El I-Amazon River, iwona oyinhloko kuzo zonke, lowo onomgodi omkhulu we-hydrographic, obanzi kakhulu, omude kakhulu futhi onamandla kunawo wonke. Inokujula okuguquguqukayo futhi iphinde iklonyeliswe okwesihlanu kokugeleza komfula wePlanethi Yomhlaba. Thola lapha yonke into ezungeze lo mfula omangalisayo eNingizimu Melika.
I-Amazon River
Okumangalisayo, okumangalisayo futhi okumangalisayo I-Amazon River, inemifula engaphezu kuka-1.000 XNUMX egeleza amanzi ukuze idle ubuhle bayo. Phakathi nokuhamba kwawo, uhlelo lomfula luhlukaniswe izigaba ezinhlanu ezihlonziwe, okuyilezi:
- Ucayali
- Ukheshi
- Amazon
- Ama-Solimões
- Amazon
Umfula i-Amazon udabula emazweni asePeru, eColombia naseBrazil, aseNingizimu Melika. Ukugeleza kwawo kudlula ama-cubic metres angu-219.000 wamanzi ngomzuzwana. Inesizinda sokuqhuba ingxenye yesihlanu yamanzi omfula ahlanzekile omhlaba.
I-Hydrographic Basin enayo ihlanganisa indawo enkulu kunazo zonke endaweni yaseNyakatho yeZwekazi laseNingizimu Melika. Ngalo mqondo, ingeyokuqala yokuthanda phambi kwabaningi Izinkinga zemvelo eyenziwe ngabantu. Ngakho-ke, umthelela wayo ongaba khona kanye nezigameko zisemhlabeni jikelele.
Abacwaningi banikeze idatha ebeka ukuthi amandla oMfula i-Amazon anomusa wokuletha emkhathini. Ngenqubo ye-evapotranspiration, cishe amathani angamathriliyoni ayisikhombisa amanzi phakathi nonyaka.
Njengoba lokhu kuyinzuzo lokho okukuvumela ukuthi uhlinzeke, ulondoloze noma ugcine isimo sezulu esinesici esinomswakama kanye nemvula elinganiselayo. Okuphinde kwenza kube lula ukunikeza isivikelo esifanele ehlathini ukuze umlilo ungaqali. Ngemuva kwesenzo esiqhubekayo sokushisa noma ukupholisa imvelo, lapho umoya unethonya elikhulu.
Ithululela amanzi ayo oLwandle i-Atlantic. Ububanzi bawo bungaphansi kobukhulu obutholwa abakhulayo. Ukuza ezindaweni ezikhukhula ezinobubanzi zinhlangothi zombili obuphakathi kwamakhilomitha angama-20 no-50. Iziqhingi eziningana zitholakala eduze komzila wayo futhi kukhona nemithambeka eyimiqansa. Ngaleyo ndlela ivumela ukuthi ikhiphe cishe amathani angama-metric ayisigidigidi ngonyaka.
I-Toponymy yoMfula i-Amazon
Ngokusho kweRoyal Spanish Academy of Language, ibhekisela endleleni yayo yolimi, leli gama elivela eMfuleni i-Amazon lisho:
"Igatsha le-onomastiki elifunda umsuka wamagama ezindawo ezifanele, kanye nencazelo ye-etyms yawo".
Kusuka lapho i-etymon, iphinde inikeze incazelo yokuthi:
"Impande noma igama okuvela kulo elinye."
Ngokuvumelana nalokho, i-toponymy, isho, lapho igama elinikezwe indawo livela khona. Lapho, umlando utshela ukuthi umSpanishi uFrancisco de Orellana, nguyena obhapathiza ngaleli gama umfula onomusa wokuba yiwo onesilinganiso esiphezulu sokugeleza emhlabeni.
Ngo-1541, ngemva kokuba ngowokuqala waseYurophu ukuzulazula ngokugcwele emlonyeni wawo, wahlabeka umxhwele ngoba lo mfula wamane waba namandla okuwela iMelika usuka kolunye uhlangothi uye kolunye. UFrancisco de Orellana uma esebuyela eSpain ngemuva kokuhamba ngemikhumbi, ulandisa ngakho konke okwenzeka kubo nabakubonayo.
