UJuan wase-Austria, iqhawe elikhulu elizalwa ebuhlotsheni bothando phakathi kweNkosi uCarlos I waseSpain noBárbara Blomberg, eyindodana engekho emthethweni, kodwa lokhu akuzange kumvimbele ekubeni abe umlweli omkhulu wenkululeko yabantu. Indaba ethokozisayo yeqhawe elifisa ukuba yiRoyal Highness.
UJohn wase-Austria: Biography
UJohn wase-Austria wazalelwa eRegensburg, eJalimane, ngoFebhuwari 24, 1545, abazali bakhe iNkosi uCharles I waseSpain no-V woMbuso Ongcwele WaseRoma, kanye nonina uBarbara Blomberg. Wakhulelwa ngaphansi kokuphinga kukayise, futhi engowoMndeni Wasebukhosini WaseSpain, usopolitiki nendoda yezempi, ngesikhathi sikahulumeni womfowabo nguyise, uPhilip II.
iminyaka yakhe yokuqala
Embhalweni wokuphila kukaJuan de Austria usuku lokuzalwa kwakhe alucacile, kungafakazelwa kweminye imibhalo ukuthi weza emhlabeni ngonyaka we-1545 njengoba kwasungulwa umlando wokuqala owalandiswa ngo-1627 nguVander Hammer, ngokusobala enokwethenjelwa kakhulu ukuba ilotshwe ngemva kokufa kwakhe.
Kulo mlando wokuphila, ubuye akhombise indawo, usuku kanye nesikhathi sokuzalwa kwakhe njengokuthi: Regensburg ngoFebhuwari 25 ngo-12.30:1547, kanti kwezinye, isibonelo, njengaleyo kaG. Parker noma uP. Pierson, babika ukuthi kwaba ngonyaka ka-XNUMX.
UPierson esihlokweni sakhe esinesihloko esithi Don Juan de Austria ulandisa ukuthi izifiki ezithile zangaleso sikhathi zabambelela ekutheni wazalwa ngonyaka we-1545 futhi ziphawula “ngobufakazi obuthile emikhosini yomphakathi”, ngaphandle kokucacisa, isihloko esiqinisekisa usuku lonyaka we-1547.
Kodwa-ke, bakhona abanye abathi banikeza usuku njengokungathi kungenzeka ukukhulelwa, kodwa, kule minyaka inkosi yayiseGhent ngokwalokho uManuel de Foronda akusho emsebenzini wakhe, ulandisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi wakhulelwa ukuba azalwe kulaba bobabili. izinsuku .
Ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa unyaka wokuzalwa kwakhe, okuqinisekile ukuthi unosuku lokuzalwa olubhalisiwe lwangoFebhuwari 24, abathi lukhethwe nguJuan ngokwakhe, lokhu kuwusuku lokuzalwa lukayise uCarlos I.
Unina kaJuan, esemncane kakhulu, washada noJerónimo Píramo Kegell, uJerôme Pyramus Kegel, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi igama ingane eyayizolithwala lalingu "Jerome" noma "Jeromín", elivela egameni likayise omncane.
UCarlos I, unquma ukuthi indodana yakhe kufanele ikhuliswe eSpain. Noma ngabe ngubani owayengumphathizitsha wakhe, uDon Luis de Quijada, wavuma, futhi basayina isivumelwano eBrussels ngoJuni 13, 1550, kanye noFrancisco Massy, owayengumdlali weviolinist wenkantolo yombuso, eshade no-Ana de Medina, waseSpain. wakwamukela ukuzibophezela kwakhe ngokushintshanisa ama-ducats angamashumi amahlanu ngonyaka, ukuze anakekele imfundo yengane.
Maphakathi nonyaka ka-1551 bafika eLeganés, lapho umkakhe u-Ana de Medina enezingxenye ezinkulu zomhlaba.
Ngonyaka we-1554 nangenkathi yasehlobo, ingane yadluliselwa enqabeni kaDon Luis de Quijada, eVillagarcía de Campos, eValladolid, lapha ingane yahlala iminyaka engu-5. Umkakhe, uDoña Magdalena de Ulloa, wayephethe imfundo yakhe, owayesekelwa uthisha wesiLatini uGuillén Prieto, umfundisi uGarcía de Morales kanye nesquire uJuan Galarza.
Ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, uCarlos I wazinikela ekubhaleni incwadi yakhe yefa ka-June 6, 1554, lapho ayesho nezwi nezwi: ““Ngenxa yokuthi ngiseJalimane, ngemva kokukhohlisa, ngathola indodana ezalwa owesifazane ongayedwana. okuthiwa uGeronimo.
Ngesikhathi siseSigodlweni Sezindela sase-Yuste, inkosi yanikeza iziyalezo ku-don Luis de Quijada ukuba ahambe ayohlala kuleyo ndawo, kuyilapho laba bamukela imiyalo eyatholwa futhi baya edolobhaneni laseCuacos de Yuste. Nokho, umbusi wahlukanisa ngokusemthethweni uDon Juan de Austria njengendodana yakhe siqu, emshiya nombhalo wakhe siqu encwadini yefa, eyembulwa ngemva kokufa kwakhe ngonyaka ka-1558.
Kulokhu kwakulotshwe ukuthi indodana yakhe uJerónimo izobizwa ngokuthi uJuan, ehlonipha igama ayezobekwa ngalo yiNdlovukazi uJuana, uCarlos I.
UFelipe II, indlalifa, ngaleso sikhathi wayengaphandle kweSpain. Khona-ke, kwaqala ukuphawula okuningi mayelana nokuba ngubaba wengane, okwanqatshwa uQuijada, ngenkathi ebhalela inkosi ecela imiyalo. Sikumema ukuthi wazi umlando we UJosé de San Martín
Owaphendule ngokushesha ngencwadi ebhalwe ngunobhala u-Eraso ethi ekusuleni nasekulungiseni kwakhe kubhekwe ukudideka abenakho ngodaba olubucayi kangaka, enikeza njengesiphakamiso sokuthi akalinde kuze kube inkosi izobuyela eSpain. .
