Abantu besikhathi sakhe babembiza ngenkosi yamaciko nomculi wamakhosi. Ngamandla ethalente nokuguquguquka kwawo, ukujula kolwazi namandla abalulekile, Peter Paul Rubens ungomunye wezibalo ezigqame kakhulu zesiko laseYurophu lekhulu le-XNUMX.
Peter Paul Rubens
Udumo lwempilo yonke lukaPedro Pablo Rubens lwalulukhulu kangangokuthi, ngokukhazimula kwegama lakhe, ukubusa kuka-Archduke Alberto nomkakhe u-Isabel kwaqala ukubonakala njengesikhathi esihle. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, uRubens uthatha enye yezindawo ezihlonishwa kakhulu emhlabeni wemilingo wokudweba. UPedro Pablo Rubens waphila kusukela ngo-1577 kuya ku-1640, inkathi eyaziwa kakhulu izazi-mlando ngokuthi i-Counter-Reformation, njengoba yayiphawuleka ngokuvuselelwa kweSonto LamaKatolika, elenza imizamo yokucindezela imiphumela yeNguquko YamaProthestani.
Kwakuyisikhathi sokulwa okuqinile, lapho umoya nobuhlakani bomuntu kwathatha igxathu elikhulu, kodwa futhi yaziwa ngobugovu obungenakuqhathaniswa, ukungabekezelelani, nonya. Phakathi neminyaka uRubens ayephila kuyo, ososayensi abafana noGalileo Galilei, uJohannes Kepler noWilliam Harvey bashintsha umbono womuntu ngezwe nomhlaba ngemisebenzi yabo, futhi isazi sezibalo nesazi sefilosofi uRené Descartes sathembela emandleni omqondo womuntu, okuyinto Yaba nomthelela omkhulu ekucabangeni kwakhe.
Kodwa leli khulu leminyaka nalo libe nohlangothi olumnyama. "Ukuzingela abathakathi", izinga elimangalisayo lentshiseko engokwenkolo, exubene nokushiseka okungaboni nokukholelwa ezeni, kwaguqula ikhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX laba yiphupho elibi langempela: kulo lonke elaseYurophu, izinkulungwane zabantu, amadoda nabesifazane, baqeda ukuphila kwabo esigxotsheni. njengesijeziso seqiniso lokuthi benze amacala esintwini nasemvelweni.
INkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki, eyavuselelwa kusukela eNkathini Ephakathi, yafuna ngenkuthalo izitha zeSonto LamaRoma, okwaholela ekubulaweni kwabantu abaningi nokuhlukunyezwa kwabantu ababesolwa ngokuhlubuka. Izimpi zenkolo, ngokulandelana kwazo, zacekela phansi ukuthula okwamiswa eYurophu. Okulimaza kakhulu kunabo bonke, oneminyaka engamashumi amathathu ubudala, wahlukumeza iJalimane eminyakeni lapho uRubens ethola impumelelo yakhe enkulu yokudala.
Izwe lakubo kaPedro Pablo Rubens, eNetherlands, laphazanyiswa ukuphila kwakhe konke ngenxa yokulwela inkululeko eSpain. Kwaqala eminyakeni eyishumi ngaphambi kokuzalwa kwakhe futhi kwaphela eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili ngemva kokufa kwakhe. Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi uRubens angapenda izithombe zakhe ezikhazimulayo, zobungqingili enkathini enzima kangaka, lapho ubudlova nencithakalo kunqoba yonke indawo.
Imvelaphi, ubuntwana nobusha
NgoJuni 28, 1577 uMaria Peypelinks ukhululiwe emthwalweni wengane yesithupha. Igama lakhe nguPeter Paul. Ngaleso sikhathi, uJan noMaria Rubens babehlala eSiegen, esifundazweni saseJalimane iWestphalia. Eminyakeni eyisishiyagalolunye ngaphambi kokuzalwa kwakhe, uJan noMaria babaleka edolobheni lakubo e-Antwerp ngenxa yokwesaba ukushushiswa ngokwenkolo. Ubaba womdwebi wafundela ubumeli eRoma nakwamanye amadolobha ase-Italy. Lapho ebuyela edolobheni lakubo, wamiswa njengomkhandlu wedolobha. Iminyaka eminingana wenza le misebenzi ebalulekile.
Nakuba uJan ebelokhu engumlandeli weSonto LamaRoma Katolika, kamuva wazwelana nezimfundiso zamaProthestani zikaJohn Calvin (1509-1564), ezazibhekwa njengembuka eliyingozi ezweni elalilawulwa inkosi yaseSpain Katolika. U-Jan Rubens nomndeni wakhe babaleka besuka eFlanders baya edolobheni laseCologne, enkantolo kaWilliam wase-Orange, oteketiswa ngelikaSilent. Lapho, waba yi-charges d'affaires kumka-Wilhelm, u-Anne waseSaxony, futhi kamuva nesithandwa sakhe.
Inkantolo yasheshe yathola ngothando lwabo. Ngokwemithetho kaJan Rubens, ukubulawa kwakulindelwe. Kodwa uMaria walwela ngokungakhathali ukuze akhululwe. Wakhokha imali ukuze akhululwe ngebheyili futhi waze wafuna nokukhuluma nenkosana izikhathi ezimbalwa, lapho avikela khona umyeni wakhe. Izincwadi azibhalela ejele ziwubufakazi obuqand' ikhanda bokuzinikela kwabesifazane. Kuzo uncenga umyeni wakhe ukuthi angadikibali futhi amqinisekise ukuthi usemxolele kudala.
Ngemva kweminyaka emibili ecela, uMaria wakwazi ukuthola indlela yakhe, ngo-1573 uJan wakhululwa ejele ngebheyili, futhi lo mbhangqwana wathola imvume yokuhlala edolobheni elincane laseSiegen. Ngo-1579 uJan wavunyelwa ukuba abuyele eCologne futhi ekugcineni, ngo-1583, wazuza ukuxolelwa kokugcina nokuphelele. Naphezu kwakho konke ukuguquguquka okuphazamisayo kokudingiswa kanye nokuphazamiseka kukayise, umoya onomusa, ozolile kanye nokuzwana okuphelele komndeni kwakubusa njalo endlini lapho uPedro Pablo Rubens akhulela khona.
Ezincwadini zakhe zakamuva, uzokhumbula iCologne njengedolobha lapho achitha khona ubuntwana bakhe obujabulisayo. URubens wakwazi ukubona izimfanelo ezinhle zabazali bakhe. Kunina wazuza uhlamvu lwakhe olunomusa nokulinganisela, ikhono lokuthanda nokwethembeka, futhi, mhlawumbe, isimo sakhe sengqondo somona ngesikhathi nemali. Kusuka kubaba wakhe, ukukhanga kwakhe okusheshayo nokulula. U-Jan Rubens ngokwakhe wazinikela emfundweni yendodana yakhe futhi wadlulisela uthando lwakhe olungaguquki lwesayensi nezincwadi.
UMaria usenayo indawo endaweni yangakubo e-Antwerp, ngakho unquma ukubuyela khona. Njengoba eguqukele enkolweni yamaKatolika, uthola imvume yokubuyela nezingane zakhe ezweni lakubo. Akukho okwakumvimbela ekwenzeni lokhu, njengoba wakwazi ukubuyisela izihlobo zakhe neSonto LamaKatolika. Kungenzeka ukuthi akakaze ahlanganyele izinkolelo zenkolo yobuProthestani zomyeni wakhe, nakuba amadodana abo amabili, uPhilip noPedro Pablo Rubens, abhapathizwa emcimbini wamaLuthela.
Inxusa lase-Italy u-Lodovico Guicciardini ushiye incazelo ye-Antwerp ngesikhathi sokudlondlobala kwayo. Kwakunezikole ezinhlanu kuleli dolobha, abadwebi abaningi babehlala khona, futhi kunomshini wokunyathelisa owasungulwa ngo-1555 nguChristopher Plantin. Kwakungenye yezinhle kakhulu eYurophu futhi yaziwa ngemikhiqizo yayo emihle kanye nokubuyekezwa kwesayensi kanye nesayensi eqinile. Kodwa ngokungena kwamasosha aseSpain ezweni ngo-1566, iHolland yaba inkundla yezempi iminyaka eminingi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abaseSpain, ngakolunye, izifundazwe ezihlangene, ezalwela inkululeko yazo. Ukuvinjezelwa, izimpi, ukuphanga, amashwa angachazeki - lokhu kuwumphumela wale minyaka edabukisayo. Ngo-1576, unyaka ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaPedro Pablo Rubens, i-Antwerp yaba isisulu sebutho elivukela umbuso laseSpain. Kwashiswa yonke indawo, kwafa izinkulungwane zabantu. Lezi zenzo zonya zithole igama elibi elithi "Spanish fury." I-Antwerp yahlupheka kakhulu kunamanye amadolobha amaDashi kokubili kusukela ejokeni laseSpain kanye nokuvukela okwaphakanyiswa ngokumelene nayo.
Lapho uMaria Rubens ebuyela ekhaya nezingane zakhe ngo-1587, isimo samazwe aphansi sazinza ngesisekelo sokuhlukana phakathi kwezifundazwe ezizimele enyakatho. Ngesikhathi uPedro Pablo Rubens efika okokuqala e-Antwerp, leli dolobha lalisesimweni esidabukisayo. Isibalo sabantu bakhona sehle safinyelela ku-45.000, ingxenye yalokho esasiyikho eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule.