Uqale ngokuchaza isizathu esidale ukuthi alahlekelwe iso. Ubuye akhulume ngokuhlaselwa kwama-brigantines, okuyimikhumbi enezici zezinsika ezimbili kanye noseyili oyisikwele noma oyindilinga. Lapho ukuhlasela okunjalo kwenziwa ngabesifazane abaningi abanokuziphatha okunamandla ngokuphelele.
Ngokwazi okuphelele kweminsalo nemicibisholo yabo. Lapho ngenxa yalokhu kuhlaselwa kwabesifazane, ukuthi ngokulandisa kwakhe, uthatha isinqumo sokuwubiza ngokuthi umfula i-Amazon. Ukuhlonipha izindaba zikaHomer siqu lapho kuchazwa amaqhawe wesifazane wasenganekwaneni abeza ukulwa nokuba noHeracles njengembangi, kanye no-Achilles. Kuze kube sekugcineni, yayinegama layo eliwujuqu I-Amazon River.
Ubude Nomlomo Womfula i-Amazon
Ukusungula ubude bayo bangempela kwaba yindaba yempikiswano isikhathi eside, ngoba ekuqaleni idatha yesikhathi eside kunazo zonke yayibanjwe uMfula iNayile. Kodwa akunjalo, uMfula iNayile unobude bamakhilomitha angu-6.853, kuyilapho i-Amazon Umfula unamakhilomitha angu-7.062 ubude, okungukuthi, umehluko wamakhilomitha angu-209.
Okwathi ngemva kwezifundo eziningi kanye nokuhlola, ekugcineni kusungulwe ngo-2010, ukuthi I-Amazon River, yinde kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngobubanzi obufinyelela kumakhilomitha angama-50 ezigabeni ezithile okuzoncika ezikhukhuleni eziqhamukayo. Ngaphandle kokuba yiyo ehamba phambili kakhulu, enengxenye yesihlanu yamanzi ahlanzekile esimweni esiwuketshezi kuPlanethi Yomhlaba.
Umfula i-Amazon unomlomo oLwandle i-Atlantic, ikakhulukazi oGwini lwe-Atlantic lwaseBrazil. Ngemuva kokuthi ifinyelele ukuwela iNingizimu Melika ibheke eNtshonalanga-mpumalanga. Njengoba ihlanganisa ichweba, elihambisana negama elinikezwe lapho umfula ugeleza olwandle, ubukhulu obukhulu, obungaba amakhilomitha angama-240 ubude.
Indawo yomfula i-Amazon
Umfula i-Amazon unomthombo wawo e-Quebrada Apacheta, etholakala emithambekeni ye-Nevado Quehuisha, eMnyangweni we-Arequipa ezweni lasePeru. Imamitha angu-5.150 kanye ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle. Ize ifike emlonyeni wayo, oLwandle i-Atlantic, ngemva kokuhamba amakhilomitha angu-7.062 ubude, ngemva kokuqala uhambo lwayo ePeru futhi idlule eColombia naseBrazil.
Indawo yamanzi
Lo mfula omkhulu, obhalwe kuhlu njengawo ogeleza kakhulu emhlabeni, kanye nomude kunayo yonke, unomgodi ogcwele amanzi ohlanganisa amakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi ezingu-7,05. Ukujula kwayo okuphezulu okurekhodiwe kungamamitha ayi-100.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukunwetshwa kwe-Hydrographic Basin yoMfula i-Amazon, kuthatha, kubandakanya noma kugxilise ingqikithi yezizwe eziyisishiyagalolunye zaseNingizimu Melika, okuyizi:
- Venezuela
- Colombia
- Brasil
- Guyana
- Suriname
- I-French Guiana
- Peru
- Ecuador
- Bolivia
Umlando kanye Nemvelaphi yoMfula i-Amazon
Phakathi kwe Izici zobuntu, amandla ayo okucabanga nokucwaninga asezingeni eliphezulu, yingakho kungangabazeki ukuthi umlando, umsuka. Kanye nokutholakala kwalokho manje okwaziwa ngokuthi uMfula i-Amazon, sekuyiminyaka eminingi kuxoxwa, izingxabano, izifundo nokuhlola.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngonyaka we-1540, uGonzalo Pizarro Alonso, umnqobi wobuzwe baseSpain nomfowabo omncane ohlangothini lukayise womnqobi uFrancisco Pizarro. Ubani ohlonishwa ngokuba ngomunye wamalungu amakhulu kanye nomlingisi we-Conquest of Peru. Ngokulinganayo nezenzo ezithathwe ezimpini zombango phakathi kwabanqobi. Uyahamba alibangise eQuito, namuhla eyinhloko-dolobha yase-Ecuador.