UPrincess Juana, ongumfundisi ngesikhathi engekho uFelipe II, ucele ukuthi afise ukuhlangana nengane, ayifeza eValladolid ngenyanga kaMeyi wonyaka ka-1559, evumelana nesimemezelo esinesizotha. Ngokufanayo, umfowabo ngomzali oyedwa uFelipe wakwenza ngoSepthemba 28, 1559 eSanta Espina, idolobha elikumasipala waseCastromonte, eValladolid, eSpain.
Khona-ke uFelipe II, egcwalisa imiyalo kayise uCarlos, evezwe eTestamenteni lika-1554, waqaphela ingane njengengxenye yamalungu akha umndeni wasebukhosini. Igama lakhe lashintshwa ngudon Juan de Austria. Wanikezwa ikhaya lakhe, wabela uLuis de Quijada njengomeluleki wakhe oyinhloko.
UMbusi uKhesari wayengafuni ukuba izithandwa zakhe ezaziyizintandane zaziwe obala, kanye nokuphawula ukuthi unina womntwana wayenganikezi indlela engcono kakhulu yokukhulisa umntwana.
Ngakho-ke uNgonyama wamthatha kahle umntwana kunina, kungenzeka ukuthi usaqhubeka nokuncelisa. Kuyaziwa ukuthi wayiphathisa umsizi wakhe, uLuis de Quijada, wayiphathisa intokazi ayemethemba ngokuphelele, kungenzeka ukuthi wayengumhlengikazi okhethwe ngokucophelela okukhulu, futhi akazange alahlekelwe umbono wakhe. .
Bathi bathathu noma abane kuphela abantu abazi ngalo mcimbi, nokuthi ngisho indlalifa yoBukhosi, uDon Felipe, ubengazi ngakho kwaze kwaba ngu-1556.
Kodwa, ngemva kweminyaka emithathu nengxenye, kukhona ulwazi olwanele mayelana nemfundo yendodana engekho emthethweni yoMbusi, owayengenawo umqondo omncane wozalo lwakhe. Kodwa-ke, into eyiqiniso kakhulu engaqiniseka ukuthi kusukela efika edolobheni laseCastilian laseLeganés, imfundo yengane engaziwa yayiyisibonelo.
Kusukela eminyakeni engu-1550 kuya ku-1564 imfundo yengane yavela ngezigaba ezintathu, futhi phakathi nezinyanga ezimbili zokuqala, uJerónimo osemusha wayengazi imfihlo yokuzalwa kwakhe, nabantu ababemnakekela, ngaphandle kukaLuis Quijada.
Ukuziqeqesha
UDon Juan wase-Austria waqeda izifundo zakhe eNyuvesi yase-Alcalá de Henares lapho afunda khona nezinsizwa ezimbili ezindala kunaye: babengabashana bakhe, uPrince Carlos no-Alejandro Farnesio, indodana kaMargarita de Parma, bengenye indodakazi engekho emthethweni ka-Alejandro Farnesio. UMbusi uCharles.
Abeluleki bakhe bahlanganisa u-Honorato Juan Tristull, umfundi weLuis Vives. Ngonyaka we-1562, "iNdlu kaDon Juan de Austria" ibonakala, ngaphakathi kwezindleko zezimali zeRoyal House, lapho inani lama-ducats angu-15.000 labelwe, elifana ne-Princess Juana.
Phakathi nonyaka ka-1565, abaseTurkey bahlasela isiqhingi saseMelitha. Ukuze kusekelwe ukuvikelwa kwayo, kwakhiwe imikhumbi echwebeni lase-Barcelona. Don Juan wase-Austria, wacela inkosi ukuba imgunyaze ukuba ahlanganyele nesithandwa sayo, okwaphikiswa. Kodwa, uDon Juan, weqa enkantolo waya e-Barcelona, kodwa akakwazanga ukufika emkhunjini. Kodwa, incwadi ebhalwe ngesandla evela kumfowabo yiyo eyamvumela ukuba ashiye icebo lakhe lokuwela eningizimu yeFrance, ukuze afike endaweni yase-Italy futhi akwazi ukufinyelela imikhumbi kaGarcía de Toledo.
Ngenxa yokuthi umfowabo wayengashukunyiswa umsebenzi ongokwenkolo uyise, iNkosi uFelipe II, wammisa njengoKaputeni-Jikelele Wasolwandle. ukwethenjwa kwakhe okugcwele , phakathi kwabo okwakukhona u-Álvaro de Bazán, u-Admiral, kanye noLuis de Requesens y Zúñiga, Iphini Lomphathi-mkhosi.
INkosana uCharles, mhlawumbe ngenxa yesikhundla umalume wakhe ayenaso, kanye nobungane obabubahlanganisa iminyaka, wavuma kuDon Juan wase-Austria ukuthi unezinhlelo zokubalekela eSpain, aye eNetherlands esuka e-Italy, okwakudinga izikebhe ezazizovumela indlela eya e-Italy.
Ukuze athole lokho okwakuceliwe, wahlongoza umbuso waseNaples. Khona-ke, u-don Juan wamtshela ukuthi uzomphendula futhi ngokushesha waya e-El Escorial ukuze atshele inkosi ngakho. Inkosi yabuyela eMadrid ngo-January 17, 1568, futhi ngakusasa, okuyiSonto, wonke umkhaya waya ezinkonzweni zenkolo. UDon Carlos wathinta uDon Juan wase-Austria ngocingo oluya emakamelweni akhe, ukuze ambuze ngesinqumo sakhe.
Ezimpendulweni azithola kudon Juan, mhlawumbe waphetha ngokuthi wayengeke abambisane nokuthi mhlawumbe wayesemtholile, okwamenza wakhipha insangu wahlasela umalume wakhe ngemuva, owakwazi ukuzivikela kwaze kwafika izinceku. wambusa waze wamyisa emakamelweni akhe. Khona-ke, ngenxa yokuvalelwa kukaNkosana uCarlos, wahola uDon Juan wase-Austria ukuba agqoke okuzila, nokho, iNkosi uFelipe yamnikeza iziyalezo ezinembile zokuthi uzoyikhumula.