Ukuvuselelwa kwedolobha kwaqala kancane kancane. Uhulumeni waseSpain waphendula i-Antwerp yaba isikhungo sezezimali kanye nesikhundla sokusekela ukuze sinikeze zonke izidingo zebutho lawo. Impilo yamasiko nengokomoya yedolobha nayo yavuselelwa. Ekugcineni umshini kaPlantin wokunyathelisa wawululama ngemva kokuwohloka kweminyaka eminingana, futhi abadwebi base-Antwerp ezindlini zabo zokusakaza baphinde baqala ukuthatha iziyalezo ezivela emasontweni nasezikhungweni zenkolo ukuze zithathe indawo yazo zonke izinto ezazicekeleke phansi phakathi neminyaka yokushiseka ngokweqile nempi.
Ngakho, uPedro Pablo Rubens wachitha ubusha bakhe edolobheni elabuyela kancane kancane ekuphileni kwalo kwangaphambili. Ekuqaleni, wafunda esikoleni sikaRombuth Verdonk, usosayensi onedumela elingathi sína, owaqhubeka nokubumba ingqondo nokunambitha komfana ezinyathelweni zikayise uJan Rubens. Lapho, uPedro Pablo wahlangana nomfana okhubazekile, owayemdala kuye ngeminyaka eminingana, futhi lo majwayelene wayemiselwe ukuba abe ubungane obuqinile bokuphila kwakhe konke. UMoretus wayengumzukulu kaPlantin, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi waba inhloko yendlu yokunyathelisa kayisemkhulu.
efuna indlela
Umama wakhe wambeka isikhathi esithile njengekhasi lokubala umfelokazi kaPhilippe de Lalen, uMarguerite de Lin. Yile ndlela indlela yensizwa evela emndenini omuhle enezinsiza ezimbalwa ngokuvamile yaqala, ukuze ekugcineni ithathe isikhundla esifanele emphakathini. Ikhasi elinesizotha elinokuziphatha okuhle lingathembela ekunyusweni, futhi ngobudala, isikhundla esibalulekile nesibophezelekile kunoma yimuphi umhlonishwa futhi, ngenxa yalokho, indima ethile kuhulumeni wezwe. Lesi kwakuyisiqalo semisebenzi yezombangazwe engaphezu kweyodwa edumile.
U-Pedro Pablo Rubens wafunda imikhuba emihle yasenkantolo endlini ka-Countess Lalen, kodwa nalapho wayefuna ukuba yiciko futhi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva wancenga unina ukuthi amkhiphe enkonzweni ye-countess futhi amnikeze umsebenzi wokudweba. Babheke umpetha ozovuma ukumyisa endaweni yakhe yokusebenzela. Lena indawo ka-Tobias Verhaert. UPedro Pablo uthuthela endlini yakhe. Uthisha wokuqala kaRubens wayengumdwebi we-landscape ongenakulinganiswa: wapenda izindawo ezincane, okwakuhlala kunesidingo, kodwa uPedro Pablo akakwazanga ukufunda okuningi kuye.
Ngokushesha wathuthela ku-studio somculi oguquguqukayo u-Adam van Noort, afunda naye iminyaka emine. Lapho eneminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye, u-Pedro Pablo ushintsha othisha futhi futhi waba umfundi womunye wabaculi abavelele base-Antwerp, u-Otto van Veen. Wayeyindoda efundile enokunambitheka okuhle kakhulu, engomunye weqembu elicokeme labaculi “abanothando” abake bafunda e-Italy, abamisebenzi yabo yayigcwele umoya wobuntu weNkathi Yokuzalwa. Umsebenzi ka-Otto van Veen wawunengqondo, unenjongo, kodwa ucishe uswele ukuphila.
Nokho, lo mculi waba nethonya elikhulu emfundweni yobuhle kaRubens, egxilisa kumfundi wakhe isifundo esiphelele sokuqamba, evuselela isithakazelo sakhe ezicini zobuhlakani bomsebenzi wabo ovamile. U-Otto van Veen wayedume kakhulu ngolwazi lwakhe lwezimpawu - izithombe ezinjalo zobuciko ngosizo okwakungenzeka ukuthi ziveze imibono engabonakali. Ulwazi oluningi lwezimpawu eziqoqwe empilweni yakhe yonke lwakhonza uRubens njengophethiloli ongashisa umcabango wakhe.
Akumlahlekisi lutho ukudlulisa imibono yakhe (noma leyo yomxhasi wakhe) eqoqweni lezithombe ezibukwayo. Izisekelo zalolu lwazi zabekwa eshabhu yokucobelelana ngolwazi yothisha ayehlala emkhonzile. U-Otto van Veen wahlala engumngane ozinikele kaRubens ukuphila kwakhe konke.
Lapho uPedro Pablo Rubens eba neminyaka engamashumi amabili nanye, wamukelwa njengengcweti ku-St. Luke's Guild, Antwerp Association of Artists and Craftsmen, umdala wakhe oyinkosi yakhe yangaphambili, u-Adam van Noort. Nakuba wayengakabi nesakhe isitudiyo futhi waqhubeka nokusebenza no-Otto van Veen iminyaka emibili egcwele, manje wayesevunyelwe ukuthatha abafundi, wakwenza, ethatha uDeodatus Del Monte, indodana yomkhandi wesiliva wase-Antwerp, njengomfundi wakhe. .
Kuncane okwaziwayo ngomsebenzi kaRubens ngalesi sikhathi. Kuyacaca ukuthi ubenedumela elihle, ngaphandle kwalokho ubengenabo abafundi. Ngalesi sikhathi, unina usevele wagcina imidwebo yakhe eminingana, njengoba ekhuluma ngokuziqhenya ngayo ngentando yakhe. Kodwa kunomsebenzi owodwa kuphela osayinwe nguye kuyo yonke le minyaka: isithombe esiphelele sensizwa, ubuso bayo, obudwetshwe ngesandla esiqinile, bubonakala buphila.
Ngonyaka wokugcina wokuhlala kukaRubens noVan Veen, isitudiyo sathola ikhomishana emangalisayo: umhlobiso wendawo yokuhlala yase-Antwerp ukuze kwamukelwe ababusi abasha baseNetherlands, u-Archduke Albert kanye no-Archduchess Elizabeth. Kusukela ngesikhathi samakhosi aseBurgundi, kuwo wonke amadolobha amakhulu aseNetherlands, isiko selithuthukile lokuhlela ukwamukela okuhle komphakathi kubabusi babo, okubizwa ngokuthi "ukungena ngenjabulo".
Ngokombono wokuthuthukiswa kwamasiko, ukubusa kuka-Albert no-Elizabeth kwakuhlotshaniswa yibo bonke neRenaissance enkulu. Kule 'nkathi yegolide', noma kunalokho 'i-golden twilight' yobuciko be-Flemish, u-Rubens wayemiselwe ukudlala indima ehamba phambili.
Ngaleso sikhathi, eNyuvesi yase-Auven eduze kwaseBrussels, umfowabo uFiliphu waba intandokazi yomuntu omkhulu uJustus Lipsius futhi kancane kancane wazuza idumela njengososayensi wasendulo. Cishe uPedro Pablo wayelokhu exhumana naye njalo, efuna iseluleko nosizo. Wanaka ngokukhethekile ulimi lwesiLatini futhi akazange alahlekelwe isithakazelo emhlabeni wasendulo. Ngokungenakugwenywa, wayevame ukuphendukela eRoma, leli dolobha elihle laPhakade, eliheha bonke abaculi nososayensi, njengozibuthe.
Ukuya e-Italy ukuze uthole ulwazi
Abaculi baseDutch bangaleso sikhathi babeqiniseka ukuthi ukukhanya kwangempela kobuciko kwavela e-Italy kuphela. Yilapho kuphela lapho izimfihlo zangempela zobuciko zingaqondwa. Bonke babekubheka njengomsebenzi wabo ukuthatha uhambo olunqamula ezintabeni zase-Alps. Abathanda ubuhle be-Italian abawazi amasiko ongcweti bakudala baseFlemish, ngaphandle kokukhipha u-van Eyck, u-van der Weyden noma uMemling. Abaculi baseDutch babevame ukwenza lolu hambo kanye ekuphileni, kodwa bavame ukuhlala e-Italy iminyaka eminingi, ngakho ukuhlala kwabo kuleli zwe kwabenza baceba.
Ngo-May 1600, uPedro Pablo Rubens, ngaphambi kokuba abe neminyaka engamashumi amabili nantathu, waya e-Italy. Wayemncane, emuhle futhi efundile. Wayesazi isiNgisi, iSpanishi, isiFulentshi, isiNtaliyane nesiLatini. Idiploma yeciko evela ku-San Lucas Guild kanye nesikhwama semali sikamama wakhe kwamsiza ukuba akholwe enkanyezini yakhe. Mhlawumbe, uPedro Pablo ubenezincomo ezibalulekile naye. Akwaziwa ukuthi yiziphi, kodwa amandla akhe asebenzayo ayabonakala: ngo-Okthoba 5, 1600, wayekhona eFlorence emshadweni kaMarie Médicis neNkosi yaseFrance, futhi ekupheleni konyaka wangenela inkonzo yenhlangano. inkantolo yaseMantua.