UKhisimusi wonyaka we-1541 uyafika futhi uGonzalo Pizarro Alonso uthola abantu bokuqala bomdabu base-Los Canelos, abavela kule ndawo, ukuze iZwe LeCinnamon libonakale. Njengoba ekuleyo ndawo, uGonzalo Pizarro unikeza uFrancisco de Orellana igunya lokuhamba nabangane abangu-50 eRío de la Canela, okwamanje eyaziwa ngokuthi iRío Napo.
Ngonyaka ka-1542, uFrancisco de Orellana wayesehamba emanzini aseRio Grande de las Amazonas. Kule ndawo banquma ukwakha isikebhe esingaba sikhulu, basiqambe ngokuthi iVictoria. Baqhubeka nohambo lwabo futhi ngo-April 24, 1542 babingelelwa ngobudlova izakhamuzi zomdabu zaseMachifaro eBrazil.
Ngo-May 23, bawela uMfula iPurús futhi ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa bafika emlonyeni woMfula iNegro. Ngemva kwezinkinga, ngo-August 26 ngawo lowo nyaka, 1542, bangena eNorth Sea.
Ukuphela kohambo
Ulwandle lwaseNyakatho yilokho manje okwaziwa ngokuthi i-Atlantic Ocean. Ngalo lonke lolu hambo, beza bezohlola kusukela bazalwa lokho abakubiza ngokuthi i-Amazon yase-Andes yasePeru. Kodwa lesi ziqu saziwa kuphela esizweni saseBrazil, lapho sihlangana noMfula iNegro. Lokho kuhambisana nesigaba sokuqala sendawo yase-Brazil enegama le-Solimões.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lesi sichasiselo sakhe izihloko zempikiswano ephelele futhi ephelele, ngoba kukhona labo abasungula ukuthi uMfula i-Amazon unomthombo wawo ePeru, kuyilapho abanye begomela ukuthi umthombo wawo ungowaseBrazil.
Igama layo liqanjwe uFrancisco de Orellana, okwathi ngemva kwendaba yohambo lwakhe lwaseSpain, wayiqamba igama loMfula i-Amazon, ngemva kokuhlobanisa lokho abhekana nakho nezindaba zikaHomer. Kamuva uzokhonjwa ngokuthi I-Amazon River.
Umthombo woMfula i-Amazon
Ucwaningo nophenyo olwenziwa, olwanikela ngo-1996, ukuthi "i-glacial league" e-Nevado Mismi, okuyintaba enemvelaphi yentaba-mlilo engamamitha angu-5.822 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Kutholwe eCordillera de Los Andes, okungaphansi koMnyango we-Arequipa ePeru. Ukuthi uthathwe njengomthombo omdala kakhulu woMfula i-Amazon.
"Ulimi lweqhwa" luhambisana nenqwaba yeqhwa, okungukuthi, iqhwa, elehlayo lehla entabeni ngemva kosizo lwesenzo samandla adonsela phansi. Lokhu kunyakaza, okwenziwa kungazelelwe, kubangela ukumba edwaleni. Ngalo mqondo, “ulimi lweqhwa” kuyodingeka lungene luzifake phansi, oluzokhiqiza isigodi esimise okwe-“U” lapho sihlehla.
Lolu phenyo lwaqinisekiswa ngo-2001 futhi lwaqinisekiswa ngokuphindaphindiwe ngo-2007 ngochwepheshe endaweni.
Kwenzekani emanzini omthombo wawo?
Amanzi aphuma emthonjeni wawo, okungukuthi, e-Nevado Mismi, anomzila olandelayo:
- Bathatha isifundo esiqondiswe kuma-Quebradas Carhuasanta amabili kanye ne-Apacheta.
- Okulandelayo, amafomu oMfula iLloqueta, oba uMfula iHornillos.
- Khona-ke la manzi azogeleza ngokuphuma emfuleni i-Apurimac.