Ngaleso sikhathi, uDon Juan wase-Austria, wabuyela eMedithera, eyophatha imikhumbi. Ngemva kokuhlangana nabeluleki bakhe eCartagena ngoJulayi 2, 1568, waya olwandle ukuze ahlasele ama-corsairs. Ngezinyanga ezintathu yadabula ugu lonke, yaze yayofika e-Orani naseMelila.
INdlovukazi u-Elizabeth yaseValois kanye neNkosana uCharles bashona ngo-1568. UDon Juan wahamba nemikhumbi eya eCartagena wabe eseya eMadrid. Ngemva kokuvela phambi kwenkosi, waya kovakashela uDoña Magdalena de Ulloa, futhi wazivalela isikhashana esigodlweni sezindela saseFrancisca i-El Abrojo, eLaguna de Duero, umasipala nedolobha laseSpain.
Ukuhlubuka kwe-Alpujarras
Emthethweni wango-January 1, 1567, wafuna ukuba amaMorisco ayehlala eMbusweni waseGranada, ikakhulukazi endaweni yase-Alpujarras, aziqhelelanise ngokuphelele namasiko awo, ulimi lwawo, izingubo zawo kanye namasiko awo enkolo. Iqiniso lokuthi basungula imithethonqubo, lenze ukuthi ngenyanga ka-April 1568, kuzohlelwa ukuvukela umbuso. Ekupheleni kwalowo nyaka, cishe izifiki ezingamakhulu amabili zaqala ukuvukela umbuso.
Ngaleso sikhathi, inkosi yasusa iMarquis of Mondéjar, futhi ngokufanayo yabeka uDon Juan de Austria UCaptain General, okusho ukuthi, umkhuzi ophakeme wamabutho asebukhosini. Wabela abeluleki abathembekile enkampanini yakhe okwakufanele ahlanganyele nabo, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona namaRequesens. Ngo-April 13, 1569, uDon Juan wafika eGranada.
Inqubomgomo ekhona mayelana nokudingiswa yenza isimo saba sibi kakhulu. Nokho, ukuze aphumelele kahle, udon Juan wadinga umfowabo ukuba amnike imvume yokuqala ukuhlasela. Inkosi yamnikeza yona, uDon Juan ayishiya eGranada, ephethe ibutho. Ekupheleni konyaka ka-1569, wayesekwazile ukushweleza eGüéjar Sierra, idolobha laseSpain, futhi wavimbezela iGalera.
Isimo sasikhubazekile: kwakuyinqaba enzima ukuyithatha. U-Don Juan wase-Austria, ugunyaze ukuhlasela okuvamile, esebenzisa wonke amasu ezikhali nezamayini. Ngo-February 10, 1570, wangena edolobheni, wabulala zonke izakhamuzi zesilisa, kuyilapho ebopha abesifazane, izingane kanye nabantu abadala, eshiya indawo iyihlane, futhi kamuva wayimboza ngosawoti.
Wabe esethuthela enqabeni yaseSeron, umasipala waseSpain, lapho adutshulwa khona ekhanda, futhi uDon Luis de Quijada walimala, washona ngemva kwesonto, ngo-February 25, eCaniles, idolobhana laseSpain. Ngokushesha, wathatha iTerque futhi wanqoba sonke isigodi esimaphakathi somfula ongenela e-Almería.
Ngenyanga ka-May wonyaka ka-1570, u-don de Juan de Austria, wavuma ukuthula ne-El Habaquí. I-Alcudia de Guadix El Habaqui. Phakathi nezinkathi zasehlobo nekwindla ngonyaka ka-1570, izimpi zokugcina zabanjwa ukuze kunqotshwe amavukela-mbuso.
Ngenyanga ka-February ka-1571, uFelipe II, wasayina isinqumo sokuxoshwa kwawo wonke amaMorisco ayesembusweni waseGranada. Ezincwadini zika-don Juan, lezi zithunjwa ezidingekayo zemindeni eminingi ephelele, kuhlanganise nabesifazane nezingane, zivela, ezifanelekela "usizi lomuntu" olukhulu oluchazwe.
I-Lepanto
I-League of Santa, icebo kusukela ngo-1568, elajabulisa uPapa Saint Pius V, futhi ngokubhekisela kulo Philip II, akazange avume. Kamuva ngonyaka we-1570, waxazulula inkinga yamaMoors, uFelipe II, uyavuma ukujoyina iVenice kanye nePapa ngokumelene namaTurkey.
Umbuso waseSpain wawunesithakazelo emikhawulweni eseduze njengeTunisia, nokho amanye amanxusa avuma ukuvikela iKhupro, eyayihlaselwa uSelim II, ehlobo lika-1570. Nakuba injongo yale mikhumbi yayingaziwa, uPhilip II, wafika. beka umyalo kaDon Juan wase-Austria.
Umfelandawonye wasayinwa ngoMeyi 20, 1571. Ulwazi lwafika eMadrid ngoJuni, ngaleso sikhathi inkosi yathatha cishe izinsuku ezingamashumi amabili ukubhala iziqondiso eziqondile umfowabo ayezozithatha. Nakulokhu, wayezobeka enkampanini yakhe abantu abathembekile ayezoxoxa nabo njalo, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona uLuis de Requesens, nomlandeli wakhe wase-Alcalá de Henares, u-Alejandro Farnesio.
Khona-ke, imikhumbi yaseSpain yahlangana eBarcelona, lapho uDon Juan wase-Austria kwadingeka alinde kuze kufike abashana bakhe, u-Archdukes Rodolfo no-Ernesto, okwenzeka ngo-July 20, ababayisa eGenoa. Ngo-August 8, imikhumbi yafika eNaples, izohlinzeka.
