Lolu limi lwaziwa ngokuthi Ulimi lwesiMayan I-Yucatec, ekuqaleni kushiwo kanje ikakhulukazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezilimi eziningi zamaMayan, futhi ngenxa yokuthi ikhulunywa ezifundazweni ezimbalwa zaseMexico lapho iYucatán, iCampeche neQuintana Roo igqama khona.
Umlando wolimi lwesiMayan
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kuwulimi oludala kakhulu, kukhona isixuku sabantu abanesithakazelo sokufunda hhayi kuphela isiko, amasiko nenkolo yempucuko yamaMaya, kodwa futhi babanjwe yiqiniso lokuqhubeka nokuthola ulwazi olwengeziwe, ngoba Yingakho bebonakala benesithakazelo esikhulu (ngisho nanamuhla) ekufuneni ukufunda ulimi lwesiMayan.
Umlando wolimi lwesiMayan luvela ezikhathini zasendulo, lubhekwa njengolunye lwezilimi zomdabu ezindala kakhulu, lolu limi kanye nezinye izilimi zomndeni wakwaMayan, ziyingxenye yokuvela kolimi oludala kakhulu olubizwa ngokuthi i-Proto-Mayan, lokhu kudala inyunyana eseduze kukho konke. Izilimi eziphuma kulolo limi, uma kubhekwa ukuthi naphezu kwendawo noma idolobhana, ulimi abalukhulumayo luvame ukufana kakhulu, nakuba lunomehluko othile wefonetiki.
El umsuka wolimi lwesiMayan ngokujwayelekile ingabhalwa ngemibhalo etholakala eMexico, eGuatemala naseBelize, le mibhalo yatholakala emathempelini abo futhi Izintaba, zinezinkulungwane zeminyaka ubudala, ezinye zihlehlela emuva ku-100 BC. C kanye ne-100 AD. C ikakhulukazi esikhathini sangaphambili.
Nakuba umndeni wamaMaya ubanzi futhi uhlanganisa insimu enkulu emazweni amaningana, idolobha ngalinye lalizimele, lalinomnotho nengcebo ezizimele ngokuphelele komunye nomunye. Okuwukuphela kwento abantu bangaleso sikhathi ababehlanganyela ngayo kwakungamasiko abo, isiko labo, kwaqondana futhi babehlanganyela izinkolelo zabo kanye nolimi lwamaMayan. Naphezu kokuzimela nokuzimela, wonke amadolobhana ayebizwa ngokuthi amaMeya ngenxa yamasiko ababewahlonze.
Yiziphi izici zolimi lwesiMayan?
AmaMayya awazange asebenzise ulimi kuphela ukuxhumana, asebenzisa nezinye izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi, azama ukunikeza imiyalezo ngezinga elithile lobunzima bokuyiqonda, esebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukene. Idolobhana ngalinye elingaphansi komndeni wakwaMaya lalingaba nendlela ehlukile yokukhipha imiyalezo yokudlulisa imibono yabo, nokho-ke ezimweni eziningi kwakungekho nkinga lapho kufika ukuqondana.
Izici zolimi ngokuvamile zinezinhlobonhlobo ezincane kuye ngendawo lapho kukhulunywa khona ulimi lwesiMayan, okunye okusobala kakhulu ukuthi ulimi lungonga futhi lunokwenziwa, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngokuvamile akukho ukuhlanganisa okukhulu noma ukulandelana konkamisa futhi amagama ngokuvamile aba mafushane ngokwedlulele futhi aqondile, asikho isidingo sokusebenzisa izimpawu zokubuza uma kwenzeka imibuzo njengoba ulimi lunezinhlobo eziqondile kulezo zimo.
Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kwakukhona abantu abahlukene bemvelaphi yamaMayan ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zeMelika Ephakathi, bonke babelane ngokuphimisela okufanayo kwezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zamagama, njengonkulunkulu babo abahlukene, izingubo zokugqoka, ngisho izigaba ezahlukene zenhlalo ezazikhona ezimpucukweni ezahlukene zamaMaya. Silulumagama esishiwo, siqhubekele phambili kuze kube manje ngaphandle kokwenza izinguquko ezinkulu ngokwendlela yokuphimisela kwayo.
Amagama ngolimi Mayan uma zinezinhlamvu ezifanayo, eziphindaphindiwe noma ezilandelwayo, basebenzisa i-apostrophe ukuze bazihlukanise. NjengeSpanishi, inonkamisa aba-5, lezi zingaba zinde futhi zibe nezinhlobo ezi-2 zamathoni, kukhona onkamisa abangu-2, njengongwaqa abaningi, baphinyiswe ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi nengxenye engezansi yomphimbo. Kulolu limi, imisindo yongwaqa abayizithulu miningi.