URubens wathola amagugu eqoqweni lombusi. Iqoqo lomndeni wakwaGonzaga lingelinye elidume kakhulu e-Italy. Kukhona imisebenzi kaBellini, Titian, Palma the Elder, Tintoretto, Paolo Veronese, Mantegna, Leonardo da Vinci, Andrea del Sarto, Raphael, Pordenone, Correggio, Giulio Romano. URubens ukopisha ngenkuthalo iTitian, Correggio, Veronese. Kwaba umkhuba wokuthi abaqoqi bangaleso sikhathi bashintshisane ngamakhophi: lapho ingekho eyokuqala, umuntu angakuncoma okungenani ukubonakaliswa kwayo.
U-Gonzaga unelisekile ngomsebenzi kaRubens futhi ngokushesha uthumela inkosi encane eRoma ukwenza amakhophi emidwebo yabaculi abakhulu. Encwadini eya kuKhadinali Montaletto, umvikeli wezobuciko, uMbusi ucela isivikelo "kuPedro Pablo Rubens, Flemish, umdwebi wami." ERoma, uPedro Pablo wajabulela ithuba lokujwayelana nokudalwa kwamakhosi amakhulu kakhulu abenza iRoma indawo yokuvakasha: uRaphael noMichelangelo.
Uma ubheka ubuciko babanye abaculi ngisho nokukopisha, ungawazisa amaphupho amangalisayo, kodwa uma ufuna ukuphumelela, kufanele uzipende. Nokho, umculi udinga ama-oda. Ngokuqondana okujabulisayo, uPedro Pablo Rubens uthola i-oda lezithombe ezintathu ze-altare endlini yesonto yaseSanta Elena yeSonto le-Holy Cross yaseJerusalema eRoma.
Lo msebenzi usekhona kuze kube yilolu suku, nakuba, kunjalo, usukhulile kakhulu kusukela esikhathini esingenakunyakaziswa. Kodwa kusabonisa amandla omcabango wakhe kanye nendlela umdwebi ayisebenzisayo ekugcwaliseni umyalelo. Maphakathi ne-altare, uRubens wabeka u-Saint Helena, lo mfanekiso wenkosi ngempela engutsheni ye-brocade yegolide. Ngakwesokunene se-altare, lalimelela uKristu, ethweswe umqhele wameva, futhi ngakwesobunxele, ukumiswa kweSiphambano. Ngokokuqala ngqa, wasebenzisa ngesibindi isipiliyoni sakhe sase-Italy.
Kuyacaca ukuthi usangabaza: umdwebo onamandla kaMichelangelo, umbala omangalisayo weTintoretto. Ngaphezu kwalokho, usabanjwe izinkumbulo zeFlanders. Kodwa, naphezu kwalokhu, umsebenzi udinga ukunakwa. URubens ulidlule kude izinga labalandeli beFlemish e-Italy. Ngemva kokuphothula i-oda leSonto le-Holy Cross, uRubens wabuyela eMantua, lapho ngo-March 1603 umbusi wamnika umsebenzi obalulekile nowemfanelo - ukudlulisa izipho ezibizayo enkosini yaseSpain.
Izipho zazihlanganisa inqola eyenziwe kahle enamahhashi ayisithupha, iziqhumane ezintsha nezithakazelisayo, amakha nempepho ezitsheni eziyigugu, namakhophi amaningana emidwebo, nokho, hhayi ngoRubens ngokwakhe, kodwa ongcweti abadumile baseRoma. Lezi zamuva zazihloselwe njengesipho kundunankulu nentandokazi yenkosi, uMbusi waseLerme, owazenza usanta ongumvikeli wezobuciko. URubens wayezoziphelezela yena mathupha izipho futhi aqinisekise ukulethwa kwazo ngesikhathi enkosini nakungqongqoshe wayo.
Hamba uye eSpain
Nokho, uhambo oluya eSpain lwalungelula. Umgwaqo udabula ezintabeni, ngaphezu kwalokho, wathatha uhambo olude lwasolwandle, futhi uRubens wayengenayo imali eyanele eyabelwe yona. Izikhukhula eFlorence zalibazisa uhambo lwakhe izinsuku ezimbalwa, futhi kwadingeka abhekane nobunzima obukhulu ekuqasheni umkhumbi. Ngemva kwamasonto ambalwa, wakwazi ukubika ukufika kwakhe ngokuphephile enkantolo yasebukhosini baseSpain nazo zonke izipho ezaziphephile ngokuphelele, kuhlanganise "namahhashi ahlakaniphile futhi amahle."
Kodwa elinye ishwa lalimlindile lapho kwenziwa amakhophi ezithombe zemithwalo. “Namuhla sithole ukuthi imidwebo yonakele ngaze ngaphelelwa yithemba. Ngiswele amandla okuzibuyisela. I-canvas cishe isibole ngokuphelele (yize wonke amaseyili ayesebhokisini le-zinc, ahlanganiswe kabili ngendwangu enamafutha abese efakwa esifubeni sokhuni). Isimo esidabukisa kangaka sabo sibangelwa izimvula ezingapheli ".
Ngenhlanhla, inkantolo yasebukhosini yathuthela eNqabeni yase-Aranjuez. Ukusuka lapho uzoya eBurgos. Inkosi ngeke ibuyele eValladolid kuze kube uJulayi. Lezi zinyanga ezimbili ziyi-godsend nje. U-Pedro Pablo Rubens ulungise amakhanvasi ka-Facchetti ayelimele futhi washintsha imisebenzi ecekeleke phansi wafaka amaseyili amabili omsebenzi wakhe. Njengoba enikezwe inkululeko yokukhetha itulo, wapenda uHeraclitus noDemocritus ukuze bahluke.
Ummeleli woMbusi waseMantua esigodlweni saseSpain, le ndoda eqhoshayo eyayigcina yonke imithetho ngokucophelela, yazibophezela mathupha ukudlulisela izipho enkosini. Kodwa-ke, wavumela uRubens ukuba abe khona ekudluliseleni imidwebo kuMbusi waseLerme. Umbusi wawahlola ngokwaneliseka, wenza iphutha amakhophi awokuqala. URubens wayehlakaniphe kakhulu ukuze azame ukumkholisa. Imidwebo kaRubens yathola ukunconywa ngokukhethekile.
Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, wathola umyalo owakhipha umoya wakhe: wayezopenda isithombe sombusi ngokwakhe, ehlezi ehhashini. URubens, 26, wagqama ngempela ngalo msebenzi. Wanquma ukukhetha i-pose enzima kakhulu ye-duke egibele ihhashi. Lesi sithombe sithande hhayi kuphela umlingiswa ngokwakhe, kodwa yonke inkantolo yaseSpain. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, udumo lwakhe lwadlula imingcele, futhi abanye abaculi bazama ukusebenzisa ukwakheka okufanayo nezindlela zisebenzisa i-spiral ekhuphukayo (ukwanda kancane kancane).
Ngenxa yempumelelo yakhe enkulu, uRubens wayelalela kancane kancane izicelo eziqhubekayo zoMbusi waseMantua, enqaba ukudweba izithombe zabesifazane abahle. Encwadini ehloniphekile, wacela ukuba akhululwe ekuhambeni eFrance ukuze apende ubuhle basenkantolo lapho; kodwa noma kunjalo, elalela uthisha wakhe, umdwebi wenza izithombe eziningana zabesifazane abahle baseSpain ngesikhathi ehlala eSpain.
buyela e-Italy
Endleleni ebuyela eMantua, uRubens wema eGenoa, idolobha ayezolivakashela izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa esikhathini esizayo, nalapho edweba khona izithombe eziningana zama-patricians asendaweni. Egcwalisa le miyalo, uRubens wabonisa ukuguquguquka kwakhe njengengcweti eyahamba ngokukhululeka okungavamile kusuka emidwebeni yezenkolo kuya kweyezwe, kusukela ezithombeni kuya kuzindikimba zezinganekwane. Ngemva konyaka ebuyile eSpain, uRubens wazuza impumelelo yakhe yokuqala yangempela ngomdwebo wenkolo owawuhloselwe i-altare eliphakeme lesonto lamaJesuit eGenoa.
URubens, kamuva ekuphileni, wayevame ukusebenzela amaJesuit, njengoba ayekhangwa ukholo lwawo olukhulu, olufana nempi kanye nentshiseko engokwenkolo eqondile. Emdwebeni we-altare lakhe obizwa ngokuthi "Ukusoka", uRubens uphinde wasebenzisa inhlanganisela yemibono ehlukahlukene ayithola kwabanye abaculi. Ukulangazelela ukuya phezulu kuyaphawuleka ekuqanjweni kwakhe, akuthatha kuCorreggio emidwebeni yakhe yaseParma Cathedral.
Enkosini efanayo, waboleka umqondo wokwethula umntwana ngendlela yokuthi kuphume ukukhanya kuye. Ikweleta kakhulu i-Titian ngokunotha kwemibala nokushuba komugqa. Umfanekiso ohloniphekile we-Our Lady udalwe ngesisekelo sesithombe saseRoma. Kodwa bonke baboleka futhi bamukela imibono uRubens ayethule ngaphakathi kohlaka lombono wakhe. Unina kaNkulunkulu uhlanganisa ukuba ngokoqobo kwemizwa nendlela iBandla elagcizelela ngayo.
Ugcwele isithunzi sakudala, kodwa, ezwa isihawu somuntu, uyafulathela ukuze angaboni ukuthi uKristu uhlupheka kanjani. Isenzo sakhe esiyinqaba sidonsela isibukeli sibheke phezulu, lapho izithombe zomuntu ezimnyama zigoqe usana olukhipha ukukhanya, lapho kuvela khona ukukhanya kwasezulwini, nalapho isixuku sezingelosi sibuthene khona. Lokhu ukubonakaliswa okuphezulu kakhulu kwezobuciko benkathi yobuKristu bamaKatolika: izwe lomuntu nezwe lasezulwini, kokubili okubonakalayo nokungabonakali, kuxhumene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa ngomhlatshelo waphezulu.