U-Pius V wathumela u-Don Juan ifulege leNhlangano, owamamukela ngenjabulo nangesenzo esinesizotha esenziwa emcimbini owawusebandleni laseSanta Chiara. Ekupheleni kuka-Agasti, imikhumbi yafika e-Messina, lapho iqembu le-League lahlanganiswa khona. Kule ndawo uDon Juan wahlola futhi wathola isikhumbuzo, kanye nalo lonke ithimba leNavy. Ungase ukuthole kuthakazelisa ukufunda i-biography ye U-Porfirio Diaz
UDon Juan wase-Austria wagxila emkhandlwini wezempi emkhunjini wakhe ongukaputeni, ukuze enze isinqumo ngomcimbi. IFamagusta, idolobha laseGreece empumalanga yeCyprus, yayicekelwe phansi ekuqaleni kuka-August. Ukunqotshwa kweNhlangano kwakusho ukuthi ugu lwaseMedithera eSpain nase-Italy lwalungenakuzivikela ngokuphelele kumaTurkey.
UDon Juan wase-Austria, uvikele umbono wempi yokuhlasela: bheka imikhumbi yaseTurkey, lapho izotholakala khona ukuyicekela phansi; ukuba wuhlelo olusekelwa amatilosi angochwepheshe, njengo-Álvaro de Bazán. UDon Juan wakwazi ukuqinisa igunya lakhe, ngokumelene nezikhundla ezilinganisiwe kakhulu, ngo-September 15, imikhumbi yasuka eMessina yaya empumalanga yeMedithera.
Lo mqhudelwano waliwa ngo-Okthoba 7, 1571, eGulf of Lepanto, lapho amaTurkey ayekhoseliswe khona. Imikhumbi, eyayingaphansi komyalo ka-don Juan, itholakala engxenyeni emaphakathi yokwakheka.
Isenzo sika-don Juan de Austria, sathathwa njengesiwumnqamulajuqu sokuzuza ukunqoba kweNhlangano, ngenxa yokufuna kwakhe ukunqoba okuqinile, kanye nomzamo wakhe siqu kulolu hlobo lomzabalazo, lapho ibutho lemikhumbi nelasemhlabeni lalikhona. zahlanganiswa, ngenxa yokuthi ngesikhathi izikebhe zithulwa, zalwa kanzima.
Ngakho-ke, yile ndlela ezaboniswa ngayo ochwepheshe kulo mkhakha, njengoBraudel noma uM. Fernández Álvarez, futhi bagunyazwe abantu besikhathi esifanayo njengoMiguel de Cervantes.
AbaseTurkey, bacabanga ukuthi uLepanto, wahumusha ukulahlekelwa kwebutho lakhe, ewufanelekela njengokwehluleka okungenakuqhathaniswa okwenzeka yi-sultan kusukela empini yase-Angora ngonyaka we-1402, ngaphezu kwesixwayiso esizayo sokuthi izindawo zakhe zizohlaselwa.
Ebukhosini baseSpain kanye neRiphabhulikhi yase-Italy, ubungozi obubangelwa abaseTurkey eNtshonalanga yeMedithera bushiywe. Ngokunjalo, kwaletha umphumela wokuzuza ngendlela yendondo, abathathe ngayo inqwaba yemikhumbi. Ngokutholwa kwalokhu, imikhumbi yaseSpain, yakwazi ukuba namandla amakhulu, futhi yazimisa inamandla eMedithera.
Yize engazange akwazi ukusebenzisa lowo mhlomulo, ngenxa yokushoda kwezigwedlo. Ngempela, uDon Juan wase-Austria wakwazi ukukhulula amaKristu ayegwedla emikhunjini yaseTurkey, cishe angu-15.000 XNUMX, kanye nezithunjwa ezazisemikhunjini yaseSpain, ezazilwa ngokwethembeka emncintiswaneni.
I-Tunisia ne-Italy
Ngenxa yokunqoba kukaLepanto, wenza uDon Juan wase-Austria iqhawe endaweni yaseYurophu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isifiso sakhe sakhula: wafisa ukuba nombuso wakhe, futhi aphathwe njengenkosi, okuyinto efanayo enqatshelwe.
Ngonyaka ka-1572, ikhomishana yabantu base-Albania yathembisa uDon Juan esihlalweni sobukhosi. Lokhu wabonisana nomfowabo inkosi, owatusa ukuba angasamukeli isiphakamiso, nokho, ukuthi angabususi ubuhlobo nabase-Albania.
Khona-ke, ngokugunyazwa yinkosi, uDon Juan phakathi nezinyanga ezisukela kuJulayi kuya ku-October, waqala ukuyofuna u-Uluj Ali, owasinda eLepanto, okungazange kuphumelele, ngoba yena, azi ngokuphakama kwebutho lemikhumbi lasolwandle laseSpain, wakubona. ukuyibalekela.
Ngonyaka olandelayo, iRiphabhulikhi yaseVenice yasayina ukuthula okuhlukile namaTurkey. I-Holy League yabhujiswa ngayo ngokusemthethweni, futhi uDon Juan wafaka ifulegi leNhlangano nelikaCastile esikebheni sakhe.
Ngaleso senzakalo, ibutho laseSpain lalikhululekile ukuqhubeka nezinhloso zalo, futhi uDon Juan akazange aphuthelwe ithuba: wacela imvume yokuqala ukunqoba iTunisia. Esuka eLa Goleta, inqaba eyayiphethwe abangane abathile baseSpain, wathatha iTunisia empini enobudlova eyenzeka ngenyanga ka-October wonyaka ka-1573.
Baphinda bamnikeza ithuba lokuba nombuso wakhe, kodwa ukuba anqotshwe yena. Ukuhaha kwakhe akuzange kushaywe indiva, ngoba uPapa Gregory IX ngokwakhe waya eNkosini uPhilip II ekuqaleni konyaka ka-1574, ecela ukuba uDon Juan anikezwe isikhundla sokuba iNkosi yaseTunis.
Impendulo iphikwe nokho, inkosi yathi okuhle okutholwe umfowabo kuzowuthola umvuzo wabo.
Ngokuqinisekile, uFelipe II, wayengazethembi ngokugcwele izinjongo zomfowabo. Ngakho wasebenzisa unobhala wakhe, u-Antonio Pérez, njengomxhumanisi ukuze azi futhi alawule izifiso zikaDon Juan. U-Pérez wamnikeza imali yokutshala izimali zakhe emkhunjini, futhi wasolwa ngokumnika isikhundla sokuba u-vicar general e-Italy.
