UJosé de San Martín, indoda eyazalwa inemibono emihle yomzabalazo nenkululeko, yenza izifundo zezempi ukuze ifinyelele ukukhululwa kwezizwe eziningana, phakathi kwazo iPeru, Chile ne-Argentina. Kuyindaba ethokozisayo yeqhawe elikhulu, ungaphuthelwa.
UJose de San Martin: Umndeni
UJosé de San Martín, wazalelwa emndenini owakhiwe ngabazali bakhe uJuan de San Martínez Gómez, owazalwa ngoFebhuwari 3, 1728, eCervatos de la Cueza, ePalencia, eSpain, owashona ngoDisemba 4, 1796 eMalaga Spain. , eneminyaka engu-68 ubudala wangcwatshwa emathuneni aseRecoleta, eBuenos Aires Argentina.
Ubaba kaJosé de San Martín, owaziwa ngelikaJuan de San Martín, wayeyindodana ka-Andrés de San Martín kanye no-Isidora Gómez, odabuka edolobheni laseCervatos de la Cueza, okumanje okuyisifundazwe sasePalencia, phambilini okwakuwuMbuso waseLeón eSpain. , ubenguLieutenant Governor womnyango.
Wasebenza njengesosha loMbuso WaseSpain, kwathi ngo-1774 waqokwa njengombusi woMnyango waseYapeyú, oyingxenye kaHulumeni weMishini yaseGuaraní, owasungulwa ukuze uphathe ukuphathwa kwemishini yamaJesuit eGuaraní uJesuit, ngemuva kokuba umyalo waxoshwa eMelika ngeziyalezo zikaCarlos III ngonyaka ka-1767, ezinze eYapeyu.
UJuan de San Martín washada noGregoria Matorras ngommeleli, emelwe kulesi senzo somthetho ukaputeni wamadragoon okuthiwa uJuan Francisco de Somalo, ngo-Okthoba 1, 1770, kodwa, ngesibusiso sikaMbhishobhi uManuel Antonio de the Tower, eBuenos Aires. .
Kamuva, baya eCalera de las Vacas, namuhla eyaziwa ngokuthi iCalera de las Huérfanas e-Uruguay, ukuze bathathe isikhundla somqondisi wepulazi lamaJesuit, lapho kwazalelwa khona izingane zabo ezintathu.
Waqokwa ukuba abe umbusi waseYapeyú, ngonyaka ka-1775, ezinye izingane zakhe zazalelwa kuleyo ndawo, uJosé wayenguthunjana ezinganeni zakhe. UJuan de San Martín wahlela futhi waqhuba inhlangano yebutho lezempi labantu bomdabu baseGuarani, elakhiwe ngamadoda angama-500, ayenomthwalo wemfanelo wokunqoba inqubekelaphambili yamaPutukezi nokuhlasela kwabantu bomdabu baseCharrúa.
Ngo-1779, uJuan de San Martín wakhushulelwa esikhundleni sokuba ukaputeni webutho lasebukhosini, ngemva kokuba uGregory Matorras ebuyele eBuenos Aires nezingane ezinhlanu, ehlangana nomyeni wakhe ngo-1781. Ngenyanga ka-April 1784, uJuan de San Martín nomkhaya wakhe. wafika eCádiz.
UGregoria Matorras, ngenxa yokushona komyeni wakhe, wamnikeza impesheni elula futhi wayehlala nendodakazi yakhe uMaría Elena nomzukulu wakhe uPetronila. Wafela e-Orense, eGalicia, ngoJuni 1, 1813.
Umama wakhe uGregoria Matorras del Ser wazalwa ngo-March 12, 1738, eParedes de Navas, eCastilla, eSpain, wabhapathizwa ngo-March 22, 1738, eParedes de Navas, eCastilla, eSpain. Washona ngoJuni 1, 1813, e-Orense, eGalicia, eSpain eneminyaka engu-75 ubudala.
Ogogo nomkhulu, omalume kanye no-anti
Phakathi koyisemkhulu noyisemkhulu, omalume kanye nomalumekazi kukhona: U-Andrés de San Martín y de la Riguera, noMicaela Baez; Andres de San Martin de la Riguera, Isidora Gomez. Phakathi kogogo nomkhulu wakhe ongumama, omalume kanye nomalumekazi, kukhulunywa ngoDomingo Matorras noGonzález de Nava, noMaría del Ser Anton, uMiguel Matorras del Ser, uDomingo Matorras del Ser, uPaula Matorras del Ser, uFrancisca Matorras del Ser, uVentura Matorras del Ser. , Gregoria Matorras Wokuphila.
Abafowenu nodadewenu
Abafowabo nodadewabo bahlanganisa uMaría Elena de San Martín y Matorras, oshade noRafael González y Álvarez de Menchaca, umfowabo uManuel Tadeo de San Martín, oshade noJosefa Manuela Español de Alburu, nomfowabo uJusto Rufino de San Martín y Matorras. UJuan Fermin waseSan Martin noMatorras.