Uhambo lukaRubens ludabula e-Italy ngenhloso yokuzifundisa, lapho esenkonzweni yombusi, lwathatha iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili ende. Nakuba imizila yakhe ayikwazi ukukhiqizwa kabusha ngokunembile, kuphephile ukusho ukuthi wavakashela eFlorence naseGenoa, ePisa, ePadua naseVerona, e-Auca naseParma, eVenice ngokuphindaphindiwe, mhlawumbe e-Urbino, kodwa ngokuqinisekile eMilan, lapho enza khona umdwebo wepensela Umdwebo " Isidlo Sakusihlwa Sokugcina" nguLeonardo da Vinci. Wahlala kabili eRoma isikhathi eside. Abaculi abambalwa kakhulu bangaleso sikhathi babengaziqhayisa ngokwazi i-Italy kangcono kunoRubens.
Izincwadi zakhe zalesi sikhathi zibhalwe ngesiNtaliyane esicacile nesilungile, futhi wazisayina "uPietro Paolo" njengoba esayine impilo yakhe yonke. Iminyaka eyachithwa e-Italy yayingagcwaliswanga kuphela ngomsebenzi wemidwebo ye-altare yamasonto amaRoma, amaMantuan namaGenoese, kodwa futhi nasezithombeni ("Ukuzithwebula nabangani baseMantua", 1606, Wallraf Richartz Museum, Cologne; "Marquise Brigida Spinola Doria", 1606-07, National Gallery, Washington), kodwa futhi isifundo semisebenzi ebaziwe yasendulo, Michelangelo, Titian, Tintoretto, Veronese, Correggio kanye Caravaggio.
Njengabaculi abaningi abasha besikhathi sakhe, uRubens wafuna ukuthola izindlela ezintsha zokusebenzisa izinto ezitholwe ngabanduleli bakhe. Okokuqala, kwakudingeka afunde ngisho nobuqili bakho konke umsebenzi wakhe ongakufundisa maqondana nefomu, umbala kanye nezindlela zezithombe. Ngokwezinga elithile, ubukhulu bakhe besikhathi esizayo buchazwa ikhono lakhe elimangalisayo lokuhlanganisa amathonya ahlukahlukene futhi angenakuqhathaniswa, asendulo nesimanje, futhi akhe phezu kwalokho kuhlanganiswa umbono wakhe wobuciko.
Imfihlo yobuhlakani bakhe obungenakuqhathaniswa kwakuwumqondo wokuphila onamandla futhi ogcwele kanye nokunyakaza okuqhubekayo. Kuwo wonke amathonya akha isiqondiso sobuciko base-Italy ngalesi sikhathi, mhlawumbe okwakubaluleke kakhulu futhi okwakuyimpikiswano kwakuwumsebenzi kaCaravaggio (1573-1610), umculi osemusha oyinkimbinkimbi, onamawala, cishe ongalawuleki owayeseqophelweni eliphezulu lodumo lwakhe ngesikhathi uRubens. wafika kuqala eRoma. UCaravaggio, odabuka enyakatho ye-Italy, wayemdala ngeminyaka emine kuphela kunoRubens.
URubens wayeyazi imidwebo kaCaravaggio, kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuthi laba baculi bake bahlangana. Nokho, uRubens wahlabeka umxhwele ngemidwebo yakhe, waze wenza namakhophi amaningana. Umsunguli we-Italian wayeyingcweti ekusetshenzisweni kokukhanya nesithunzi, wayazi ukuthi angathola kanjani ngobuqili ibhalansi efanele lapha ukuze agqamise kangcono izibalo, ethule ukuthungwa ngokucacile, achaze kahle ubuso besithombe.
Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke emsebenzini kaCaravaggio wahlatshwa ubuqiniso bawo, okwadlula kakhulu lokho abaculi besikhathi sakhe ababezama ukuzivumela bona. I-Caravaggio ayizange ibonise abalingiswa beBhayibheli emidwebeni yakhe yenkolo, kodwa wamane wapenda abantu abavamile ngomfanekiso wabo. Ngakho-ke, emdwebeni wakhe odumile othi "El Entierro", ubuso bukaMarias abathathu noNikodemu buthathwa ngokuqondile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.
Kodwa ukuba ngokoqobo kukaCaravaggio, ikhono lomdwebi, umdlalo wokukhanya nesithunzi kumaseyili akhe kwakuhlaba umxhwele kangangokuthi kwaba nethonya elikhulu kwezobuciko bamaciko ekhulu le-1560 kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, uRubens waqaphela inqubo yomunye umculi wase-Italy, wayesondelene kakhulu naye kunendlela kaCaravaggio. Lo mculi kwavela ukuthi umpetha waseBolognese u-Annibale Carracci (1609-XNUMX), owayesebenza eRoma emihlobiso yakhe emihle yePalazzo Farnese.
UCarracci wasungula indlela yokwenza ngokushesha imidwebo kashoki, uRubens ayithatha kuye ngokushesha. Isitayela sikaCarracci besihluke kakhulu kwesikaCaravaggio. Washumayela imiqondo yakudala futhi ukwakheka kwakhe kwahlukaniswa ngobuhle obuqoshiwe obubonisa izici ezihlukahlukene zendabuko. U-Rubens wayebheka ukuziveza okunjalo njengokuhambisana nendlela yakhe yokudala.
Ngempela, imbalwa kakhulu imisebenzi yokuqala kaRubens e-Italy eye yasinda kuze kube namuhla. Kodwa muva nje umdwebo wakhe othi "Isigwebo saseParis" utholwe, okubonakala sengathi usuka kule nkathi yokuphila kwakhe. Edakwe ubukhazikhazi bezithombe eziqoshiwe zasendulo nemidwebo yeRenaissance, umdwebi osemusha wazama ukwenza lo mdwebo lokho okwakungaphezu kwamandla akhe.
Lona umdwebo omkhulu obonisa onkulunkulukazi abathathu abanqunu bekleliswe ukukhombisa ubuhle babo "emqhudelwaneni". Izibalo zakhe zenza umbono omuhle kubabukeli. Ukwakheka kwawo kungokoqobo, kodwa akulungile. Nokho, indawo ezungezile inokuqapha okusankondlo, ngisho namaphutha omdwebo akhomba ezicashile.
Cishe entwasahlobo ka-1605, uRubens wezwa kumfowabo oyisifundiswa uFiliphu waseNetherlands, owayeze eRoma ukuze athole iziqu zakhe zobudokotela. Isifiso esinamandla sokubuyela e-Italy senza uPhilip wenqabe ithuba lokuthola ifa likathisha wakhe odumile uJustus Lipsius eNyuvesi yaseLeuven. URubens wakwazi ukukholisa umxhasi wakhe onomusa ukuthi kwakudingeka athuthukise ulwazi lwakhe eRoma, futhi ekwindla ka-1605 abazalwane baqasha indlu enezisebenzi ezimbili eVia della Croce eduze kwaseSpain Steps.
Ukuhlala kukaRubens kwesibili eRoma kwakukude kakhulu kunokuqala kwakhe. Yathatha iziphazamiso ezimfushane cishe iminyaka emithathu, iningi layo elalinikelwe ocwaningweni lwemidwebo nezakudala. Kumuntu kaFiliphu, uRubens wathola uchwepheshe weqiniso emlandweni waseRoma lasendulo.
Izithakazelo zakhe zazisukela kumagugu asendulo kuye ekwakhiweni kwesimanjemanje, kusukela ekukopisheni ngokucophelela izithombe eziqoshiwe zasendulo ephepheni kuye emidwebeni esheshayo yezigcawu ezivela ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, kusukela ezindlini eziyinkimbinkimbi zezigodlo zaseRoma kuya endaweni yokwelusa ezungeze iRoma kanye namanxiwa othando asePalatine. Ukwazile ukuthuthukisa inkumbulo enhle kakhulu yokubona.
Ekwindla ka-1606, wathola omunye wemiyalo evivinya kakhulu evela eRoma: ukupendwa kwe-altare eliphakeme lesonto laseSanta Maria, elalisanda kwakhelwa ama-Oratorian eWallisellen, noma, njengoba amaRoma esakubiza kanjalo, ibandla elisha. Umsebenzi wawungelula. Isikhala se-altare sasinde futhi sincane, futhi obaba base-Oratorian bafuna ukumela okungenani abangcwele abayisithupha emdwebeni.
Ulwazi lweRoma lasendulo lwabhebhethekisa isithakazelo sikaRubens kulolu hlelo. Phakathi kwabantu okwakucatshangwa ukuthi bangosanta kwakukhona abafel’ ukholo, kuhlanganise noSaint Domitilla, inkosikazi ehlonishwayo nomshana wombusi waseRoma, izinsalela zakhe ezingcwele ezisanda kutholwa lapho kumbiwa imigede yamaRoma.