Ukuhlala kukaDon Juan e-Italy kuzuzise u-Uluj Ali ekululameni kweTunisia. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukuhaha kukaDon Juan wase-Austria kwakukwelinye izinga: ukungena kwamaKatolika eNgilandi, ukushada noMaría I Estuardo, nokuzuza umbuso wakhe; Kwakuwuhlelo olwalubonakala lunokubambisana kukaPapa, kanye namaKhatholika angamaNgisi.
Eqinisweni, ngesikhathi esithile, waphenywa yisithunywa seNdlovukazi, mayelana namathuba okushada no-Elizabeth waseNgilandi ngokwakhe, okwabikelwa iNkosi uFelipe, engazange ivume futhi ingavunyelwe nguye.
UDon Juan wayenezinhloso ezinhle futhi ufisa ukuthuthela eMadrid ukuze akhulume ngale ndaba. Kodwa-ke, inkosi yamyala ukuthi aqhubeke enguVicar general e-Italy, lapho enza khona isu lokuthula emadolobheni abenengxabano unyaka wonke.
Wahamba kuyo yonke inhlonhlo yase-Italy, ehamba esuka eSicily eya eLombardy. Ekupheleni kwalowo nyaka, uDon Juan waqaphela ukuthi unobhala wakhe siqu, uJuan de Soto, wayethathelwe indawo uJuan de Escobedo, unobhala woMkhandlu Wezezimali, kusukela ngo-1566, kanye nomuntu ohlobene no-Antonio Pérez, owazama ukwazi ngemininingwane. don Juan izenzo kanye nemibono.
Ngokufanayo, iNkosi uFelipe II yafunda iminyaka ngokuqukethwe izinhlamvu ngokusobala ezazinobuntu obuyimfihlo phakathi kuka-Antonio Pérez noDon Juan de Austria, ngoba ayizange igcine nje ngokubagada kodwa futhi yabalungisa, ikhuthaza ukugxekwa. , ukuze afunde ngezinhlelo, imibono kanye nezenzo zikaDon Juan wase-Austria.
Abase-Netherlands
Njengoba zonke lezi zenzakalo zidlula, izingxabano phakathi kweNetherlands zaqina. Ngomgomo oqinile wokucindezelwa owenziwe ngemiyalelo yoMbusi wase-Alba, okwaqhutshwa u-Don Luis de Requesens olinganisiwe. Kodwa-ke, u-Requensens washona ngoMeyi 5, 1576, isenzakalo esasithakazelisa ngokushesha kuWilliam wase-Orange ukuze kusebenze ukuvukela umbuso.
Ngaleso sikhathi, uMkhandlu Wombuso owawuphethe ngaleso sikhathi kuleyo ndawo, nawo wacela inkosi ukuba iqoke ngokushesha umbusi omusha, owayevela emndenini ozimele.
Ukukhetha kwakungenakuphikiswa, ngokushesha inkosi yakhipha imiyalo yokuthi u-don Juan wase-Austria aye eNetherlands nesikhundla sombusi. UDon Juan de Austria, akazange ahambisane nomyalelo wasebukhosini, futhi esikhundleni sokuthobela lo myalelo, wathuthela eMadrid, ukuze athole amathemba alethwe ngohlelo lwesiNgisi, umfowabo wamnikeza ukwesekwa okuqinile, kungaba yini izimo nge ayezoya eBrussels.
UPhilip II waphinde waphikisana nesicelo sakhe sokumnika igama elithi Infante of Castile, kanye neqiniso okwakulindelwe isikhathi eside lokuba yiRoyal Highness, nokho, ehluleka lokho, wamukela isincomo sakhe sokugunyazwa yedwa. Futhi, uFelipe II akakwazanga ukuveza imizwa yakhe eqinile mayelana nendaba yokuhlasela okungalindelekile okuvela e-England, kanti uDon Juan wase-Austria wasebenzisa ukuhlala kwakhe eSpain ukuhlangabezana noMagdalena de Ulloa.
Ngokungenelela kwakhe, kwakufihliwe ezingutsheni zakhe, ukuze aqhubeke nomsebenzi wakhe olandelayo: wayezoya eNetherlands, kodwa kulokhu wayengeke akwenze esuka e-Italy, kodwa ngeFrance, ngakho wacasha ngaphansi kwesudi yenceku. UMorisco enkonzweni yomNtaliyane ohloniphekile ogama lakhe lingu-Octavio de Gonzaga.
Walidabula lonke iFrance waze wafika eLuxembourg, okuwukuphela kwesifundazwe esithembekile. Ngesikhathi elapho, wahlangana nomama wakhe, uNkk. Barbara Blomberg.
Ngemva kwenkulumo ejulile, uBárbara Blomberg, owayengakuthandi ukuhlala eSpain, wavuma ukuthi waya eNhlonhlweni, lapho anikezwa khona indawo yokuhlala, ngaphezu kwalokho ayeziphilisa ngakho, wagcina eshonele eColindres, umasipala osengxenyeni esempumalanga yeCantabria. .
Ibutho lokuqala lesimanje laseYurophu, elaziwa ngokuthi ingxenye yesithathu endala yeFlanders yaseSpain, ababenesikhathi esanele ngaphandle kokulethwa kwezinkokhelo zabo, langena ngokungenangqondo edolobheni lase-Antwerp ngokuhlasela okwesabekayo, okwenza isimo esibi lapho kufika uDon Juan de Austria e-Antwerp. I-Netherlands.
Wayithobela imiyalelo, ikakhulukazi ukuqhubeka nenqubomgomo eyasungulwa ngabakwaRequesen, ngaphezu kokuzibonakalisa njengomxazululi. Ngenhloso yokuthi ahlonishwe njengombusi, ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amavukela-mbuso azoyihlonipha inkolo yakhe. Uvumile ukuvumela amasosha akhe, athathe ingxenye yesithathu endala aye eSpain, noma ehluleka eLombardy, ngendlela efanayo ukuthobela amakhono eFlemish.
Wasayina i-Perpetual Edict ngo-February 17, 1577. Ngenyanga ka-May, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi izenzakalo zizolile, futhi uDon Juan wabe esethola ithuba lokungena eBrussels ngokunqoba.