Ngesikhathi eseSpain, bonke abafowabo baqhubeka nemisebenzi yabo yezempi futhi bangakwazi ukuxhumana. Kodwa, uJosé de San Martín wayexhumana nabafowabo ngezincwadi, njengoba kwenza udadewabo uMaría Elena.
Mhlawumbe njengoba engaphandle eYurophu, uSan Martín wayengenazo izindaba zomfowabo uJuan Fermín, owashonela eManila futhi cishe wakhulelwa izingane ezimbili; ngakho kwakucatshangwa ukuthi okuwukuphela kozalo lwazo zonke izingane zakubo kwakunguPetronila González Menchaca, indodakazi kaMaría Elena.
Ngo-August 8, 1793, umfowabo uJusto Rufino de San Martín wacela ukungena ebuthweni laseSpain futhi wamukelwa eButhweni Labalindi Basebukhosini Ngo-January 8, 1795. Wabe esefakwa eButhweni Lamahhashi Lakwa-Hussar lase-Aragon, enesikhundla. kakapteni. Wabamba iqhaza eMpini Yokuzimela, kanye nasemicimbini ebalulekile ehlobene nayo.
Lapho uJosé de San Martín esedingisiwe, umfowabo uJusto wahamba naye izikhathi eziningi ohambweni lwakhe lokuya eBrussels naseParis phakathi kuka-1824 no-1832. Wafa ngo-1832 eMadrid.
abanye
Unkulunkulu wakhe ngesikhathi ebhapathizwa, uMnu José Patricio Thomas Ramón Balcare Roca Mora.
Umshado wakho
Washada ngo-September 12, 1812, eBuenos Aires, United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, noMaría de los Remedios de Escalada, eneminyaka engu-14 kuphela ubudala, wazalwa ngoNovemba 20, 1797, eBuenos Aires, Isikhulu saseRío de la Plata, uMbuso WaseSpain, wabhapathizwa ngo-November 21, 1797, eBuenos Aires, iPhini Lasebukhosini laseRío de la Plata, uMbuso WaseSpain.
Indodakazi ka-Antonio José Escalada kanye no-Tomasa de la Quintana kanye no-Aoiz. Wayengowomndeni ocebile futhi ohlonishwayo, ohlobene nesizathu sokushisekela izwe. Umndeni wakhe waba nethonya elikhulu ekusunguleni i-Horse Grenadier Regiment.
Khona-ke, eyasungulwa e-Mendoza, e-Remedios de Escalada, yaba ngumsunguli we-Women's Patriotic League, ukuze kusekelwe Ibutho Lezempi lase-Andes. Ukusebenzisana nokulethwa komnikelo wabo bonke ubucwebe bakho.
Kodwa ngaphambi kokuya eYurophu ngonyaka we-1824, umyeni wakhe waba nesandla ekwakhiweni kwesonto emathuneni aseLa Recolecta, futhi etsheni lakhe lethuna wafaka umbhalo owawuthi: “Nakhu kulele uRemedios de Escalada, unkosikazi nomngane kaGeneral San Martin. "
Wafa ngo-August 3, 1823, e-Buenos Aires Argentina, lapho eneminyaka engu-25 ubudala, wangcwatshwa emathuneni Recolecta.
UManuel de Olazábal noLaureana Ferrari Salomón babekhona njengofakazi bomshado wabo.
Izingane zabo
Izingane zabo uMercedes Tomasa de San Martín no-Escalada, okuwukuphela kwendodakazi eyakhulelwa uSan Martín nomkakhe. Wazalelwa eMendoza ngo-August 24, 1836, washonela eBrunoy, eFrance, ngoFebhuwari 28, 1875.
Wayeshade noMariano Antonio Severo González Balcarce Buchardo. Abazukulu bakhe uMaría Mercedes Balcarce noJosé de San Martín, uJosefa Dominga Balcarce y San Martín, bashade no-Eduardo María de los Dolores Gutiérrez de Estrada y Gómez de la Cortina.
Ngonyaka ka-1830, uSan Martín wathuthela unomphela eParis, lapho ahamba khona nendodakazi yakhe. Ngenxa yezibhelu eziningi zokuvukela umbuso, umndeni unquma ukuya edolobheni elikude, elaziwa ngokuthi iBoulogne-sur-Mer.
Njengoba bekule ndawo, bathola isifo sekholera, kanti udokotela wase-Argentina kanye nesikhulu sezwe okuthiwa u-Marino Severo Balcarce, wayephethe ngokubanikeza usizo lwezokwelapha.