- Umfula i-Apurimac ubonakala ngokuba umsele woMfula i-Ucayali, oyingqayizivele yokuba ngomunye wemifula emikhulu yesizwe sasePeru.
- Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uMfula i-Ucayalí uzoba nokuhlangana noma ukuhlangana noMfula iMarañón, nawo wesizwe sasePeruvia, okuzokwenza kube nomfula onamandla futhi ongenakuqhathaniswa nomfula i-Amazon.
Imisele emikhulu yoMfula i-Amazon
Amanzi, okuyingxenye ebalulekile ye- izakhi zemvelo, ngoba iwumthombo obalulekile wokuphila kwayo yonke into eyakha iPlanethi. Lapho imifula imelela ingxenye ebalulekile ohlelweni lwe-Hydrological Cycle kanye nokulingana kwemvelo. Kusewucwaningo okumele lwenziwe ngendlela eqondile, enembayo nenemininingwane.
Yingakho i- I-Amazon River, sekunesikhathi eside engumlingiswa oyinhloko wezifundo eziningi nokuhlola, kuze kube yilapho enikeza inkulumo efanele ehambisana nayo namuhla. Uma ubekwe njengomfula onikela kakhulu, ngemva kokuletha ingxenye yesihlanu yamanzi ahlanzekile adingekayo ukuze impilo iqhubeke.
Uphenyo lwabo luveza ukuthi ngesikhathi sokuqhubeka kwayo inegalelo lemifula engaphezu kuka-1.000, lapho ifinyelela khona isikhundla somfula omkhulu kunayo yonke. Ngaphandle kokuba yinde kunayo yonke imifula eyakha imbulunga. Ukuba phakathi kwemifula emikhulu, ukusuka emaphethelweni angakwesokunxele nangakwesokudla, okulandelayo:
Imajini yesokunxele
Osebeni lwesokunxele, le mifula elandelayo iyimifula eyinhloko:
- I-Putumayo: Inokuzalwa kwayo eNudo de los Pastos, eColombia, inquma noma icacisa ngokushintshana, phakathi nohambo lwayo, umngcele phakathi kwamazwe aseColombia, ePeru nase-Ecuador. Umlomo wayo usemfuleni iSolimões, eMfuleni i-Amazon eBrazil. Ngenxa yokujula kwayo, iyakwazi ukuzulazula kuwo wonke umzila wayo. Imingenela yayo eyinhloko iGuamúez, San Miguel kanye ne-Igara Paraná Rivers.
- Napo: Lo mfula unomthombo wawo e-Ecuador. Inemingenela emibili ebaluleke kakhulu, okuwumfula iCararay osebeni olungakwesokudla kanye noMfula i-Aguarico osebeni olungakwesokudla. Ukugeleza kwayo kugqame kakhulu kangangokuba inezici ezingavamile zokuhamba ngenxa yesandiso esakha indawo yasePeru. Ukukhula kwawo kuqala ngoFebhuwari futhi kuphele ngo-August.
- Nanay: Kungumfula osePeru. Inomthombo wayo emfuleni i-Pintuyacu futhi itholakala phakathi kwemifula iTigre neNapo osebeni lwesobunxele loMfula i-Amazon. Ihlanganisa omunye wemifula emithathu emngceleni walokho okubizwa ngokuthi idolobha lasehlathini lase-Iquitos, iwuguqule ube isiqhingi. Umfula iMomón ugelezela kuwo, nomfula iPintuyacu njengomfula wawo omkhulu, lapho wona uthola khona amanzi omfula iChambira.
Imajini yesokudla
Ngakwesokudla, le mifula elandelayo iyimifula eyinhloko:
- Yavari: Inobungqabavu bokucacisa umngcele phakathi namazwe asePeru naseBrazil, ngendlela engokwemvelo. Inomthombo wayo ePeru, eSiera del Divisor, eduze nemingenela yoMfula i-Ipixuma futhi ugelezela eBrazil, eMfuleni i-Amazon - uMfula iSolimões.