URubens wapenda laba santa ngokukhulu ukucophelela okukhulu, eveza uPapa uGregory Omkhulu edlubhe izembatho ezikhazimulayo, futhi wanika uSanta Domitilla ukuma okumsulwa, emveza enezinwele zegolide, engutsheni yesatin ekhazimulayo, ehlotshiswe ngamaparele. Wayecasuke kanjani ngenkathi kubekwa ucwecwe lwealtare. Ukubenyezela okuvela ekukhanyeni okuveziwe kwenza isithombe sicishe singabonakali. Wabe esependa i-altare elisha ebhodini ukuze anciphise ukukhanya,
Ekwindla ka-1608, uRubens wathola izindaba ezivela e-Antwerp ukuthi unina wayegula kakhulu. Ngaphandle kokwazisa ngisho uMbusi waseMantua, ngaphandle kokulinda ukuvulwa kwe-altare lakhe eBandleni Elisha, waqala uhambo olude oluya ekhaya. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi ubengalindele ukuhlala isikhathi eside, kodwa akazange amxwayise unobhala wenkosi ukuthi uzozama ukubuya ngokushesha. Nokho, lapho ngo-October 28, 1608, umdwebi wasesigodlweni saseFlemish woMbusi WaseMantua esuka eRoma, akazange acabange ukuthi lolu kwakuwuhambo lwakhe lokugcina oluya e-Italy.
Ukubuyela ekhaya
UPedro Pablo Rubens wayejahe ize: uMaria Peypelinks, umfelokazi kaJan Rubens, wayeseshonile. Ngo-Okthoba 19 waphumula ebuthongweni baphakade futhi, ngokwencwadi yefa kamufi, isidumbu sakhe sangcwatshwa endlini yenkosi yaseSt. URubens wathinteka kakhulu ngokushona kukanina. Ekhumbula unina, uPedro Pablo wafaka ethuneni "lomama abangcono kakhulu" njengesikhumbuzo se-altare elihle kakhulu alidala, ekuqaleni ayeklanyelwe iSonto Elisha futhi ayebheka indalo yakhe engcono kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi.
Abanye abangani bakhe bakudala bamncenga ukuthi aye eBrussels futhi lapho bethula umdwebi enkantolo, u-Infanta Isabel kanye no-Archduke Albert. URubens okhaliphile futhi ofunde kahle weza enkantolo. Ngokushesha wathola isihloko somdwebi wasenkantolo, isabelo sonyaka sama-guilder ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi nanhlanu, futhi, njengophawu lokunakwa okukhethekile, iketanga legolide. Ngemva kokwenza isifungo sokwethembeka ku-Albert no-Elizabeth, uRubens nokho wakubheka njengomsebenzi wakhe ukusiza ekubuyiseleni izwe lakhe. Kwakuyisifiso sakhe esivuthayo.
INkosana nomkakhe bangamaKatolika ashiseka nakakhulu kunababusi baseSpain. Akumangalisi ukuthi, ngaphansi kokubusa kwakhe, izwe likhukhulwa yigagasi elisha lesihe. AmaKatolika ashushiswayo athutheleka eBrussels evela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, eqiniseka ukuthi azothola isivikelo nokusekelwa lapha. Ayakhiwa ama-chapel, amasonto ayakhiwa. ISonto LamaKatolika kanye nenkantolo bazi kahle kamhlophe ukuthi amandla nokholo kudinga ukukhanya, amathempeli amakhulu, izithombe eziqoshiwe nemidwebo eyisikhumbuzo. Futhi lapha iRubens ayinakushintshwa.
Indlela yakhe yokudweba entsha, enamandla futhi eqinisekisa ukuphila, isifiso sakhe sokugcwalisa iseyili ngokunyakaza okucebile nesiphepho sihlaba umxhwele abaxhasi bobuciko. Akukho ukushoda kwama-oda. Kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe uRubens wapenda umbhangqwana wasebukhosini izikhathi eziningana. Waveza iNkosana njengendoda eqotho nenesizotha, ngokungangabazeki ayenenhlonipho eqotho ngayo futhi abonisa ukubonga kwayo kuyo; ekugcineni, u-Alberto wamnika i-oda lokuqala elibalulekile empilweni yakhe lokupenda i-altare eRoma.
Kodwa wabonisa ukuzinikela okukhulu nakakhulu kuma-Archduchess, inhlonipho nothando akhula ngalo phakathi neminyaka. Imifanekiso yakhe yakamuva, eyadwetshwa uRubens ngozwela nangokuqonda, isisiza ukuba siqaphele zonke izimfanelo eziphakeme nezimfanelo ezinhle ebusweni bakhe obumangalisayo nobubuhle, obunikezwa ngezinga elanele lokuhlangana.
Kuyo yonke iminyaka ngemva kokuqokwa kukaRubens njengomdwebi wasenkantolo, akazange nje enze umsebenzi ayenikezwe wona enkantolo, okungukuthi, izithombe ezipendiwe zabasebenzi basesigodlweni futhi wahlanganyela ekwakhiweni kokuhlobisa kwezigodlo namasonto, kodwa futhi Akazange akhohlwe ukwenza kanjalo. thatha ama-oda kwamanye amakhasimende, kokubili avela e-Spanish Netherlands nakwamanye amazwe. Amaciko asenkantolo ayevame ukuba nendawo yokuhlala ngaphakathi noma eduze kwesigodlo eBrussels, kodwa uRubens wazuza ilungelo lokuhlala e-Antwerp. Njengoba ebhalela umngane wakhe eRoma: "Angifuni ukuba yinkantolo futhi."
Akwaziwa ukuthi uRubens wakwazi kanjani ukuphikelela eyedwa, ngoba ngekhulu le-XNUMX kwakungelula neze ukufeza isikhundla esikhethekile nabanikazi bayo abathweswe umqhele. Nokho, kunobufakazi obuqand’ ikhanda bokuthi kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe uRubens wayazi indlela yokuhlanganisa imikhuba emihle nehloniphekile ngokuphikelela okuhle kakhulu ezindabeni ezihlobene nomsebenzi wakhe wesikhathi esizayo. Mhlawumbe ikhono lakhe lokuxazulula izindaba zakhe ngempumelelo eminyakeni embalwa kamuva laholela ama-Archduchess owamukelayo ukuba asebenzise umculi onethalente njengonobhala. Waqala kanjalo-ke umsebenzi ongavamile wamanxusa kaRubens.
Impilo yomuntu siqu nemisebenzi
Ngo-Okthoba 3, 1609, washada no-Isabella Brandt oneminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili, indodakazi kamabhalane wedolobha. Umdwebi uthenga isithabathaba somuzi ku-Watter Street, osenegama lakhe manje. Engadini, wakha i-rotunda ene-glass-domed, lapho ebonisa khona imisebenzi kanye namaqoqo ezitolo. URubens wagubha umshado wakhe ngokudweba isithombe esiphindwe kabili se-charm engavamile.
Yena no-Isabella, babambene ngezandla, bahlala ngemuva kwesihlahla se-honeysuckle. Washaya ukuma okubudlabha okuhlakaniphile, umlenze owodwa kusitoko sikasilika phezu komunye; ahlale eduze kwakhe esitulweni, amaphethelo engubo yakhe kanokusho ewubukhazikhazi anabe. Izandla zabo ezihlangene ziphakathi nendawo yokuqamba. Bobabili babuka umphakathi ngenjabulo yokuzethemba. Zombili ziyizinsizwa ezinempilo, ezikhangayo, ezigqoke kahle, zaneliseke ngempela ngokuphila kanye nomunye nomunye.
Lona umdwebo okhangayo ongahlangene nokumelwa okusemthethweni kweseyili yendoda nomfazi, obekulokhu kuwumthetho oqinile ngaphambili. URubens akazange apende lutho olufana nalokhu ngaphambili nangemuva. Inqwaba yabafundi isebenza esitolo sakhe, kodwa kucelwa abaningi ukuba baqhubeke nayo. Usuku lokusebenza lukaRubens lugcwele phama. Indlela yakhe yansuku zonke iqinile kakhulu. Uvuka ngehora lesine ekuseni aqale umsebenzi. Ikhefu elifushane lesidlo sasemini bese ubuyela emsebenzini. Sebenza ngokuzinikela okuphelele.
Imantshi yase-Antwerp ihlela ukuhlobisa ihholo ledolobha. Abadwebi ababili, uRubens no-Abraham Janssens, banikezwa umsebenzi wokupenda iHholo Lezifundo Lombuso elalisanda kulungiswa. URubens wenza ingoma ethi "The Adoration of the Magi." Leli yithuba elihle kakhulu lokubonisa izakhamizi zakini lokho okufundile ngesikhathi uhlala isikhathi eside e-Italy. Ngenhlanhla, ubukhulu bebhokisi eli-ode likhulu. Kulapho isigaba sokukhonza sembuleka khona.
Abantu abembethe izingubo zikanokusho, amahhashi, amakamela, izipho ezinothile, imizimba enemisipha, izimbaqa ezivuthayo - konke kunomthelela ebuhleni besithombe. Ingemuva elimnyama elinokugqama okunamandla ligcizelela izingxenye ezikhanyayo zekhanvasi. Kulokhu, ngokungangabazeki, ama-echoes wezinkumbulo zase-Italy zizwakala, futhi ngokuqondile, ithonya leCaravaggio. Ngokushesha uthola i-oda elifiswayo. Ngesicelo somngane wakhe uCornelis van der Geest, umfundisi nemifanekiso yesonto laseSint-Walburg wamyala ukuba enze i-triptych enkulu yokuhlobisa i-altare eliphakeme.