- kufoneloji: Ikhwalithi zonke izilimi zamaMayan ezabelana ngayo ukuthi abanye bongwaqa kanye nonkamisa abambalwa bagqanyiswa, lokhu kusho ukuthi umsindo uvela engxenyeni engezansi yomphimbo. Ngokujwayelekile izinhlamvu p, t kanye no-k zihunyushwa ngaleyo ndlela
- Ngokubhala: Kusukela ekufikeni nokunqotshwa kweSpanishi emakhulwini eminyaka ambalwa edlule, ku Ulimi lwesiMayan izinhlamvu zezinhlamvu ze-Spanish zisetshenziswa. Ezikhathini zasendulo babesebenzisa izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi kancane ukuze baqonde ngokubhala njenge-ideogram.
E-Yucatan, ulimi lwamaMayan luveza ubunkimbinkimbi, ngenxa yokuthi basebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuxhumana lapho beveza khona imibono ngokuvamile eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngisho nezinye izinhlobo zibhekisela emagameni nakwenye into ehluke kakhulu.
Ubani owathonya ulimi lwesiMayan?
La Ulimi lwesiMayan Cishe emakhulwini amahlanu noma angu-5 edlule, babhekana nezinguquko ezimbalwa, lokhu njengomphumela wokusebenzelana nabanye abantu, okukhona phakathi kwawo amaToltec, amaXiúes namaNahuatl agqama ngokubamba iqhaza elikhulu. Kamuva babezothola ithonya elinamandla kubantu baseSpain ekunqobeni, okwakuyophawula ushintsho olukhulu hhayi nje olimini kuphela kodwa nangokwesiko lamaMayan.
Kwakusho noshintsho ezincwadini zabo, okwakusekelwe ekubhaleni nasekudwebeni ngokuningiliziwe ngolimi lwesiMayan izenzakalo, izinganekwane kanye nezambulo ezicatshangelwayo abantu ababengaba nazo, lokhu ukuze kudluliselwe umlayezo ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane phakathi umndeni ofanayo wamaMaya owawuhlukaniswe waba amadolobhana ezindaweni ezahlukene. Ngemva kweminikelo eyayethulwa abaseSpain kulo phakathi nokunqoba, bashintsha imiyalezo nemibhalo yabo odongeni.
Kukholakala ukuthi ukuze udlulise umlayezo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imilayezo eyayibhekisela ekufikeni kwamaSpanishi ngaleso sikhathi. Kukholelwa futhi ukuthi lapho amaSpanishi efika, ayenesithakazelo sokufunda ngokushesha ulimi lwesiMayan, njengengxenye yohlelo olwalunenjongo yokukwazi ukuxhumana nabantu baseMaya futhi ngaleyo ndlela bathole inzuzo ekunqobeni.
Isibalo sabantu esikhuluma ngolimi lwesiMayan
Ezikhathini zanamuhla kunabantu abacishe babe yisigidi abakhuluma isiNgisi ulimi lwesiMayan, lokhu kungenxa yemizamo eminingi eye yenziwa eGuatemala, eBelize futhi ikakhulukazi eMexico yokuzama ukusabalalisa lolu limi naphezu kokunyamalala kwempucuko eyalusungula, kanye nokuzama ukulondoloza umlando, amasiko namasiko. Namuhla amathempeli ayo asendulo namaphiramidi asephenduke izindawo zokuvakasha e- Izindawo zemvelo ezivikelekile zaseMexico,
Ngo-2003, kwagunyazwa umthetho ophathelene nomthetho wezilimi eMexico, obonisa ukuthi zonke izilimi zomdabu, kuhlanganise nazo zonke zomndeni wamaMaya, zizobhekwa njengezilimi zezwe. Kusukela lapho kube nentuthuko enkulu ekufundiseni nasekusatshalalisweni kolimi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho lukhulunywa khona kakhulu, okuyiYucatan, Campeche kanye nengxenye yeGuatemala.
Ngemva kokubala, inani labantu abangaba ngu-800 XNUMX ensimini yaseMexico abakhuluma lolu limi ngokuqephuza selifinyelelwe. Ulimi lwesiMayan, kuyilapho ngaphandle kweMexico kunabantu ababalelwa ku-5.700, iGuatemala iyizwe okuthi ngemva kweMexico ibe nenani elikhulu labantu abakhuluma ulimi olukhulunywayo.
Kuvulwe ama-academy lapho bezinikele khona ekufundiseni, ekugqugquzeleni nasekusabalaliseni ulimi, kukhona nezikole abafundisa kuzo ulimi, zisebenzisa izindlela zokufundisa ezisebenzayo njengokuthi nezimfumbe ngolimi Mayan kanye nezinkondlo. Ngisho nanamuhla, akhona amathuba okufunda ulimi ku-inthanethi, ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza emakilasini obuso nobuso.