- I-Yurua: Inomthombo wayo ePeru, eningizimu-mpumalanga yePuerto Portillo, ezindaweni eziphakeme zoMfula i-Ucayali. Ngobude bayo obungamakhilomitha angu-3.350, iphakathi kwemifula engu-30 ende kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Igeleza idlule ezifundeni zase-Amazonas nase-Acre zaseBrazil. Umlomo wayo usemfuleni iSolimões (Amazonas). Imingenela yawo yilena: uMfula i-Ipixuma osebeni lwesokunxele kanye ne-Gregorio, iTarauacá, iXeruá, i-Chamorro Gueré kanye ne-Andurá Rivers ngasosebeni lwesokudla. Ihlukanisa umngcele phakathi kwePeru neBrazil.
- I-Purus: Iphinde ibe namandla okusebenza njengomkhawulo wemvelo, ukumisa umngcele phakathi kwePeru neBrazil, engxenyeni emfushane. Umthombo wawo useSierra Contamana (Fitzcarrald Arch), ekugcineni oseningizimu yoMfula i-Ucayali. Iwumngenela omkhulu wokugcina osebeni lwesokudla loMfula iSolimões.
- Umama kaNkulunkulu: Lo mfula unomsebenzi onamandla wokuqoqa wonke amanzi atholakala ezindaweni zase-Andes naseCentral, uze ugelezele eMfuleni i-Amazon. Inqamula ngomzila wayo emazweni asePeru naseBolivia. Umthombo walo useCordillera de Vilcanota, ukhahlamba lwezintaba oluseningizimu-mpumalanga yePeru.
Amazon River Climate
Mayelana nesimo sezulu, i I-Amazon River, linemvula enkulu, ngakho lina kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwalokho, inomehluko wayo, lapho kungaba khona izinyanga zesomiso esiphelele noma ngaphandle kwemvula. Izinyanga zemvula eningi zisuka ngoMeyi kuya kuZibandlela.
Ngokuvamile isimo sezulu sithi:
- Indawo eshisayo eshisayo, ihlathi elishisayo, elinemvula noma inkabazwe yenkabazwe, okubonisa izinga lokushisa elimaphakathi lonyaka elicishe libe ngu-26°C. Ukuzinza kwako kunokushintshwa okuhlukile phakathi kwebanga lamamilimitha angu-2.500 no-3.500. Umswakamo uchaza inani eliguquguqukayo cishe ngama-83%.
- Ukufudumala, okunemvula yezinkathi ezithile zonyaka futhi ngenxa yalokhu kuba nokuswakama okuqhubekayo endaweni ezungezile. Isizathu salesi simo sezulu kungenxa yokuba seduze kwe-equatorial zone. Sethula ukulingana ezindaweni zezulu ezenzeke ehlathini elishisayo.
- Izinga lokushisa ngasemfuleni i-Amazon liyashintshashintsha ngokuphelele, njengoba lincike ekuphakameni nendawo. Ukubhalisa izindawo lapho kuba lula cishe 27 ° C, njengoba kunjalo naleyo eyenzeka "emfuleni delta". Nakuba kwezinye izindawo ingaba no-40°C, njengaleyo eyenzeka “eNtshonalanga ye-Amazon”.
Izitshalo nezilwane zaseMfuleni i-Amazon
Umehluko ekuphakameni okutholwa uMfula i-Amazon phakathi nokuhamba kwawo yilokho okwenza kube nobubanzi nokuhlukahluka Izici zezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kuyo yonke i-ecosystem yayo. Lapho-ke, inokubaluleka kokuba nemvelo noma izinhlobo zazo ezingekho kwezinye izifunda.
Ongoti ngezifundo zabo kanye nocwaningo bathole ukuthi eduze kwe-Amazon kunezihlahla ezingaba yizigidi ezingama-400.000. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo kwayo maqondana nembulunga yonke imele i-10%. Ngalo mqondo, kunezitshalo nezilwane ezilandelayo ezifanele:
Flora
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi i- I-Amazon River Izungezwe uhlaza olubanzi, lapho indawo ngayinye igcina imfihlo, umyalezo futhi mhlawumbe nendaba. Kule ndawo ukuthakazelisa nokukhanga kukhona futhi kungukuthi ukujabulisa unezinhlobo zezitshalo ezingaphezu kuka-60.000. Phakathi kwakho onakho:
- I-Ornamental, enezimbali namaqabunga amahle angumhlobiso kanye nokubukisa okuhlobisa umfula omkhulu kangaka.
- Izinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo zokwelapha, ezinikeza usizo ekulweni nezifo.
- Izitshalo zasemanzini.
- Ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwezinkuni ezingavamile.
- Izihlahla zokuhambisana okubalulekile kanye nokunye ukuphakama, phakathi kokunye.
Kungakho kubalulekile ukusungula ukuhlukaniswa kwezimila, ngokwamanje, bese kuba nalokhu okulandelayo:
- I-Mainland: Lezi zitshalo yizona ezitholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, yilezo ezingaphazanyiswa yizikhukhula, njalo uma kuvela uzamcolo. Ukuba khona kwayo yilokho okungabonakala ezihlahleni ezinamaqabunga, lapho ukuphakama kwawo kuthakazelisa ngempela. Izibonelo zalezi zimila iPará Chestnut nePalm Trees.
- Ixhaphozi: Izimila zamaxhaphozi yizona ezibonakala eduze nokuthintana namanzi (umfula), lapho kuvame ukuba manzi khona, kanye nokugcwala kwamanzi noma izimvula ezingapheli. Izibonelo zalokhu ubulembu, izihlahlana, imivini, phakathi kokunye.
- Isigodi: Lesi sitshalo yisona esibhekana nezikhukhula njalo noma njalo, okusho ukuthi, kuveza ingxube yezitshalo zasezweni, endaweni ephakeme kancane. Ngenkathi isendaweni engezansi, iveza ixhaphozi.
Izinhlobo zezitshalo
Phakathi kwezinhlobo zezitshalo ezivelele kakhulu yilezi ezilandelayo:
- Ama-orchid, anobukhona bezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-20.000.
- I-Canangucha, isundu esingabonwa osebeni lomfula.
- I-Bromeliad, enezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-2.000, ingabonakala ngemibala ehlukahlukene njengobomvu, onsomi, osawolintshi noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Kuyinto evamile ukuzibona phansi nasezihlahleni.
- I-Epiphyte, yiyona evezwa eziqwini, emagatsheni noma emaqabungeni.
- Amakhowe ahlala eboniswa ngenxa yomswakama, anezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene zomumo, ubukhulu kanye nemibala. Ngokufanayo, indawo abahlala kuyo ayishintshile.
- I-Amazon Victoria noma i-Victoria Regia, iyimbali yasemanzini (intanta), emele izimila zoMfula i-Amazon. Amaqabunga awo anomumo oyindilinga, anembali evuleka kuphela ebusuku, enobubanzi obumangalisayo obungamasentimitha angama-40. Iqabunga lalesi sitshalo sasemanzini likhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni, futhi lingafinyelela ububanzi obungamamitha angu-2.
- Imisedari Emhlophe Nebomvu.
- I-Chestnut evela ku-Para.
- I-Mahogany.
- Angelim Pedra.
- Heveas, phakathi kwabanye.
Fauna
Mayelana nezilwane, kuyamangaza ukuthola ukuthi I-Amazon River Kanye nohlaza oluningi, iyindawo yokuhlala yezilwane eziyizigidi. Lapho ukuhlukahluka kwawo kuhlanganisa izinhlanzi, izinyoni, izilwane ezihuquzelayo kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo, lapho okumangaze abaningi, liphinde libe nenani lezinhlobo zezilwane ezingakahlolisiswa futhi zihlukaniswe, ezingaziwa esintwini. Phakathi kokuhlukahluka kwayo okubanzi, okulandelayo kuyagqama:
- Izinhlanzi: Kulezi zilwane kuvamile ukuthola i-piranha, ukundindizela (i-eel kagesi), i-ray, i-catfish, i-sapoara, i-guabina, phakathi kwezinye.
- Izinyoni: Ezinhlotsheni zezinyoni, u-20% walezo ezikhona kuPlanethi Yomhlaba zitholakala e-Amazon. Phakathi kwezivelele kakhulu ama- macaw, ukhozi, umtoucan, isiqophamithi, undlunkulu, i-paují, nezinye.
- Izilwane ezihuquzelayo: Kulolu hlobo lwezilwane, inhlwathi edumile, izimfudu zasemhlabeni nezasemanzini, izinyoka ze-tragavenado, mapanare kanye ne-cuaima zitholakala kalula. Kanye nengwenya evamile, ingwenya ye-slime, i-morrocoy, i-Orinoco alligator, phakathi kwabanye.
