Isiko lamaZapotec lingelinye lakudala futhi elibaluleke kakhulu eMesoamerica. Bahlala endaweni ebalulekile izinkulungwane zeminyaka, beshiya ubufakazi besiko labo elithuthukile kanye nezinga eliphezulu lezobuchwepheshe. Ukuze uqonde ukuthi ukuhlala kwakhe isikhathi eside kwakunjani, kubalulekile ukwazi Umnotho Zapotec
Umnotho Zapotec
Impucuko yaseZapotec ingenye yezimpucuko ezindala kakhulu e-pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, eyakhiwe abantu baseZapotec. Ubufakazi bokuqala besiko lamasiko lamaZapotec bahlehlela emuva eminyakeni engamakhulu ayisikhombisa ngaphambi kukaKristu.
Impucuko yaseZapotec yayihlala endaweni manje esezifundeni zaseMexico i-Oaxaca, iGuerrero, iPuebla neMexico. Indawo yokuhlala enkulu kunazo zonke eyaziwayo yempucuko yaseZapotec iseMonte Albán. Umthombo oyinhloko womnotho wamaZapotec kwakuwukulima, ummbila, ubhontshisi, njll.
Umsuka wempucuko yaseZapotec
Igama elithi "Zapotec" livela egameni lesiNahuatl elithi tzapotecatl elisho abantu baseZapote. Ngokobufakazi bemivubukulo obuqoqwe, izindawo zokuhlala zokuqala ezihlala njalo esifundazweni sase-Oaxaca zavela cishe ngekhulu leshumi nanhlanu BC. C. Phakathi konyaka we-1150 nonyaka wama-850 ngaphambi kukaKristu. Indawo yokuhlala enkulu kunazo zonke e-Oaxaca kwakuyi-San José Mogote, ehlanganisa izindlu ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalombili kuya kwekhulu namashumi amabili, endaweni lapho kwatholakala khona izithelo ze-fossilized zommbila, i-chili, kanye ne-avocado.
Ngemva kuka-850 BC, ukwakheka kwamadolobha okuqala kwenzeka, okwakuyizikhungo zezenkolo, zemikhosi nezokuphatha. Esikhathini esiphakathi kuka-XNUMX no-XNUMX BC eyaziwa ngokuthi izindawo zokuhlala eziyinkimbinkimbi zesigaba se-Rosario zamaZapotec zakhiwa futhi kunokwanda okukhulu kwenani labantu.
Maphakathi nesigaba seRosario, kwakhiwa phakathi kwezindawo zokuhlala ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa namashumi ayisishiyagalombili nanhlanu. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ngokusobala, izimpi eziningi ezimelene nezinye izimpucuko zawaphoqa ukuba amise izindonga njalo futhi aqinise izindawo zokuhlala ezinkulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kule nkathi, izisekelo zesiko laseZapotec zakhiwa, isibonelo, ukubhala kwayo, okudala kunamaMeya namaMixtec, kanye nekhalenda.
Ekupheleni kwesigaba se-Rosario phakathi kuka-XNUMX no-XNUMX BC, indawo yokuhlala enkulu kunazo zonke esigodini, i-San José Mogote, kanye nendawo eseduze esigodini sase-Etla, yalahlekelwa iningi labantu bayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwamiswa indawo entsha esiqongweni sentaba lapho kugcwele khona zonke izigodi ezizungezile, lendawo kamuva yathola igama elithi Monte Albán.
Ubufakazi bemivubukulo bubonisa ukuthi izindawo ezintsha zokuhlala e-Monte Albán zazihlala abantu baseSan José de Mogote.
I-Monte Albán yaba inhloko-dolobha yokuqala yesifunda saseZapotec (lokhu kwenzeka ngezigaba eziningana: okuthiwa i-Monte Albán I, i-Monte Albán II, i-Monte Albán III, i-Monte Albán IV, i-Monte Albán V). Bekungelinye lamadolobha amakhulu kunawo wonke e-pre-Columbian America, ehlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-XNUMX enabantu abaphakathi kuka-XNUMX no-XNUMX XNUMX phakathi nesigaba seMonte Albán IV. Kwamiswa umbuso waseZapotec, owanqoba cishe sonke iSigodi sase-Oaxaca.
