Ukukhululeka kwehlathi lase-Amazon: Izimbali, izilwane nokunye

El Ukukhululwa Kwehlathi Lemvula lase-Amazon Yakhiwe amathafa abanzi ambozwe amahlathi ashisayo anezindawo ezinomswakama nemifula emikhulu egelezayo egelezela eMfuleni i-Amazon. Sikumema ukuthi ufunde konke mayelana nalesi siqiwu esihle semvelo esakhiwe amazwe amaningana ezwekazi laseMelika.

Ihlathi lase-Amazon

I-Amazon ngokuyinhloko yakhiwe amathafa abanzi ambozwe amahlathi ashisayo, itholakala eningizimu-mpumalanga yeColombia futhi ihlanganisa iminyango yase-Amazonas Putumayo, Guainía, Caquetá, Guaviare kanye neVaupés, lokhu kusho ukuthi ihambisana nenyakatho yeNingizimu Melika.

Ibuye ichazwe yizindawo zaseGuayana kanye neGran Chaco, lapho kunamahlathi amaningi ashisayo futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu ivame ukubhekwa njengengxenye ebalulekile yokukhululwa kwehlathi lase-Amazon.

El ukukhululeka kwe-amazon Ihlukaniswa njengehlathi elikhulu kunawo wonke afudumele emhlabeni, izici zayo eziyisisekelo sithola ukuthi amplitude yayo ifinyelela mayelana 7.000.000 km2, le nsimu ebanzi ihlukaniswe izifunda 9, phakathi kwazo singathola okulandelayo:

  1. IBolivia.
  2. I-Colombia
  3. I-Venezuela
  4. I-Ecuador
  5. IGuyana.
  6. I-France (French Guiana).
  7. Suriname.
  8. Brazil
  9. Peru

Lezi zokugcina zinengxenye enkulu kunazo zonke ze ukukhululeka kwesifunda sase-Amazon. Emhlabeni wonke, i-Amazon yaziwa ngenani layo elimangalisayo, ngoba ibonakala njengendawo enamahlathi amakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni.

Indawo ye-Amazon Region

Akhiwe ku- Izwekazi laseMelika, the Usizo lwamahlathi emvula ase-Amazon Ivamise ukuhlukaniswa kakhulu ngoba ifinyelela ezifundeni ezihlukene, ziqondwa kanje: IBrazil, enengqikithi yama-60% amahlathi ashisayo, iPeru enehlathi elingu-13%, iColombia ngo-10% no-17 I-% esele ihlukaniswe phakathi kweVenezuela, iBolivia, i-Ecuador, iGuyana, iSuriname neFrench Guiana namanje ingeyabase-Europe.

Itholakala phakathi kweTropic of Cancer (enyakatho) neTropic of Capricorn (eningizimu), kunkabazwe enomugqa owucabangayo odlula phakathi kwezindawo ezishisayo, lapho ihlukaniswa njengehlathi elishisayo.

Ukukhululwa Kwehlathi Lemvula lase-Amazon

Ukuvelela kwalezi zindawo kunezici ezikhethekile ezikhetheke kakhulu, njengoba inezindawo ezingavuswanga kakhulu, njengoba kunjalo ngomthambeka ohlale uqondiswe ngasempumalanga; yingakho i-Amazon ihlukaniswa njenge-amplitude evundlile ebanzi, lapho izindawo zayo ezibalulekile ziningi khona. Amahlathi aswakeme noma ixhaphozi, ngenxa yobuningi bemifula egeleza phakathi kwayo lapho isuka osebeni lwazo.

Ngenxa yezinguquko ezihlukene ezikhona eziqulwini zemimoya evunguzayo ezindaweni eziphakeme zaseGuayana naseZócalo yaseBrazil, inani elikhulu lezingxenye ligcinwa endaweni, lokhu kuwumphumela wemvelo wokugqwala kokukhululeka okuseduze, Ngokufana nemfucuza evela olwandle kanye ne-lake fluvio entsha, lezi zinqubo ziyingxenye yalokhu kuqeqeshwa.