Esimweni esinokuthula nokuzolile, uDon Juan wase-Austria walangazelela ukubuyela eMadrid ukuze axoxe ngendaba yaseNgilandi. Ngenyanga kaJuni 1577 wathumela unobhala wakhe, u-Escobedo, ayethembele kuye ngokugcwele ukuze ngokungenelela kuka-Antonio Pérez athole ukubuyela eSpain, noma ehluleka ukuthi athole ukwesekwa ukuze ahlasele iNgilandi.
Inkosi, ngaphambi kwalokhu, ayizange ivume ukubuyela eSpain kaDon Juan de Austria. Ngaleso sikhathi, izenzakalo zase zizimbi kakhulu eFlanders. Ngenyanga kaJulayi 1577, u-don Juan de Austria waphula isivumelwano futhi wafaka amaJalimane esikhundleni samasosha aseNamur. Ngenyanga ka-August, wanikeza imiyalelo yokubuya kwe-Tercios eyayiseMilan, ukuthi ngokusekelwa umkhumbi wama-Indies, owafika eSeville ngenyanga ka-August 1577, inkosi yayinemali eyanele yokwenza inkontileka. khokha.
Ngenyanga kaSepthemba, uWilliam wase-Orange, ilungu leNdlu yaseNassau, wethula umyalo wakhe: uyavuma ukunikezela zonke izindawo, agunyaze amasosha ukuthi asuke eLuxembourg. Ngaphandle kokulinda isicelo, u-don Juan wayenake ukufika kwabesithathu, owayengaphansi komngane wakhe wakudala nomshana ogama lakhe lingu-Alejandro Farnesio.
Izinsuku zakhe zokugcina zokuphila
Ukufika kwesithathu kwavumela uDon Juan ukuthi aqale ukuhlasela kwezempi. NgoJanuwari 31, 1578, uTercios omdala waqothula i-Estates General engxabanweni yaseGembloux, okwabavumela ukuba bathole iningi le-Southern Netherlands ukuthi liphinde lilalele inkosi, ngaphezu kokubuyisela iLuxembourg neBrabant.
Bekuyivelakancane ukunqoba. Kuthe kusenjalo wafikelwa usizi ngoba engenayo imali. Njengoba nje kwenzeka ukuthi amabutho amabili ahlasela iFlanders yaseSpain: elaseFrance elalingaphansi kwemiyalo kaDuke Anjou, owaseNingizimu wathatha uMons; kuyilapho enye ingaphansi komyalo kaJuan Casimir, futhi ixhaswe ngezimali yiNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth waseNgilandi, okwenzeka eMpumalanga.
UDon Juan wase-Austria ucela unobhala wakhe, u-Escobedo, owayeseSpain, ukuthi aphathe ukudluliselwa kwemali. Emikhandlwini Yombuso Nezempi, uMbusi wase-Alba waxwayisa ngesimo esiyingozi ngenxa yokuthi wayengenayo indoda noma imali.
Phakathi nale ndawo, ukubulawa kuka-Escobedo kwenziwa, isenzakalo esenzeka ngo-March 31, 1578. Njengamanje, umlando uqinisekisa ukuthi kwakuhlelwe ngu-Antonio Pérez ngokugunyazwa kwenkosi, eyayithi ibalulekile ekubuseni.
Izizathu eziqondile zikanobhala ukuba anxenxe inkosi, nokho, izazi-mlando zithi akungabazeki ukuthi wayengahileleka ebugovuni bukaJohn wase-Austria futhi mhlawumbe wathatha isinyathelo ngokwakhe sokuhlasela iNgilandi, noma. ehluleka lokho, wayezojoyina abavukeli baseDutch, noma ukuthi angabuyela eSpain, ukuze ayale amasosha ukuba athathe isikhundla sikaFelipe II.
Indaba isitshela ukuthi ayikho imibhalo ebonisa ngalezo zikhathi, ulwazi lwezinsuku olucacile kwamanye amathuba, kwaze kwaba unyaka ka-1578, lapho usizi olukhulu lukaDon Juan de Austria, lwalumayelana nokungabi namandla okuhlala njalo kwe-imperiousness. amabutho kanye nemali yokuqala impi eFlanders.
Uma esetholile ngokufa kukanobhala wakhe, u-don Juan, uthumela incwadi enkosini, lapho eyitshela khona ukuthi iyasiqonda lesi sigameko, nokuthi iyavuma ukuthi izoqhubeka nokulinda iziqinisekiso ezivela eSpain.
Emibhalweni ka-don Juan, kwaba sobala ukuthi wayesho isimo sakhe sokucindezeleka esasimgubuzele phakathi naleso sikhathi sasehlobo, ngesikhathi isifo esaziwa ngokuthi i-typhus noma i-typhoid fever, saphinde sabopha umzimba wakhe. Izinsuku ezithile kwakudingeka aphumule ekamelweni lakhe. Kodwa, ngeshwa, impilo yakhe yaya ngokuya iphuka, ngakho wayegula kakhulu ekupheleni kukaSeptemba, ngenkathi esekamu lakhe eliseNamur.
Ngo-September 28, waqoka ozongena esikhundleni sakhe ukuba ammele kuhulumeni waseNetherlands, njengomshana wakhe u-Alejandro Farnesio. Wathumela incwadi kumfowabo, wamncenga ukuthi ahloniphe ukuqokwa kwakhe, futhi avume ukungcwatshwa noyise.
Wafa ngosuku olufana no-October 1, 1578. U-Alejandro Farnesio wamthatha esikhundleni sakhe njengombusi. Izinsalela zika-don Juan de Austria, zadluliselwa eSpain, futhi zisendlini yezindela yaseSan Lorenzo de El Escorial.
Ithuna lakhe lizungezwe isithombe esinwetshiwe esivundlile, esinobuhle obuthile, obumele iqhawe eligqoke izikhali, futhi njengeqiniso elithakazelisayo, kufanele kwenezelwe ukuthi njengoba engazange afele empini, uboniswa ngaphandle kwama-gauntlets. .