Izinhlamvu namagama ihlanganyela nezinhlamvu ze-Hispanic
Izinhlamvu zezinhlamvu zamaMaya ngemva kokuhlangana nabaseSpain zathola ushintsho, kangangokuthi namuhla cishe wonke amagama alo angahambisana nezinhlamvu zeSpanishi. Okulandelayo sizobona izinhlamvu zezinhlamvu zamaMayan ezinamaphimbo azo ahlukene futhi sizokwazi amanye amagama azo asetshenziswa kakhulu:
alfabhethi ye-mayan
- AB Ch' EIJK K' LMNOP P' ST T' Ts Ts' UWXY '
- ab ch' eijk k' lmnop p' st t' ts ts' uwxy '
amazwi
- ab t͡ʃʰ t͡ʃʼ eih kʰ kʼ lmno pʰ pʼ s tʰ tʼ t͡sʰ t͡sʼ uw ʃj ʔ
Izinombolo kanye nenguqulo yazo ngesiYucatec Maya
- Juni (nye)
- Ka'a (ezimbili)
- ox (ezintathu)
- Khan (XNUMX)
- UJo'o (abahlanu)
- Wak (isithupha)
- uuk (seven)
- I-Waxak (isishiyagalombili)
- I-Bolon (ayisishiyagalolunye)
- I-Lajun (ishumi)
- I-Buluk (ishumi nanye)
- I-Lajka'a noma i-ka'alajun (ishumi nambili)
- i-oxlajun (ishumi nantathu)
- I-Kanlajun (ishumi nane)
- Jo'olajun (ishumi nanhlanu)
- Waklajun (XNUMX)
- U'uklajun (ishumi nesikhombisa)
- I-Waxaklajun (ishumi nesishiyagalombili)
- I-Bolonlajun (ishumi nesishiyagalolunye)
- I-Junk'aal (amashumi amabili)
Amazwi ngolimi Mayan
Phakathi kwamagama aziwa kakhulu ku- Ulimi lwesiMayan singathola amagama ezilwane, ihlelo lezinto ezibonakalayo noma amathuluzi, ngisho namagama afakwe olimini. Okulandelayo sizokwenza isifinyezo esifushane sokuthi amanye amagama abhalwa kanjani ngolimi lwesi-Yucatec Mayan:
- Izilwane
- Iqhude = iqhude
- Kusts ha' = Duck
- Ts'unu'um = Umzwilili
- I-pan ch'eel = iToucan
- Am = Spider
- Yik'el kaab = Inyosi
- Xuux = Umnyovu
- Ik'el = Insect
- Uk' = Intwala
- Kaan = Inyoka
- Miis = Ikati
- Ku'uk = Squirrel
- Inkunzi = Inkunzi
- Tsíimiin = Ihhashi
- T'u'ul = Unogwaja
- I-Chak mo'ol = iJaguar
- Inja = Peek'
- Ch'o' = Igundane
- I-Keej = Inyamazane
- Iminduze = Ilulwane
- Inkawu = inkawu
- Amazwi yokuphila kwansuku zonke kwansuku zonke kwabantu
- Xiik' = Ikhwapha
- Kiirits' = Dirty
- K'aas = Ugly
- I-Otoch = Isilinganiso
- Janal = Ukudla
- Naj = Indlu
- Tuunich = Itshe
- Mayak che = Ithebula
- Joonaj = Isango
- Noo'k = Izingubo
- Ha' = Amanzi
Ulimi lwesiMayan ezikhathini zanamuhla
Amagama angezwe olimini lwesiMayan ezikhathini zanamuhla:
- I-Maseewal, ebizwa ngokuthi macehualli, isho okomdabu ngesi-Spanish.
- I-Tamale, ebizwa ngokuthi i-tamalli nezindlela (tamale).
- I-Chimal, ebizwa ngokuthi i-chimalli nezindlela (isihlangu)
- I-Posol, ebizwa ngokuthi i-pozolli (Leli gama lihlobene negama elithi potzonalli elisho into enegwebu)
- I-Hipil, ebizwa ngokuthi i-huipilli nezindlela e-peninsula yaseYucatan
- I-Kotom, ebizwa ngokuthi i-coton, ingaba yi-cotomitl (ihembe)
- I-Kama'ach, ebizwa ngokuthi i-camachalli (umhlathi)
izinkondlo zamaya
I-Los izinkondlo zamaya Baziwa ngokuba mfishane ngokujwayelekile nangokuqondile.Isikhathi esiningi basetshenziselwa ukusho imithandazo yothando noma ukunikeza izindaba ezimfishane ngezigameko noma izinganekwane. Abanye abantu bacabanga ukuthi amaMeya ayehaya izithandwa zawo kanye nonkulunkulu izinkondlo.
Lo mkhuba uthatha indawo ebaluleke kakhulu emasikweni nasezincwadini zamaMayan, ikakhulukazi eMexico, ikakhulukazi eYucatan, Quintana Roo naseCampeche. Njengamanje, i-Mayan egua ilandelwa ukusho izinkondlo zemvelo yothando ikakhulukazi.
Phakathi kwezinkondlo ezaziwa kakhulu singathola:
- ubusuku bokufiphala kwelanga
- Isikhova
- I-Sere