Ngokujwayelekile, isigaba ngasinye semvelo siye sahlanganisa iqoqo lezindawo eziphakeme eziphansi lapho izinga likhona (phakathi kwamamitha ayi-100 no-300) futhi lihlukaniswa njengezwe elimaphakathi, ngakho-ke linomsebenzi wokuxhumana namathafa e-alluvial. Isibonelo, uma kuvela amadwala athile, atholakala ogwini ngesethi yezikhathi ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuze kuthuthukiswe.

Izilwane zase-Amazon Region

Ukuba khona kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezingenakuqhathaniswa kuye kwabangela inani elikhulu lokushanela emahlathini, okubangele umthombo omkhulu wemali engenayo emazweni, ikakhulukazi iPeru, iBrazil, iBolivia kanye ne-Ecuador. Kuye kwenziwa uphenyo oluningi ezifundeni ngenxa yokuba khona kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.

jaguar amazon jungle relief

Ihlathi lemvula lase-Amazon liyikhaya lezinhlobo zezilwane ezingaphezu kuka-2.000, ezinezinhlobo ezilinganiselwa ku-427+ zezilwane ezincelisayo, izinhlobo zezinyoni ezingaba ngu-1.300, izinhlobo ezingu-427 zezilwane ezihlala emanzini nasezweni, izinhlobo zezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezingu-378 kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezingaba ngu-3.000.

Singathola futhi izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-2 zezinambuzane ku Usizo lwamahlathi emvula ase-Amazon. Uhlobo olulodwa kwezinhlanu zezinyoni luhlala kuphela kuleli hlathi elishisayo, ngasinye salezi zilwane sinezimfanelo ezimangalisayo, kanye nekhono elikhulu lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezihlukahlukene ezizungezile.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kunezilwane ezithile ezitholakala kuphela e-Amazon Rainforest, isibonelo ezinye ezihuquzelayo ezifana ne-Jesus lizard kanye nenhlwathi; izingwenya nezingwenya; izilwane ezincelisayo njenge-golden lion tamarin, i-Howler monkey, i-jaguar, inkawu yesicabucabu, i-tapir nehlengethwa loMfula i-Amazon; izinyoni ezinjenge-toucan ne-scarlet macaw, nezilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni njengeselesele elinobuthi nexoxo eliyingilazi.

Singathola futhi amahlengethwa abomvana, izimfudu zasemanzini nezimfudu. Phakathi kwezinhlobo zezinyoni ezivelele kakhulu esingazithola, ama- macaw, ama- toucans, ukhozi okuthiwa i-harpy; Ngokuvamile, izilwane zale ndawo ziningi kakhulu. Zonke izinhlobo ezihlukene zinemibala egqama kakhulu ezimpapheni zazo.

Ngaphezu kwakho konke, kube nokunyakaza okuningi kwezilwane zasendle ezaziwa kakhulu, ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zokukhosela nezindawo zezilwane ngenjongo yokuvikela izilwane ezisengozini yokushabalala, ukuzinakekela ukuze kwandiswe inani lezilwane ngaphambi kokuba zibuyiselwe ekuphileni kwazo. zasendle.

Kuthiwa ayikho enye i-biome yemvelo emhlabeni wonke engadlula noma ihlanganise izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezilwane ezitholakala e-Amazon, okwenza le ndawo ibe yinhle futhi ihluke ngendlela emangalisayo.

Izitshalo zesifunda sase-Amazon

La izimbali zase-Amazon Ihambelana cishe ne-22% yezitshalo ezikuwo wonke umhlaba futhi lezi zitholakala kulo lonke ihlathi lase-Amazon, kulesi sitshalo ikakhulukazi, kunesitshalo esibizwa ngokuthi iVictoria Amazónica esinezici ezihlaba umxhwele ngempela, njengoba sinamaqabunga ayindilinga angafinyelela ngaphezulu. ngaphezu kwamamitha ama-2 ububanzi.