Ngemali enikezwa ukusebenza, wonke umndeni ungaphila ngokunethezeka iminyaka eminingana. URubens upenda i-Rising of the Cross, okudala umuzwa. Encwadini ethi, The Adoration of the Magi, imile esicelweni sayo, ukunyakaza kwakuwumsebenzi wesibili kumdwebi. Encwadini ethi Ukuvuka Kwesiphambano, ngokuphambene, itulo liyasebenza. Kodwa-ke, ukunyakaza akufanele kufunwe ngokuma okuwubukhazikhazi noma imiphetho yezingubo ezingasho lutho. Ama-horizontal kanye nama-verticals esithombe amile, kodwa ama-diagonal agcwele amandla.
Kulo msebenzi ongalawuleki, yonke into ingumnyakazo oqhubekayo. Futhi kukhona injabulo kukho konke. Lena injabulo yokuphila okungenakufa, ngokuphambene nokufa. Lolu wuthando lwempilo oluguqula yonke into, ngisho nendaba yokufa. Njengoba uRubens ebona kusengaphambili, ngemva kokubuyela kwakhe e-Antwerp, kwakuyisikhathi esijabulisayo kubaculi. Phakathi neminyaka ebusisekile yokuthula, kusukela ngo-1609 kuya ku-1621, uRubens wapenda ama-altare e-Antwerp Cathedral kanye nawo wonke amabandla amakhulu edolobha, amadala namasha, kanye namathempeli esifundazwe eMechelen naseGhent eseduze.
Abaculi abaningi abanamakhono, abanye babo abahlakaniphile, baba nesandla enkazimulweni yesikole sokudweba sase-Antwerp yangaleso sikhathi. Ngaphezu kukaJan Brueghel, uFranz Snyders wasebenza lapho, umdwebi owazi ukudweba izilwane ngekhono. Omncane kwakunguJacob Iordan, owafunda no-Adam van Noort njengoRubens. Wapenda izithombe eziqinile nezikhangayo zempilo ye-Flemish ejabulisayo, kanye nezigcawu zezinganekwane ezinobunqunu obuvuvukele okuvunyiwe. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona u-Anthony Van Dyck nge-stroke yakhe esheshayo namazwi.
UJan Brueghel wabonwa nguRubens njengomfowethu omdala. Bapenda izithombe eziningana ndawonye. URubens wayesebenzelana nabantu kanye noBruegel ngezimbali zokuhlobisa nezithelo. Ngo-March 1611, uPedro Pablo Rubens, owayebizwa ngokuthi uClara Serena, wazalelwa indodakazi. Unkulunkulukazi wentombazane kwakungumfowabo, uFiliphu, owashona ngokuzumayo ngo-August wonyaka ofanayo waphatha uRubens igalelo elibi. Ezinsukwini eziyishumi nanhlanu ngemva kokufa kwakhe, umfelokazi womfowabo wazala indodana. Lo mfana, owayebizwa nangokuthi uFiliphu, wakhuliswa uPedro Pablo no-Isabella.
Umdwebo othi "Four Philosophers" wadalwa nguRubens ngokwezinga elithile njengesikhumbuzo somngane nomfowethu. Lapha u-Justus Aipsius uboniswa ehlezi etafuleni ngaphansi kwe-Seneca; nhlangothi zombili zakhe kukhona abafundi ababili abaphambili: u-Jan Vowerius noPhilip Rubens, futhi ngemuva kwakhe, hhayi njengomuntu obambe iqhaza engxoxweni yezemfundo, kodwa njengesibukeli esinelukuluku, uPedro Pablo Rubens ngokwakhe.
U-Archduke akamkhohlwa umculi wase-Antwerp. Ngo-1613 wagunyaza "I-Assumption of Our Lady" yeBandla laseNotre Dame de la Chapelle eBrussels. Ngonyaka olandelayo, u-Isabella Brant waba nendodana: I-Archduke iyavuma ukuba yindlalifa yengane, ebizwa ngokuthi u-Albert. Izindaba zasekhaya nabakwaRuben zaphumelela, futhi umsebenzi wobuciko kaPedro Pablo wathuthuka ngokushesha.
Umdwebo wakhe we-altare, owenziwe ngesikhathi kusuka ku-1611 kuya ku-1614 we-Antwerp Cathedral, uhlangabezane nempumelelo eyisimanga. Yayalelwa umdwebi "ku-arquebusiers", enye yabazalwane abaningi base-paramilitary e-Netherlands, ethempelini eliseceleni elabelwe yena ukuze athandazele kuleli sonto elikhulu ledolobha. U-Rubens wacelwa ukuba apende i-triptych enemidwebo emine kuphela: iphaneli eliphakathi elinamaphiko "eceleni" elihlangene namahinge, elinezithombe ezinhlangothini zombili zikaSaint Christopher, owake wathwala uKristu ngaphesheya komfula, okhona esithombeni.
URubens ufanekisela u-Saint Christopher ngesimo se-Hercules enkulu enoMntwana onguJesu, ehlezi ehlombe lakhe. Isakhiwo sesithombe siqhubekile ngemuva kwamaphaneli aseceleni, ukuze sonke isithombe siqondwe ngokuthi 'amaphiko' e-triptych avaliwe. Isithombe esikhulu bekungu'Descent from the Cross', kwesokunxele 'Izingubo zangaphansi zikaKara', futhi kwesokudla 'Ukusebenza Ethempelini'. Umthandazo WeNkosi kanye Nokwethulwa Ethempelini kuyizingoma zomusa ezingandile, ezipendwe ngemibala efudumele, ezisasikhumbuza ithonya lomdwebi waseVenice.
Kodwa iphaneli eliphakathi elithi "Ukwehla Kwesiphambano" libonisa ukukhululwa okucacile kukaRubens ekuthembeleni e-Italy, kulo sibona ukuvela kochungechunge lwemibala ekhanyayo, okuyinto evamile yokudweba kwamaDashi. Esidumbu, emiphethweni yendwangu, emifanekisweni yabesifazane, okugqamile okumpunga nokumhlophe, imibala e-amber ekhanyayo nemibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ihluke ngokubomvu nokunsundu kwendabuko kwabesilisa.
Umbukeli wayehlatshwe umxhwele ngokuyinhloko umfanekiso kaKristu ofile. “Lona omunye wemifanekiso yakhe emihle kakhulu,” kubhala umdwebi odumile oyiNgisi uSir Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792) lapho, njengokungathi uloyiwe, njengokungathi uphambi kwesimangaliso, ema phambi kwalo mdwebo eminyakeni eyikhulu ngemva kokuvela kwawo. Ukugudluzwa komzimba wonke kusinika umbono onembile wobunzima bokufa kangangokuthi akekho omunye ongakunqoba. Eqinisweni, wonke "isisindo sokufa" sikhonjisiwe lapha, kodwa emfanekisweni ngokwawo akukho sisindo esizwakalayo.
Ngobuhle obumangalisayo, uRubens wakwazi ukudlulisa umzuzu lapho umzimba ukhululiwe esiphambanweni, ngaphambi kokuba ushelele ngaphansi kwesisindo sawo ezingalweni eziqinile zikaSt. John, omile, evula izingalo zakhe ukuze akwamukele. Umfanekiso ongakwesobunxele ubambe kancane isandla sikaKristu kwesokunxele, futhi kwesokudla uMhlonishwa uNikodemu, ebambe ekugcineni kwendwangu, ngesinye isandla sisekela umzimba wakhe. Eguqe ngamadolo, uMagdalena usekela izinyawo zakhe ngezandla.
Umdwebo kaRubens othi "Ukwehla esiphambanweni" waba inselele kubo bonke abaculi, ngoba wawudinga ikhono elikhulu lokudweba lobuchwepheshe, kanye nekhono lokuvusa imizwa efanele kumbukeli. Kodwa “Ukwehla Esiphambanweni” kaRubens, indalo enkulu kunazo zonke ake wayenza, futhi enye yalezo ezinkulu angakayidali, yaba isithombe esingokoqobo kakhulu, esisuka enhliziyweni kakhulu uma siqhathaniswa nalezo inkosi ezidwebayo. ugqozi.
Kubantu besikhathi sakhe, kwakungekhona nje ukunqoba kombala, isimo nokwakheka; waphatha ngobuciko obungenakuphikiswa isihloko esiyinhloko sokholo lwakhe lonke. Ngemva kweminyaka embalwa, udumo lwakhe lwasakazekela kulo lonke elaseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Yilo mdwebo owenza uRubens waba umculi wenkolo ohamba phambili wesikhathi sakhe, ebonisa ngokugcwele okokuqala ukuqina kwemizwelo yesitayela seBaroque, lapho uPeter Paul Rubens waba khona umsunguli.
I-Rubens ngezinye izikhathi ifana nentaba-mlilo ethule. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi umoya omude kanye nokungezwani kokudala kuyaphumelela, bese kuvela imisebenzi lapho eveza khona isimo sakhe se-titanic. Lezi yizindwangu zakhe zokuzingela, ezidwetshwe eminyakeni engu-1616-1618. Ama-engeli ezibalo ayamangalisa, ukunyakaza kunonya, izilwane ziyesabeka. Abekho abawinile ku-Lion Hunt. Ukufa kulenga phezu kwabo bonke ababambiqhaza. Yiqiniso, uRubens akazange akhohlwe umsebenzi, izingcezu azikopisha e-Italy - "I-Battle of Anghiari" nguLeonardo omkhulu.
Kodwa, akekho owandulela uPedro Pablo Rubens owapenda amabhubesi, izimpisi nezingwe kulezo zimo ezinzima nezingalindelekile. Ngokuqondene namahhashi, uhlale ewathanda. Wadala uhlobo olufanele lwehhashi: elinekhanda elincane, ihubo elibanzi, imilenze ethusayo, umhlwenga omude ogelezayo, nomsila ofana no-sultan, ngamakhala avuthayo namehlo anjengomlilo.