- Izilwane ezincelisayo: Kulolu hlobo, ukuba khona kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinkawu ezifana ne-wler, howler, titi kanye nezinkawu ezinobuso obumhlophe ziyagqama. Ngokufanayo, kukhona i-tapir, ibhere le-palmero, i-puma, impungushe, i-jaguar, ihlengethwa elipinki, ingwejeje yase-Amazonian, phakathi kwabanye.
- izinhlobo ezingapheli: Kulezi, inhlwathi eluhlaza, i-black caiman, i-pygmy marmoset monkey, i-hyacinth macaw, ihlengethwa elipinki, i-armadillo enkulu, i-giant river otter, i-tapir yaseNingizimu Melika, i-squirrel monkey, ufudu lomfula waseNingizimu Melika, phakathi kwezinye. , Phuma.
Inhlabathi yase-Amazon
Ngokuvamile, inhlabathi yase-Amazon ichazwa ngokuthi ayivundile kahle futhi inesihlabathi. Konke lokhu kungenxa yokuthi iveza ukushoda maqondana nezakhamzimba ze-phosphate, i-potash ne-nitrogen. Ngaphandle kokushiya eceleni, ibonakala ngokuqukatha ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kwe-asidi.
Kukhona ukuzala okuhlobene ezindaweni ezimbozwe amadwala ase-basaltic, lapho inhlabathi inombala obomvu, evame ukubizwa ngegama elithi "terra roxa". Kukhona namagama abizwa ngokuthi "terra preta dos Indios", okusho ukuthi "umhlaba omnyama wamaNdiya". Okutholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme, lapho phambilini bekuyindawo lapho zasungulwa khona.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunezindawo ezibizwa ngokuthi "ihlathi le-várzea" noma "i-várzea enezikhukhula". Lo mhlabathi yiwona okhona ezindaweni ezigcwele izikhukhula njengoba nje kuwumhlabathi otholakala eduze kwemifula enamanzi amhlophe. Ezinezinto ezingavamile zokucebe ngenhlabathi yamaminerali, okuzenza zivunde kakhulu ukuze zilinywe.
Izici zoMfula i-Amazon
Phakathi kwezici zayo eziyinhloko kukhona okulandelayo:
- Ukutholwa kwayo kungenxa yomhloli wamazwe waseSpain uFrancisco de Orellana, ngonyaka ka-1541.
- Ubude bawo ukusuka emthonjeni ukuya emlonyeni kungamakhilomitha ayizi-7.062 XNUMX.
- Inemisele engaphezu kuka-1.000 ephakela ukugeleza.
- Inani elikhulu kunemingenela engu-25 enikezela ngomfula i-Amazon, linobude obungaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayi-1.000.
- I-hydrographic basin yayo ihlanganisa amakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi ezingu-7,05.
- Liyihlathi elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni.
- Yinde futhi ibanzi kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngaphezu kokuhlinzeka ngokugeleza okuphezulu kakhulu.
- Umcengezi wayo uhlanganisa ama-40% wendawo yaseNingizimu Melika.
- Inikela ingxenye yesihlanu yokugeleza komfula wePlanethi Yomhlaba.
- Umfula i-Amazon unezingxenye abantu abangawela kuzo ngezinyawo.
- Ukugeleza kwawo kudlula ama-cubic metres angu-219.000 wamanzi ngomzuzwana.
- Iyakwazi ukufinyelela, ezigabeni ezehlukene, ububanzi obungamakhilomitha angama-50 okuzoncika ekushubeni kwezikhukhula.
- Kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinyoni ezibhalisiwe noma Izinhlobo zezinyoni, emhlabeni, u-20% utholakala e-Amazon.
- Ihlala ngaphezu kwezinhlobo zezitshalo ezingaphezu kuka-60.000.
- Izinyoka ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni zihlala eMfuleni i-Amazon, okuyizinhlwathi.
- Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-3.000 zezinhlanzi ezaziwayo zihlala emanzini alo, lapho i-piranha imelela kakhulu noma ibalulekile.
Ezinye Izici Ezibalulekile
Okulandelayo futhi kuhlukaniswa njengezici ezifanele okufanele zichazwe, okuyizi:
- Umcengezi wayo we-hydrographic uhlanganisa indawo enkulu yezizwe eziyisishiyagalolunye, okuyizi: Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Peru, Ecuador kanye neBolivia.