Le ndawo engokwemvelo yakhiwe amahlathi lapho kunenqwaba yemithi yazo zonke izinhlobo futhi ehlukaniswa kanje:

  • I-Caricari.
  • Umsedari.
  • Ithuba.
  • Tajibos.
  • Umzila we-Barcelona.
  • I-Mandrillus (nezinye izinhlobo eziningi).

I-flora yesifunda sase-Amazon inezinhlobo zezitshalo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-40, endaweni Usizo lwamahlathi emvula ase-Amazon Okungenani ama-50% ezitshalo angaphandle futhi ayingxenye yezinhlobo ezibalulekile zezinhlobo zomhlaba wonke kanye nawo wonke amazwe ahlanganisayo.

Kuleli qembu elikhulu lezitshalo zesifunda sase-Amazon kunezigaba ezithile lapho izitshalo zokwelapha noma eziphulukisayo zigqama khona, ngenxa yokuthi zinezimfanelo ezisiza ukwelapha noma yiluphi uhlobo lwesifo, singasho ukuthi kusukela kokulula kuya kokuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kuye ngesifo. .

Kuyathakazelisa kakhulu ukuthi iphesenti elincane kuphela lalezi zinhlobo zezilwane eziye zacutshungulwa, njengoba kunendawo enkulu yocwaningo kanye nokutholwa okukhulu, okungukuthi, uma bekunokuhlola okuphelele, izihlahla eziningi nezitshalo ezinezakhiwo zokuphulukisa zingatholakala ukuthi zingase zifakwe emakhambi okwelapha akhona.

impumuzo yehlathi lemvula lase-amazon

El Isimo sezulu esishisayo esikhona e-Amazon yisona sici esivuna kakhulu ukukhula kwezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo zezilwane kanye nokuhlukahluka kwazo kuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izinhlobo zezitshalo zingakhula ngezinkathi zonyaka ezihlukene futhi lokhu kuthanda ukuba khona kwama-canopies. Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-canopy yehlathi kunikeza imithombo yomswakama, ukudla futhi kulawula umkhathi wehlathi, okubaluleke kakhulu ekukhuleni okufika ngesikhathi kwezitshalo.

Ezindaweni lapho kunamachweba athile, kukhona nezinhlobonhlobo eziningi ze- liliaceae, ezimangalisa ngempela, njengoba kwenzeka ngeVictoria Amazonica, ebhekwa njengesitshalo esikhulu kunazo zonke sasemanzini emhlabeni. Siphinde sibe nezimbali zasendle eziwumbukwane, ezigqama ngobuhle bazo obumangalisayo nokuhlukahluka kombala wazo, ngalokhu zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlobisa yonke indawo ezungezile ngokukhanga kwazo.

I-Hydroography

IHydrografia yale ndawo inkulu futhi phakathi kwemifula emikhulu ekhona e-Amazon yaseColombia yile elandelayo:

  • I-Caqueta.
  • I-Putumayo.
  • I-Guaviare.
  • I-Apaporis.
  • I-Amazon.
  • AbakwaVaupes.

Yonke le mifula ikhombisa umthamo omangalisayo lapho imvelo eyizungezile igqama.

Isimo sezulu

Isimo sezulu samahlathi ashisayo sibona inkathi yomswakama unyaka wonke, kuleli hlathi azikho izinkathi zonyaka ezivamile njengehlobo, ubusika, ikwindla nentwasahlobo; ngaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo. Okusho ukuthi, yonke indawo nezimila ezitholakala phakathi kwezindawo ezishisayo azinazo lezi zikhathi zonyaka.

Kodwa-ke, ihlathi elishisayo linamazinga okushisa ashisayo kakhulu unyaka wonke, cishe phakathi kuka-26° no-30° centigrade, lokhu kungenxa yomugqa ocatshangelwayo wenkabazwe othonya ukuvumelana kobude besikhathi sosuku namahora angu-12 okukhanya kwelanga. unyaka.