Umsebenzi ofanayo wadalwa uPonzano waseZaragoza futhi waqoshwa ngemabula yaseCarrara ngokungenelela komdwebi wase-Italy u-Giuseppe Galeotti.
Impilo yakho yothando
Izazi-mlando zangaleso sikhathi zibonisa uDon Juan wase-Austria njengensizwa ebukekayo futhi eyibhizinisi elimnandi. Ziningi izindaba zothando abekelwe yena.
Phakathi nokuphila kwakhe waba nobungane obuseduze nentombi yakwa-Éboli, ukuze abe nobuhlobo noMaría de Mendoza, ngenxa yalobo buhlobo bakhulelwa intombazane owazalwa ngo-1567, okuthiwa u-Ana.
U-Don Juan unikeze ukukhuliswa kwentombazane ku-Doña Magdalena de Ulloa. Kamuva, intombazane yayiswa endlini yezindela yaseMadrigal, eyabamba iqhaza "enkundleni ye-confectioner yaseMadrigal".
Ngesikhathi ehlala eNaples, eminyakeni eyalandela ukunqoba kweLepanto, waba nobudlelwane noDiana de Falangola, owakhulelwa intombazane egama layo linguJuana, owafika emhlabeni ngo-September 11, 1573, nokufa kwayo. ngo-February 7, 1630.
Intombazane uJuana yaphathiswa ukunakekela kukadadewabo uMargarita. Washintshelwa esigodlweni sezindela saseSanta Clara eNaples. Kamuva udon Juan uhlobene ngothando noZenobia Saratosia, akhulelwa kuye indodana, efa lapho ezalwa; bese ihlobene no-Ana de Toledo, owayengunkosikazi wemeya yaseNeapolitan.
Ukuhlola
Ngokokucatshangelwa komcwaningi womlando okuthiwa uManuel Fernández Álvarez, ugcizelela ukuthi uDon Juan wase-Austria "mhlawumbe ungumuntu okhanga kakhulu enkantolo yasePhilippines."
Wayeyindoda ehlonishwa kakhulu abantu besikhathi sakhe, enobungani bomshana wakhe uPrince Charles, kanye nokusekelwa umshana wakhe u-Alejandro Farnese. Njengomnqobi nomnqobi weLepanto, waduma kulo lonke elaseYurophu.
Isazi-mlando uPierson sithi labo ababephila ngesikhathi esifanayo babengaqiniseki ukuthi “wayeyinkemba noma isikhulu sombuso”, futhi siphetha ngokuthi mhlawumbe wadlala indima yabo bobabili. Emkhakheni wakhe wezempi, ukuhlanganyela kwakhe empini ye-Alpujarras kuvelele, futhi ukunqoba okuzuzwe eLepanto.
Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza kwakhe kwezepolitiki akuphenywa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi endaweni yezokuxhumana eyathuthukiswa eLombardy, nasengxenyeni enkulu ye-Italy. Lapho azuza khona ukunqoba okuncane kwakuseNetherlands, indawo lapho indawo ezungezile yayiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, wazizwa eyedwa futhi engenazo izinto ezingokomnotho nezingokwenyama.
Ugxekwa ngokunensa kwakhe ekufikeni, naphezu kokuthi wayethole iziyalezo eziqondile zokuthuthela endaweni, okukholelwa ukuthi uvimbele ukuhlasela kwe-Antwerp ngamasosha aseSpain.
Ebudlelwaneni bayo nomfowabo uFelipe II, umona inkosi eyayinawo ngobugovu bayo obuhlala njalo uyaboniswa. Naphezu kwalokhu, impatho yakhe kuye kwakuwukumamukela njengelungu elilodwa lomndeni wasebukhosini, ejoyina, naphambi kwezikhulu zaseSpain, ngokubamba iqhaza emikhosini yomphakathi. Akazange athathwe njengosana lwaseSpain, futhi akazange aphathwe ngokuthi "Ukuphakama", nokho, waphathwa njenge "Excelentísimo Señor"
UDon Juan wase-Austria ezincwadini
UDon Juan wase-Austria, iqhawe lomlando, owaphila impilo ezungezwe izenzakalo ezinkulu, owashona esemncane, akungabazeki ukuthi uzoba isithombe esivela ezincwadini zomlando ezibaluleke kakhulu.
Ngezansi eminye yemisebenzi lapho kuvela khona lo mlingiswa ovelele, okungukuthi:
Inkondlo Epic The Austrian. Umbhali uJuan Rufo
I-Crusader yokugcina: Impilo kaDon Juan wase-Austria. Umbhali uLouis de Wohl
Jeromin noveli. Umbhali uLuis Coloma
UDon Juan wase-Austria noma i-Vocation. Amahlaya kaMariano José de Larra
Lepanto inkondlo edumile. Umbhali u-GK Chesterton, uhunyushwe nguJorge Luis Borges, esiSpanishi.
Ngonyaka we-1962, iNoveli Bomarzo. Umbhali uManuel Mujica Lainez. Isahluko Lepanto Yami
Unyaka ka-1990, Ukuvakashelwa ngesikhathi. Umbhali u-Arturo Uslar Pietri. Inoveli eyawina indondo ye-Rómulo Gallegos ngo-1992.
Ngonyaka we-1994, uJuan de Austria, iqhawe lenganekwane. Umbhali uJuan Manuel González Cremona. Iplanethi yokuhlela, Barcelona.
Ngonyaka ka-2003, uJuan de Austria, inoveli yesifiso sokuvelela. Umbhali Angel Martinez Pons.
Unyaka ka-2005, Umnumzane wemvelo. Umbhali we-Hungarian Laszlo Passuth. I-Altera SL yokuhlela
Ngonyaka ka-2009, mina, uJuan de Austria, inganekwane ye-autobiographical. Umbhali uJoaquin Javaloys. I-Styria. Izinguqulo, Barcelona.
Ilukuluku lokungcwatshwa kukaDon Juan wase-Austria
Yebo, wonke amaqhawe adumile omlando, uma esefile, angcwatshwa ngokuhlonishwa, ubukhazikhazi nokunethezeka.