Wasebenzisa umfanekiso wehhashi ekuqanjweni kwezithombe zakhe, ukuzingela, izimpi, izigcawu zenkolo; wanikezela enye yezingoma ezimnandi kakhulu futhi, naphezu kwetulo elifana nempi, enye yemisebenzi yakhe evumelana kakhulu: "Impi yamaGreki nama-Amazons". Eminyakeni 1620-1621 Rubens zapenda "Perseus futhi Andromeda". Indodakazi yenkosi uKefei u-Andromeda wanikelwa esilwaneni sasolwandle. Ukufa kwakhe akunakugwenywa. Kodwa kungazelelwe, indodana kaDanae noZeyusi, uPerseus, ibasiza. Intombazane emangele ibonga iqhawe.
Umdwebi uhumushe itulo lezinganekwane elaziwayo olimini lwaseFlanders, waletha imininingwane yempilo yangempela yezwe lakhe, isikhathi sakhe, ngaleyo ndlela eveza ngendlela entsha okuqukethwe komuntu okukhona kule nganekwane. Ubuciko bombala nokukhanya bugcwalisa lo mdwebo ngokumangalisayo nokunyakaza. U-Rubens ungumdwebi wombala ohlakaniphile, futhi nakuba i-palette yakhe ivinjelwe kakhulu, uzuza izixazululo ze-symphonic ngempela.
Izikhulu, ababhishobhi, izicukuthwane nezicukuthwane ezicebile zifuna imisebenzi edwetshwe nguRubens, kodwa izikhathi eziningi kufanele bazinelise ngemisebenzi eyenziwe ngabaculi abavela eshabhu lakhe ngokusho kwemidwebo yenkosi futhi ilungiswe nguye kuphela. Ngakho-ke kukhona "Ukuhlonishwa Kwezazi" okusha, okunethezeka kancane futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kungabonakali kahle. Izothunyelwa eMecheln, lapho izohlobisa khona iSt. Kanjalo nomdondoshiya othi "Ukwahlulela Kokugcina", omiselwe i-altare elikhulu lesonto lamaJesuit eNeuburg. Yagunyazwa nguWolfgang Wilhelm waseBavaria, uMbusi waseNeuburg.
Ngo-1620, i-burgomaster yase-Antwerp kanye nomngane kaRubens, uNicolae Rocox, isithombe sakhe ayesidwebe eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambili, wamthuma ukuba enze umsebenzi weFrancisca Church of Recoleta. Lo mdwebo manje odumile ubizwa ngokuthi "Lanzada". Kuso, isosha elingumRoma ligwaza ohlangothini lukaKristu ngomkhonto. Iqembu elincane labantu elikhalela uKristu liphushelwa eceleni amasosha agibele amahhashi asuka endaweni encane ezungeze iziphambano ezintathu ezilukwe ngonya eKalvari.
Cishe ngaso leso sikhathi, uRubens wapenda omunye wemidwebo yenkolo enyakazisa kakhulu, neseSonto iRecoleta. Yayibizwa ngokuthi “Isidlo Sokugcina sikaSaint Francis wase-Assisi”. Kulo mdwebo, wabonisa ukuqonda okumangalisayo kothando olungokomoya olungenabugovu. Ekhathele ukuzila ukudla, uFrancis oNgcwele usekelwa izindela ezimzungezile; isithombe sakhe esikhanyayo ngenxa yesikhumba esingenalutho nesiphaphathekile simane sikhanye ngokumelene nesizinda sezingubo ezimnyama, lapho, encike kumpristi, egxilisa amehlo akhe ukuze abheke eNkosini okokugcina.
URubens kwadingeka adwebe izihloko eziningi zenkolo ezinomvuzo. Ukuphila kwabo komkhaya okujabulisayo kubonakala emidwebeni eminingi ehlakaniphile yeSagrada Familia. Wadlulisela ubuso bamadodana akhe, u-Albert no-Nikolayev, ku-canvas, futhi wakwenza ngothando olukhulu nangokucophelela, waqonda kalula imidwebo yabo, wabe esekhiqiza ukushukuma komzimba okuningi futhi ebeka izici zobusha: amahloni, anomusa, amahlaya noma ama-adventure.
Kodwa ithuba elijabulisa kakhulu phakathi naleminyaka lanikezwa amaJesuit. Bekungelutho ngaphandle kokuhlobisa isonto elikhulu elisha elakhiwa e-Antwerp ukuhlonipha umsunguli walo u-Ignatius waseLoyola. URubens wanikezwa ukunikeza umhlobiso wesonto lonke - imidwebo engu-39. Ngaphambi kwalokho, wayesepende ama-altare amabili abangcwele ababili bamaJesuit: u-Ignacio de Loyola noFrancisco Javier. Kamuva wadala eyesithathu, ngendikimba yoKuthwetshulwa.
Omunye kwakudingeka aphuthume ukufika ngesikhathi ngemidwebo yophahla ngesikhathi semikhosi enikezelwe ekugcotshweni kwalaba abangcwele ababili ngo-1622. Ngakho-ke, uRubens wayenakekela kuphela ukuthuthukiswa kwemidwebo, ukubunjwa kwayo, futhi abafundi bakhe kwakudingeka baqedele. kwabo.. Khona-ke inkosi izoletha konke ekupheleleni ngemivimbo yakhe eqondile. Umsebenzi wokuvelela waqedwa ngesikhathi, futhi ikhulu leminyaka leli sonto lamaJesuit laliyinkazimulo nomhlobiso wayo yonke i-Antwerp. Ngeshwa, ngo-1718 lonakaliswe kabi umlilo omubi.
Akekho noyedwa kubasizi bakaPeter Paul Rubens owayengaphezu kuka-Anthony Van Dyck (1599-1641) owayenekhono elimangalisayo, owaba ngumqondisi weqembu owaziwayo eneminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye. Nakuba ayemncane ngeminyaka engamashumi amabili nambili kunoRubens, wabugcina ubungane bakhe obucishe bufane nobungane naye nomkakhe ukuphila kwakhe konke. Wayehlala ngisho endlini yakhe ngezikhathi ezithile.
U-Rubens wawuthanda kakhulu umsebenzi ka-Van Dyck, futhi laba baculi ababili basebenza eduze kakhulu iminyaka emibili noma emithathu, ekuqaleni kwe-career ka-Van Dyck, kangangokuthi kusenokudideka mayelana nokuthi ubani owapenda ngaleso sikhathi. UVan Dijk wayehlukene njengoRubens. Wayeneso lemininingwane emincane, enomuzwa ohlukile wombala. Uma sibheka imidwebo yakhe, wayezwela kakhulu ekubukekeni kwezwe, ayeyithwebule emidwebeni eminingi eyenziwe ngepeni, uyinki, ushoki, kanye nemibala yakhe yamanzi.
Imidwebo yakhe ngezihloko zezenkolo nezezinganekwane yabonisa konke ukuqanjwa kwakhe kanye namandla amnandi nangamaculo nje omcabango. Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke, uVan Dyck wazihlukanisa ezithombeni, futhi phakathi neminyaka yomsebenzi wakhe wadala amakhulukhulu wabo. Bonke bafakwe ngokuhlaziywa okujulile kwengqondo.
Ngo-1620 uVan Dyck washiya uRubens no-Antwerp wayofuna ingcebo eNgilandi, lapho anikezwa khona isipho esilingayo sokuthatha indawo yomdwebi wasenkantolo. Kamuva wathuthela e-Italy ukuze aqedele imfundo yakhe lapho. Ngemva kokuhamba kwakhe, uRubens ngokusobala wayethembele kancane kancane kubasizi bakhe ukuze aqedele imidwebo. Wayezethemba kakhulu manje, isandla sakhe sase sithathe isivinini esisheshayo phakathi neminyaka yokuqeqeshwa njalo e-Italy, kangangokuthi kwaba lula kuye ukuveza imibono yakhe ngokushesha ngendwangu.
Ngenxa yokuhlangana kukaPeter Paul Rubens noBruegel, kwavela imidwebo eyishumi nambili, enye yazo eyayiyi-enchanting "u-Adamu no-Eva ePharadesi." UBruegel wapenda indawo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, evuselela ngezithombe zezinyoni nezilwane. URubens: izibalo ezinhle zika-Adamu no-Eva. URubens, manje osengaseyena nje umdwebi odumile kodwa futhi ongumqoqi kanye nochwepheshe kwezobuciko, wayenobudlelwane obuqinile nezikhulu, ababhishobhi, ababhishobhi, nabanye abantu abanethonya kulo lonke elaseYurophu.
Ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuxhumana kwabo futhi ngenxa yezimfanelo zabo zomuntu siqu, u-Archduke Albert kanye no-Archduchess Elizabeth benza isinqumo esibalulekile ngethemba lokuthi umdwebi uzobasebenzela kwenye indima. Behlonipha ubuhlakani bakhe, ukukhuthazela kanye nesizotha, bafuna ukusebenzisa uRubens ngaphansi kwesicathulo sezithakazelo zabo zobuhle ukuze benze imisebenzi eyimfihlo yobunxusa.