Ukwanda okuphezulu kwendawo kwafinyelelwa phakathi nesigaba se-Monte Albán II, futhi ukuphakama kokwanda kwenzeka ekhulwini lokuqala leminyaka ngemva kukaKristu. Iphuzu elisenyakatho impela kwakuyinqaba yaseCoyotepec. Ososayensi bathole imibhalo engamakhulu amathathu yeZapotec ngezindaba zezempi, futhi ukwahlulela ngokubukeka kweziboshwa, iningi lazo lingaba livela eTeotihuacan.
Phakathi nesigaba se-Monte Albán III (ngaphambi konyaka wama-XNUMX), iningi lala mazwe lalahleka ngenxa yokuhlubuka kwabantu abanqotshiwe, kodwa kwasungulwa ubudlelwano bobungani neTeotihuacán, ngenxa yalokho indawo yadalwa ekugcineni. izithunywa nabathengisi bamaZapotec baphila.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, omakhelwane abasenyakatho be-isthmus, ama-Mixtec, baba izitha ezibuhlungu. Ekuqaleni, inzuzo ezingxabanweni ezihlomile yahlala, njengomthetho, kumaZapotec. Kodwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesishiyagalolunye neleshumi ukuphakama kwe-Mixtec kwabonakala nakakhulu futhi i-Monte Albán yawela ngaphansi kokuhlaselwa kwe-Mixtec. I-Monte Albán yashiywa izakhamuzi futhi abakwaMixtec baphendula amanxiwa ayo aba amathuna aluhlaza ababusi babo, bebiza le ndawo ngokuthi iYukukuyu.
Kodwa amaZapotec awazange adikibale noma azithobe ekuhlaselweni kweMixtec, naphezu kokuyishiyile iMonte Albán. Beqondiswa umholi wabo wenkolo ophakeme, baziqinisa bezungeza isikhungo sabo senkolo iMitla (ngolimi lwesiZapotec elithi Mitla lisho “Indlu Yokufa” noma “Indawo Yokuphumula Okuphakade”.
Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, bagcina iMitla kanye nezindawo ezizungezile ngaphansi kokulawula kwabo futhi bakwazi ngisho nokuvuselela umnotho wamaZapotec. Lokhu kufakazelwa ubukhazikhazi benhloko-dolobha ngokwayo nezigodlo zayo namathempeli, kanye nokuqala kabusha kwentuthuko ejulile yedolobha, ngenxa yalokho, ngaphezu kwenhloko-dolobha, izikhungo ezintsha zabantu ziye zavela kulawa mazwe.
Ngawo-XNUMX, uMitla wanqotshwa ama-Mixtec, owaqeda ukunqotshwa kwezakhiwo ezizimele ze-Zapotec futhi waqinisekisa ngokuphelele izindawo ze-Isthmus of Tehuantepec, nakuba kungakapheli isikhathi eside, kusukela ngemva kwamashumi ambalwa eminyaka ama-Aztec athatha isifunda.
Isigaba sokugcina sempucuko enkulu yaseZapotec yasendulo kwakuyiZapotecapan (izwe lamaZapotec) nenhloko-dolobha yalo edolobheni laseZaachila (eyasungulwa cishe ngo-1390-1400) endaweni yedolobha lanamuhla i-Oaxaca. Ulaka lwama-Aztec lwaphazamisa amabutho eMixtec futhi ngaleyo ndlela lwenza ukuba amaZapotec akwazi ukuphila kuze kube yilapho kunqotshwa iSpanishi, nokho-ke, indima yamaZapotec ezinqubweni zezombangazwe, ezomnotho namasiko eMesoamerica ngaleso sikhathi yayivele incane.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX amaZapotec akwazi ukuvikela inkululeko yawo kuma-Aztec, isikhathi esithile aphoqeleka ukuba ashiye iZaachila futhi athuthe ikomkhulu lawo entabeni enezivikelo eziqinile eduze nogu lwasePacific. Base benza umfelandawonye namaMixtec enyakatho yeSigodi sase-Oaxaca, ukuze bahlasele ibutho lama-Aztec ezindaweni eziphansi ezishisayo zaseTehuantepec.