Odabeni olusithintayo, uDon Juan de Austria, lumayelana nomlwi nonomoya ongcwele, iqhawe leLepanto, abathi abanye ongoti bathi ukushona kwakhe kungenxa yesigameko esibuhlungu eFlanders, kanti ukuya kwakhe e-Escorial kuhambisana namarokhethi. kanye nokuhambisana nebhendi yomculo.
Indaba isitshela ukuthi u-don Juan de Austria, washonela eNamur, eFlanders, okwamanje eyaziwa ngokuthi iBelgium, ngo-Okthoba 1, 1578, ngenxa ye-typhus noma i-typhoid fever, futhi kamuva wayiswa ku-Pantheon of Infants yaseSan Lorenzo del Escorial, lapho afika khona. wangcwatshwa ngenhlonipho yisixuku esikhulu.
Kodwa-ke, izazi-mlando zibika ukuthi ukufa komlingiswa womlando kwenzeka ku-dovecote eyahlanzwa ngokushesha, futhi bagijima bayoyibamba, nokuthi yayihlotshiswe ngama-tapestries, amakhethini emaphethelweni aseNamur, lapho yayizenza sengathi iqukethe ukuhlubuka. ngokumelene namaSpanishi ayebhubhisa iFlanders, futhi ngokusobala kwakuyindawo ephazamisekile.
Kwakwaziwa ngokusemthethweni ukuthi ukuhlasela kwe-typhus kwahlasela okaputeni abaningana, kodwa, ngenxa yelukuluku, bonke belashwa ngaphandle kwakhe, kodwa, ngokusobala ngokwendaba esemthethweni, washiya ngemuva ethi uDon Juan uphethwe yilesi sifo esaziwayo. i-hemorrhoids, eyelashwa ngodokotela ababesemsebenzini ngendlela engafanele.
Kwabafikela ukuthi babhoboze ngelancethi, okwamenza wopha epulanini laseTrevi Fountain, okwamenza washona engakayihlanganisi iminyaka engu-30, kodwa kwaba lula futhi ngesizotha ukuthi basho ukuthi ubulawe umkhuhlane. . , ngaphambi kokuba i-hemorrhoid ingalapheki kahle.
Izifiso zikaDon Juan de Austria empilweni ukuthi angcwatshwe ePantheon of the Infantes of El Escorial, nokho, ngenxa yokuthi ubenedumela lokulwa futhi umfowabo, iNkosi uFelipe II, wangamthembi kanye nozakwabo, wanquma. owangcwatshwa eNamur, ngenhlonipho evela emabuthweni ababehlonishwa kakhulu ngawo.
Ngemva kwezinyanga ezinhlanu, uFelipe II wagunyaza ukuthi izinsalela zakhe ziyiswe e-El Escorial, kodwa, ngokuyimfihlo enkulu nangokugodla, ngangokunokwenzeka. Inkosi yaqhubeka nezinto zayo zokuzilibazisa, kuyilapho isidumbu sikaDon Juan, ngomfowabo ongekho emthethweni, siyihlupha, ngakho inquma ukuyala isidumbu sayo ukuba simbiwe ukuze sigqunyiswe, futhi isilungiselele uhambo olude.
Isidumbu salungiswa ngendlela eyisipesheli, kanti bona bathi sanqunywa saba yizicucu ezintathu ezizolungiswa uma sebefikile lapho beya khona. Ngakho-ke, lapho umzuzu wokungcwatshwa ufika, isidumbu saboniswa ngaphakathi kwe-urn evaliwe ngaphandle kokuguqulwa, esadluliselwa ngehhashi.
Khona-ke, ngemva kwenyanga besusiwe embuthanweni, ngo-March 18, 1579, baqala ukubuyela eSpain ngezinyawo nezinsalela zikaDon Juan kanye nekhomishini ekhethekile eyayakhiwe cishe abantu abangu-80 ingenalutho oluzobakhomba.
E-Namur baya eNantes eFrance futhi ukusuka kule ndawo bathatha isikebhe esabayisa e-Santander, ekubeni kule ndawo, baqala kabusha udwendwe olumnyama noluthulile oluya e-Abbey of Párraces, eSegovia, okuyinto ngokuyisimangaliso ngemva kokuba idabukisayo. uhambo olungcwele kanye nempunga, kwaba isenzo esinodumo nokunethezeka.
Ikhomishana enkulu yasebukhosini yayibalindile lapho kwakukhona bonke abantu ababalulekile nabanamandla esigodlweni sasebukhosini. Phakathi kwalabo okwakukhona, izimeya, abefundisi, izindela ze-El Escorial, amaqhawe, nabanye abaningi, kuhlanganise nonobhala wenkosi nombhishobhi wase-Ávila ephelezelwa ithimba lakhe, bonke ndawonye baphuma ngodwendwe nezinsalela zika-don Juan de Austria, kakade. ihlelwe yafakwa ngaphakathi kwebhokisi elinezicabha ezimbili.
Yadluliswa ibanjelwe emoyeni umzila ocishe ube ngamakhilomitha angama-60, owahlukanisa i-abbey yasePàrraces ne-El Escorial. Ikhomishana yayingeza abantu abaningi abengeziwe edolobheni ngalinye ababedlula kulo, njengoba kwakhiwa uhambo olukhulu lokuyokhulekela, lapho nje isenzo sokungcwatshwa senzeka ePanteón de Infantes de El Escorial, ngoMeyi 25, 1579.
Sengiphetha, ngeke sehluleke ukubika futhi ukuthi umfowabo uFelipe II akazange akwethembe ukukhashelwa umfowabo u-don Juan, owabonga ngokugxambukela kukanobhala wakhe, u-Antonio Pérez, okwaba iqhinga langempela lomsebenzi.
Nakuba wayemethemba, u-don Juan wase-Austria nakho konke okwakumzungezile kwakubonakala sengathi akamethembi, nokho, lapho uPhilip II edalula uthuthuva, ubona ukwethembeka kokukholelwa ku-don Juan, okuyisinqumo sakhe ekugcineni, amnikeze konke. udumo lobukhosi ekungcwatshweni kwakhe okuwujuqu.