Ababusi baseNetherlands basazisa kakhulu iseluleko sikaRubens futhi izikhathi eziningana bathuma amanxusa abucayi kakhulu. Izincwadi zakhe zazidlulisa ukwesaba kwangempela ngesimo saseYurophu nokuhlupheka okubangelwa impi eqhubekayo. NgoFebhuwari 1622 wabizelwa eParis yinxusa le-Archduchess, elethula umdwebi kumgcinimafa kaMarie de' Medici, u-abbot waseSaint-Ambroise.
Umama weNdlovukazi usanda kubuyisana nendodana yakhe. Wazinza e-Luxembourg Palace, u-Salomón de Bross ayemakhele yona eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambili futhi okwakudingeka ayishiye eminyakeni emibili edlule. Ufuna ukuhlobisa igalari yesigodlo ngemidwebo ebonisa iziqephu ezihlukahlukene zokuphila kwakhe. Kamuva, uhlose ukuhlobisa igalari yesibili ngemidwebo ekhazimulisa impilo yomyeni wakhe odumile, uHenry IV. URubens wayenodumo olukhulu: wayethunywe ukwenza imisebenzi yomibili.
Umsebenzi kaRubens wawungelula. UMaria wayengeyena neze ubuhle, futhi ukuphila kwakhe kwakungakhanyanga kangako, kugcwele izenzakalo ezibalulekile. Ukuveza okwedlule kukaMariya ngendlela evumayo kakhulu, uRubens uzungeza iNdlovukazi ngonkulunkulu bama-Olympian, ama-nymphs amanzi kanye nama-cupids, ikusasa, nazo zonke izinhlobo zobuhle. Ngosizo lwale nqubo, akazange nje akhulise uMariya ngokufutheka kwakhe okubi, kodwa futhi waqhathanisa nabaphathi baseFrance ngezingubo zikanokusho nonkulunkulu abanqunu nama-demigods, ayethanda ukudweba kakhulu.
Ngemva kokuqeda uchungechunge lwe-Medici, u-Rubens wayenethemba lokuthi uzoqala ngokushesha ukwakha ama-canvases egalari yesibili e-Luxembourg Palace. Kuzo kwakudingeka abonise impilo yeNkosi uHenry IV, umlingiswa omuhle futhi onamandla. Kodwa uRubens, ngaphandle kwemidwebo kawoyela kanye neminye imidwebo ephelele, akakwazanga ukuqhubeka. UCardinal Richelieu onamandla, umeluleki omkhulu wezombangazwe wendodana kaHenry Louis XIII, wayezimisele ukuvimbela umbimbi phakathi kweFrance neSpain futhi, azi uzwela lukaRubens, wayengafuni ukuthi umdwebi ahlale enkantolo.
URubens waqhubeka esebenza ku-"Asunción" lapho ngokuzumayo ukuphila kwakhe okujabulisayo kuphazamiseka. Eminyakeni emithathu nje edlule, ngo-1623, kwashona indodakazi yakhe okuwukuphela kwayo, uClara Serena. Wayeneminyaka eyishumi nambili kuphela. Futhi ehlobo lika-1626, ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi nesikhombisa yokuphila okujabulisayo komshado, u-Isabella Rubens wafa. Imbangela yokufa kwakhe ayaziwa, kodwa kukholakala ukuthi wabulawa isifo esihlasele e-Antwerp ngalelo hlobo. URubens wafuna induduzo emsebenzini nasenkolweni. Ekuthuleni okuthambile kwesonto lombhishobhi, wapenda i-"The Dormition of Our Lady", futhi lo mdwebo usalenga endaweni efanayo.
U-Pedro Pablo Rubens uziphonsela kwalasha womsebenzi wobunxusa futhi. Vakashela i-England, France, Spain. Hlangana noCharles I, uMbusi waseBuckingham, uPhilip IV, uCardinal Richelieu. Imidwebo eminingi ngonyaka iphuma ngaphansi kwebhulashi lakhe. Upenda ngendwangu enkulu "Adoration of the Magi" ngezinsuku eziyisithupha. I-Infanta Isabella imnikeza umsebenzi oyimfihlo ngemva kwenye. Uqhuba izincwadi ezinkulu, ngokuvamile eziyimfihlo.
URubens uyabhala: "Ngazithola ngise-labyrinth yangempela, ngivinjezelwe imini nobusuku izinkathazo eziningi." Usiza ekuqhubeni izingxoxo zokuthula phakathi kweNgilandi neSpain. Waba nemihlangano eyimfihlo noCarlos I, kuyilapho elungisa isithombe sakhe. Umsebenzi wakhe wobunxusa waziswa kakhulu: UCarlos I wamklomelisa ngendondo ye-Knight of the Golden Spurs kwathi u-Felipe IV wamnika isicoco sokuba unobhala woMkhandlu Wobumfihlo. Kodwa naphezu kwazo zonke lezi ziqu nokuhlonishwa, uRubens uyawushiya umsebenzi wakhe onzima njenge-ejenti eyimfihlo yezokusebenzelana.
Ngo-December 6, 1630, uPedro Pablo Rubens washada no-Helena Fourmen. U-Elena wayeneminyaka eyishumi nesithupha ngaleso sikhathi. Emhlophe, ebomvu, ejabule, njengonkulunkulukazi wamaqaba, wayewumfanekiso wamaphupho kaRubens. Umdwebi uyamthanda. Ujabule, uhlanganisa amandla azenzakalelayo othando anqoba yonke into emidwebeni yakhe. Cishe konke okubhalwe kahle kakhulu kukaRubens kule minyaka eyishumi edlule kukhanyiswe yilo muzwa.
Edunyazwe umsebenzi wokwahlulela nomsebenzi wobunxusa, wazinikela ngokuphelele ekuqambeni. Ubuchule bukaRubens bubonakala kahle emisebenzini emincane uma kuqhathaniswa, eyenziwa yena mathupha. Isithombe sowesifazane osemusha siba yi-leitmotif yomsebenzi wakhe. Ubuhle obuhle be-blonde onomzimba ogcwele inkanuko kanye nokusikwa okuhle okunamehlo amakhulu akhanyayo kwakhiwe emisebenzini yenkosi isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba u-Elena angene empilweni yakhe, ekugcineni abe umfanekiso obonakalayo walokhu okuhle.
Phakathi nale minyaka wadala imisebenzi emihle «Mercurio y Argos», «Bathsabé». "I-Mercury ne-Argos" iyinganekwane ethinta inhliziyo mayelana nesithandwa sikaJupiter, uJuno, umfazi othukuthele wenkosi yonkulunkulu, waphenduka inkomo. Ukuvikelwa kwe-Juno eneshwa kuphathisa i-stoic Argos. I-Mercury ibulala u-Argos futhi iyamkhulula.
"Bhathisheba." Esithombeni, isihloko esiyinhloko somdwebo kaRubens sizwakala kakhulu: ukukhazimulisa okungapheli, impilo ekhulayo kanye nobuhle bayo obunqobayo. Isihloko sesithombe siyindaba yothando yeNkosi uDavide ngoBati Sheba, umka-Uriya umHeti. Kuthe uma behamba nje inkosi yambona egeza yabe isithandana. Ukusha okujabulisayo kuvela esithombeni. Umdwebo okhanyayo ngezinye izikhathi ucishe ufane ne-watercolor, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, unamandla ngokwezinto zepulasitiki, ezigcwele ubungqabavu.
Ingqikithi yokudala eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila komdwebi umdwebo othi "Venus in Fur" ovela eqoqweni le-Vienna Museum. Mhlawumbe umdwebi akazange azimisele ukudweba isithombe somkakhe ngamabomu. Ngokusobala, yadalwa kuphela ngesikhathi sekhefu, lapho u-Elena Fourman ethatha ikhefu ekumiseni okuyisicefe. Ukuphumula okuphelele, ukuma kalula futhi kwasiza ekudaleni ubuciko obuhle.
URubens udlula enkathini ejabulisa kakhulu yokuphila kwakhe, ujabule njengoba umuntu ofayo kuphela ongajabula. Njengokungathi ujabulela imvuselelo kumkakhe omusha omusha, uRubens, eqiniseka ngesikhundla sakhe esiqinile emphakathini, waqhubeka nokudweba ekhaya lakubo nase-Antwerp. Kodwa lesi sifo, esahlukumeza umdwebi iminyaka eminingi, siyasho ngokufanelekile. Ukuhlaselwa kwe-rheumatism kwanda kakhulu, ukuhlupheka kwaba okungabekezeleleki.
NgoMeyi 27, 1640, uPedro Pablo Rubens ubhala incwadi yefa. NgoMeyi 29, ubuhlungu obungenabuntu bamqeda amandla. Unkosikazi omncane womdwebi, okhulelwe, akakwazi ukuzivikela kabili. Impi kaRubens nokufa iyaqhubeka amahora angama-24. Inhliziyo ayikwazi ukukubekezelela. Ntambama ngoMeyi 30, 1640, umculi omkhulu washona.
UPedro Pablo Rubens umlumbi owambulela abantu umhlaba omlingo wemibala, injabulo yokuba. Umdwebi unomthelela kumaseyili akhe ngokuvula umbono okhanyayo wempilo. Uyasinqoba ngamandla enyama yomuntu, ebusa kakhulu emidwebeni yakhe. Kubonakala sengathi sizwa ukuthi igazi elishisayo libila kanjani emithanjeni enamandla yamaqhawe akhe, lishaya ezinhliziyweni zonkulunkulukazi bakhe blonde. URubens, njenganoma ubani omunye, wayene-carnation, ubuciko bokudweba umzimba ophilayo.
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