- Inqamula ngapha nangapha emazweni asePeru, eColombia naseBrazil, kuze kube yilapho amanzi ayo egelezela olwandle i-Atlantic Ocean.
- Ubuncane bokujula okurekhodiwe ngamamitha angama-20, kanti umkhawulo ofinyelelwe noma orekhodiwe ungamamitha ayi-100.
- Inebhuloho elilodwa, elavulwa ngo-Okthoba 24, 2011, phezu komfula iNegro, eduze naseManaus, eBrazil.
- EBrazil, ngo I-Amazon River ikhonjwa ngegama elithi Solimões, kuyilapho kulabo abakhuluma ulimi lwesiSpanishi bavele balibone njengelithi Amazonas.
- Izinga lokushisa layo liyahlukahluka kuye ngendawo, linezindawo ezino-26°C nje, kanti kwezinye lingabhalisa inani elingu-40°C.
- Lapho umfula i-Amazon uphumela olwandle i-Atlantic Ocean, wenza kanjalo endaweni engenela umfula ohlanganisa amakhilomitha angu-240 ububanzi.
- Umbala onsundu ongabonakala emanzini aso ungenxa yenqwaba yenhlabathi eyithutha endleleni yayo.
Ukubaluleka komfula i-Amazon
Ukubaluleka koku I-Amazon River ihlobene, ihlanganiswe noma ihlotshaniswa nomthelela wokukhiqiza enawo ku-ecosystem kanye ne-biodiversity. Lapho lokhu kwakha amandla amakhulu, okuyihlathi elishisayo elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Ukuba nalokhu umthwalo wemfanelo wokunikeza umoya-mpilo emkhathini ukuze ube ngumdali oyinhloko walokhu.
Ngokuhlinzeka i-Atlantic Ocean ngokugeleza okudlula ama-cubic metres angu-219.000 wamanzi ngomzuzwana, iba yindawo yokugcina amanzi ahlanzekile enkulu kunazo zonke isintu esinayo ukuze siziphilise. Lapho ingqikithi imelela ingxenye yesihlanu yokugeleza komfula wePlanethi Yomhlaba, okuyilokho zonke izakhamuzi eziyakhayo ezinakho ukuze ziyisebenzise, kusukela ezitshalweni, ezilwaneni, kuye kubantu.
Emvelweni, iyisiqephu esibalulekile esibaluleke kakhulu, ngoba inikeza uketshezi olubalulekile nomoya-mpilo. Njengasehlathini layo, iveza imithombo yehlathi abantu abanganelisa ngayo izimfuneko zabo. Ukuba nalokho kungaba okwenzeke ngqo, kanye nokungaqondile. Izibonelo ziyakwenza, ukukhishwa kokudla, ukusetshenziswa kwezinkuni, phakathi kokunye.
Hamza River, Umfula Ogeleza Ngaphansi kwe-Amazon
Umfula i-Amazon uhambisana ngokumangalisayo ngaphansi komhlaba yilo mfula obizwa ngokuthi i-Hamza. Ukuthi futhi inomthombo wayo e-Cordillera de los Andes Peruanos nokuthi kucatshangwa ukuthi ihamba ngendlela efanayo nomlomo ofanayo.
Ngoba yini eyayizoba umfula omude kunayo yonke emhlabeni. Nakuba ukufaneleka komfula, kusaqhubeka kube yisihloko esicwaningwayo kanye nempikiswano enkulu phakathi kososayensi abaphatha idatha nocwaningo mayelana nalokhu. Ngoba bagomela ngokuthi asikho isiqiniseko sokuthi ubuningi bamanzi afundwayo bunokuhamba komfula ngempela.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lo mfula watholakala ngemva kokumba okwenziwa yinkampani iPetrobras phakathi kweminyaka yawo-1970 no-1980, okungasebenzi namuhla. Nokho, okwamanje kusetshenziswa ukumba okuhlukahlukene okwenziwa amanye amadolobha oMnyango weCuzco. Bathatha la manzi ngenjongo noma ngenjongo yokwenza imithombo, kanye nokunikeza izitshalo amanzi ngokunisela.