Ngemva kokuvinjelwa izinyanga eziyisikhombisa, ama-Aztec namaZapotec avuma ukumiswa kwezikhali, ezinye zemibandela ukuthi ama-Aztec athumela ikambi elincane eSigodini sase-Oaxaca futhi aphinde athole inkokhiso "yenhlonipho" unyaka ngamunye. Nokho, eqinisweni, amaZapotec alondoloza inkululeko yawo futhi andisa impahla yawo ngosizo lwama-Aztec.
AmaZapotec asekela uHernán Cortés ekuketuleni umbuso wama-Aztec futhi enqoba iTenochtitlán ngo-1519. Nokho, ngo-1521 aphoqeleka ukuba azithobe kubahlaseli baseSpain.
Umnotho
AmaZapotec ashiye ubufakazi obanele bemivubukulo edolobheni laseMonte Albán obufana nezakhiwo, izinkundla zemidlalo lapho ibhola lalidlalelwa khona, amathuna amahle nayizici, kanye namasampula ayigugu omsebenzi wegolide. I-Monte Albán kwakuyidolobha elibaluleke kakhulu eNtshonalanga Nenkabazwe kanye nenkaba yesifunda saseZapotec esasibusa okuningi kwalokho esikwazi manje njengesifunda sase-Oaxaca.
Ngokobufakazi obuphathelene nomnotho wamaZapotec, bahlakulela ukulima okunezitshalo ezihlukahlukene kakhulu. Lokhu kwakuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-chili, i-sitrobheli, ithanga, i-cocoa futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, ummbila, okwathi ekuqaleni kwenkathi yakudala wawuyisisekelo esiyinhloko sokudla kwamadolobhana amaningi. Ukuze bathole isivuno esihle babekhulekela ilanga, imvula, umhlaba nommbila.
Zonke izakhamuzi zamadolobha, kuhlanganise nabesifazane, babephoqelekile ukuletha imikhiqizo esivunweni sabo njengentela: ummbila, ama-turkeys, uju nobhontshisi. Ngaphandle kwabalimi, amaZapotec nawo ayegqama njengabaluki nababumbi. Ama-funerary urns aseZapotec adumile, kwakuyizimbiza zobumba ezazibekwe emathuneni.
Izinga lamasiko amaZapotec afinyelela kulo laliphezulu kakhulu, ngaphezu kwamaMayans, amaZapotec ayewukuphela kwempucuko yesikhathi sawo yokuthuthukisa uhlelo lokubhala olubanzi. Ngemibhalo eqoshiwe nezinye izimpawu eziqoshwe etsheni noma ezipendwe ezakhiweni nasemathuneni, zihlanganisa ukumelwa kwemibono nemisindo.
ETenochtitlán, inhloko-dolobha yama-Aztec, kwakukhona izingcweti nezingcweti zaseZapotec abenza ubucwebe bababusi abakhulu bama-Aztec kuhlanganise neMoctezuma II. Kodwa-ke, kunobufakazi bemivubukulo obubonisa ukuthi lezi zingxoxo zokuhweba zibuyela emuva isikhathi eside.
Umnotho wamaZapotec wawusekelwe ikakhulukazi kwezolimo, nakuba futhi ayezilolonga, ngezinga elincane, ukuzingela, ukuze baziphilise futhi bahwebe. Ukuze athuthuke kakhulu ezolimo zawo, amaZapotec asebenzisa ulwazi lwawo oluningi kwezokwakha nobunjiniyela ukuze akhe amathafa okuzenzela emithambekeni yezintaba eyayisebenza njengemigudu yokunisela indawo elimekayo.
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