Yini ebangela ukuthi kube nokutholakala njalo kokukhanya kwelanga, yingakho kwenzeka i-photosynthesis ekhanyisa ihlathi unyaka wonke, okungukuthi, lokhu kubonakaliswa yikona okugcina izinga lokushisa elifudumele lisuka okungenani libe ngu-22 ° liye phezulu. engu-34° C endaweni eshisayo ngayinye.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ihlathi ligcwele umswakama ngenxa yokumboza kwehlathi elikhulu, elinezihlahla ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-390.000, umoya obandayo futhi unomswakama, ngakho-ke ukuqhubeka nokuzijabulisa ehlathini kuyinto eyinkimbinkimbi kumuntu.

I-Amazone yasePeru

Kwezinye izindawo, kuboniswa indawo ebanzi emahlathini asePeru nasempumalanga, lokhu kukhombisa ubukhulu bendawo nezinhlobo zezilwane, ngayinye yalezi zigaba ivumelekile ukubhekisela e-Amazon, eyaziwa nangokuthi ihlathi elikhulu elishisayo laseNingizimu Melika. . .

I-Amazon yasePeru ihlukaniswa njengenye yezindawo ezinezinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu zezinto eziphilayo nezindawo ezihlala emhlabeni, ngaleyo ndlela ikhombisa ukuthi iyindawo ye-biography yasePeruvia enesibalo esincane kakhulu sabantu, njengoba kuboniswa uphenyo oluhlukene olwenziwe. , ngokufanayo, ihlukaniswa njengehluke kakhulu ngokwe-anthropologically.

I-Amazon yase-Ecuador

Isifunda sase-Amazonian e-Ecuador sakhiwe indawo yemvelo ebanzi, evela esifundeni saseNingizimu Melika futhi yakhiwe indawo ehlanganisa amakhilomitha-skwele ayi-120.000 omhlaba wonke. Usizo lwamahlathi emvula ase-Amazon.

Le ndawo inendawo enkulu evame ukusabalala endaweni enezitshalo eziningi, evame ukufana namahlathi anomswakama nasendaweni eshisayo, inezinga elichaziwe elifanekiselwa ama-48% wendawo yase-Ecuadorian.

La izilwane zase-ecuadorian amazon Kunzima ngandlela thize ukuthola, nokho, leli yikhaya lezilwane ezincelisayo ezinjengalezi; Ama-Capybara, ama-Tapir, izinkawu, ama-agouti, amahlengethwa, ama-otter nezilwane ezidla ezinye ezinjengama-pumas, ama-panther nokunye. Izimila ziminyene kakhulu futhi kungenzeka ukuthi lezi zilwane zisondelane nabantu ngaphandle kokwazi.

Izilwane ezidla ezinye zivame ukuhlala zicashile futhi zincamela ukuphuma zizozingela UNoche. Kunzima ukuthola eziningi zalezi zilwane ezindaweni ezithuthukiswe abantu, ngenxa yenhlanganisela yokuzingela kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwendawo yazo, okuphoqe izilwane eziningi ukuthi zingene zijule ehlathini lase-Amazon.

I-Amazon yaseVenezuela

Itholakala eningizimu yeVenezuela, iyingxenye yephaphu lemifino elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni futhi ingenye yezindawo ezimbalwa zemvelo emhlabeni ezisalondoloza izimo zakuqala zokudalwa kwayo. Ukungena kuyo kuwuhambo olujabulisayo olungenzeka kuphela emifuleni yakhona nangomoya uye ezindaweni ezithile.

Kuyo kunobuhle nokuthula komhlaba wehlathi, kuyathakazelisa ukukwazi ukubona izinkanyezi ze-milky way ngaphandle kokungcola kokukhanya okuqhubekayo. Amanzi afudumele oMfula i-Atabapo angenazo izilwane; hamba amakhilomitha angama-320 amanzi anyakazayo we-Casiquiare atholakala emfuleni i-Orinoco, ukuze ajoyine uMfula iGuainía futhi akhe uMfula iNegro, ogelezela e-Amazon.

I-Amazon yaseColombia

Isifunda sase-Amazon saseColombia sihlanganisa amaphesenti angama-42 wendawo kazwelonke futhi saziwa ngokuthi amaphaphu omhlaba ngenxa yehlathi elikhulu. Kuyikhaya lezinhlanzi eziningi kakhulu ezitholakala emanzini angenasawoti emhlabeni, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo ezingavamile njengehlengethwa lasemfuleni elibomvana, i-manatee, i-jaguar, i-puma, i-otter enkulu, i-peccary, i-tapir, i-capybara. , ibheja nezinkawu ezihlukahlukene.

