kokuqedwa, ngenxa yokuthi la mafutha awanamatheli kahle phezulu. Udonga.

UMona Lisa

UDa Vinci uphinde wapenda iLa Monalisa, omunye wemidwebo yakhe edume kakhulu neyizimpawu. Udumo lwalo mdwebo alukho ngokuqondile ngenxa yomsebenzi, kodwa kunalokho imfihlakalo ezungeze lo mlingiswa iminyaka eminingi. Lapha ungabona ikhwalithi enhle ekuphathweni kwengqondo nobuntu.

UMichelangelo (1475-1564)

Omunye wabadwebi abakhulu beRenaissance. Enye yezincwadi zakhe ezifanekisela kakhulu iseSistine Chapel eRoma; umsebenzi owathatha cishe iminyaka emine ukuqedwa.

U-Giorgione (1478-1510)

Enye yezinto egqame kakhulu lo mculi intshisekelo yakhe yokugqamisa izindawo njengengqikithi yemidwebo yakhe. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe eyizifanekiselo kakhulu i-"El Baranal", ekhuluma ngendikimba yobuqaba eqinisekile, ngaphansi kwamathoni afudumele nathambile aphikisana namathoni akhanyayo kanye nezinhlobo ezichaziwe zezibalo zabantu.

Abaculi baseNyakatho Renaissance

I-Northern Renaissance nayo yayinabaculi bayo abavelele, phakathi kwabo singabala okulandelayo:

U-Albrecht Durer (1471-1518)

Waziwa njengomculi weRenaissance kunabo bonke abaculi beRenaissance, kwazise ubengowokuqala ukukhombisa ukuthakaselwa kwakhe ngesithombe sakhe, esimele kusukela eneminyaka engu-13 kuphela ubudala.

U-Lucas Cranach (1472-1553)

Lo mculi ugqama ngokubonisa iphupho elihle emsebenzini wakhe, kuyilapho izibalo zakhe ezingabantu sintula ukuzwela kwe-anatomical. Ngalesi sikhathi abanye abaculi abakhulu nabo bagqama, njengalaba:

  • U-Albrecht Altdorfer (1480-1538)
  • I-Baldung Grien (1484/5-1545)

Kubalulekile futhi ukusho abanye abaculi abaziwa kakhulu beMannerism abavela eRoma naseFlorence, okuhlanganisa:

  • URosso Fiorentino (1495-1540)
  • I-Pontormus (1494 -1556/7)
  • I-Parmigianino (1503-1540)
  • U-Agnolo Bronzino (1503-1572)
  • UGiorgio Vasari (1511-1574).

Ungase futhi ube nentshisekelo ezihlokweni ezilandelayo: 


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  5. Isitoreji sedatha: Idatabase ebanjwe yi-Occentus Networks (EU)
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