La izitshalo nezilwane esifundeni sase-Amazon yaseColombia inkulu kakhulu, inenani elikhulu lezinhlobo zesizwe futhi ezenzeka kule ndawo yezwe kuphela, nezinhlobo zezitshalo ezingaphezu kuka-130.000 namashumi ezinkulungwane zezilwane nezinambuzane ezihlala kuyo.

E-Amazon upholi, kunezinhlobo ezingu-6.249 ezibhalisiwe, izinhlobonhlobo zezilwane ze-Amazon yaseColombia zakhiwe izinhlobo zezinyoni ezingu-674, izilwane ezihlala emanzini angu-158, izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezingu-195 ezitholakala kuphela, izilwane ezincelisayo ezingu-212 kanye nezinhlobo ezingu-753 zezinhlanzi. Kunezinhlobo ezingu-79 ezisengozini yokushabalala, izilwane ezincelisayo ezingu-24, izinyoni ezingu-23, izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezingu-15, izinhlanzi ezingu-14 kanye nezilwane ezihlala emanzini ezihlala emanzini ezi-3.

I-Amazon yaseBrazil

I-Amazon yaseBrazil yaziwa ngobubanzi bayo obukhulu, itholakala enyakatho-mpumalanga yesifunda, ncamashi esifundeni saseNyakatho, ikhawulela nenyakatho-mpumalanga yeColombia futhi isenyakatho neVenezuela ngokusebenzisa umugqa ohlukanisayo woMfula i-Orinoco futhi i-Amazonas, imkhawulo ngasenyakatho-mpumalanga neRoraima, empumalanga neParan, eningizimu ilinganiselwe neMato Grosso, Rondônia futhi eningizimu-ntshonalanga ne-Acre.

Leli zwe lihlukaniswa ngokufutheka kwalo kanye nemvula enamandla, indawo yendabuko kanye nesimo sezulu esibonakala kulezi zindawo, lokhu kungenxa yendawo kanye nokusondela kwayo esifundazweni sase-Ecuador.

El Usizo lwamahlathi emvula ase-Amazon yale ndawo ngokuvamile iphansi kakhulu, ngenxa yezinqubo ezivela esifundeni, lapho izinga elisondele ku-85% liboniswa elidlula amamitha angu-100 ukuphakama. Amasayithi aphakeme kakhulu esifundazweni ahlukaniswa yi-Pico da Neblina, enobude obuvezayo obufanele ukuxazulula lokhu kwakheka.

Izici eziyisisekelo ze-Amazon

Ezicini eziyisisekelo ze-Amazon kukhona u-6.7 million km2 enawo, ubukhulu obulinganiselwa ukuthi buphinda kabili ubukhulu be-India, yingakho ibizwa ngokuthi ihlathi elingajwayelekile elikhona emhlabeni wonke nasezindaweni zayo. ukuhlukahluka kugqamisa izici ezilandelayo:

  1. Ihlanganisa indawo enkulu, njengoba iyihlathi elishisayo elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni futhi inezinkulungwane zezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
  2. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kuyindawo yokuhlala ye-10% yezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezaziwayo emhlabeni, okuhlanganisa nenani elikhulu lezinhlobo zamanzi ahlanzekile.
  3. Umfula i-Amazon ugeleza ngamakhilomitha angaba ngu-6.600, okubhekwa njengomfula omkhulu kunawo wonke, ngenxa yalesi sizathu ukugeleza kwawo okumaphakathi kuqukethe okungenani ama-cubic metres angu-22.5000 amanzi.
  4. I-Amazon yakha phakathi kuka-90.000 kanye nezi-140.000 zamathani e-metric we-carbon.

Yiba ngowokuqala ukuphawula

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  5. Isitoreji sedatha: Idatabase ebanjwe yi-Occentus Networks (EU)
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