Ekugcineni, ngokufa kukayise, kanye nokuthatha umhlalaphansi kukaBalcarce ekukhulumeni, umndeni wanquma ukuthuthela eBrunoy, eduze kwaseParis. UMercedes ushonela kule ndawo eneminyaka engu-58.
Ngonyaka ka-1951, izinsalela zomngcwabo wakhe, ezomyeni wakhe nendodakazi yakhe endala, zabuyiselwa ekhaya futhi okwamanje ziphumula ebandleni leBandla laseSan Francisco eMendoza.
UJosé de San Martín wazalwa ngoNovemba 25, 1778 e-Yapeyú, i-mission yangaphambili etholakala osebeni loMfula i-Uruguay kuHulumeni weGuarani Missions of the Viceroyalty of Río de La Plata, esifundazweni sase-Argentina esaziwayo.
Njengoba esemncane kakhulu, wayesebonise isithakazelo emsebenzini wezempi kanye nomlingisi wobuholi, phakathi kokuzijabulisa kwakhe kwakuyizingoma zempi, amazwi omyalo.
ukuhlala eYurophu
Ngenyanga ka-April 1784, eneminyaka eyisithupha ubudala, wafika nomkhaya wakhe edolobheni laseCádiz, eSpain, ngaphambi kokuba bahlale eBuenos Aires, futhi kamuva wazinza edolobheni laseMalaga.
Wafunda eRoyal Seminary of Nobles eMadrid, futhi wafunda eSikoleni Sesikhashana eMalaga ngo-1786. Kule ndlu yezifundo, wafunda izilimi ezahlukene nobuciko obufana ne: iSpanishi, isiLatini, isiFulentshi, isiJalimane, umdanso. , umdwebo , izincwadi zezinkondlo, uthango, izinkulumo, izibalo, umlando kanye nezwe.
Umsebenzi wezempi eButhweni Lezempi LaseSpain
Ngosuku lwangoJulayi 21, 1789, lapho engakahlanganisi neminyaka eyishumi nanye ubudala, uSan Martín wangena ebuthweni laseSpain, edweba umsebenzi wakhe wezempi e-Murcia Regiment, eqala njenge-cadet.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwaqala iNguquko YaseFrance. Wahlanganyela ekulweni eNyakatho Afrika, elwa namaMoor eMilla nase-Orán, kanye nasempini yamaNapoleon eSpain, futhi walwa noBailén noLa Albuera.
Ngosuku lwangoJuni 9, 1793, wakhushulelwa esikhundleni sokuba nguLieutenant wesibili, ngenxa yokungenelela kwakhe ePyrenees, elwa namaFulentshi. Ngenyanga ka-August walowo nyaka, ibutho lakhe, elalilwe ezimpini zasolwandle ngokumelene nebutho lamaNgisi oLwandle LwaseMedithera, lanqotshwa.
NgoJulayi 28, 1794, wafinyelela isikhundla sokuba u-lieutenant 1 wesibili, ngoMeyi 8, 1795 wafinyelela isikhundla sokuba u-lieutenant 2, kwathi ngoDisemba 26, 1802, wazuza isikhundla somsizi 2.
Ngonyaka ka-1802, wamangala futhi walinyazwa kanzima abaphangi ngesikhathi ephethe inkokhelo yamasosha, okwaholela ekubeni ajeziswe ngalesi senzakalo. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngomlando kanye nezinhlamvu ezibalulekile, sincoma ukuthi ufunde isihloko Emiliano Zapata.
NgoNovemba 2, 1804, wakhushulelwa esikhundleni sokuba ukaputeni. Ngalesi sikhathi, walwa nesikhundla sikakapteni 2nd we-light infantry, ezenzakalweni eziningi, eMpini Yamawolintshi ngokumelene nePortugal, okuwunyaka ka-1802, futhi ngonyaka ka-1804 eGibraltar naseCádiz ngokumelene namaBrithani.
Ngo-August 11, 1808, waklonyeliswa ngeNdondo Yegolide Yamaqhawe AseBailén, indondo yezempi yaseSpain enikezwa iSan Martín, ngomthetho weBhodi Eliphakeme LaseSeville, ngokuqaphela ukusebenza kwakhe okuhle empini ehlula amaFulentshi. , yingakho ephinde wakhushulelwa esikhundleni sokuba u-lieutenant colonel.
Ngonyaka ka-1808, ibutho loMbusi waseFrance uNapoleon Bonaparte lahlasela iNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia, kwathi uFernando VII waseSpain wathunjwa. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, ukuqubuka kokuhlubuka kwaqala ngokumelene nombusi nomfowabo uJosé Bonaparte, owayemenyezelwe njengenkosi yaseSpain.
Ngokushesha kwamiswa iBhodi Ebusayo Yomphakathi, eyaqala ukusebenza eSeville futhi kamuva edolobheni laseCádiz. Khona-ke, u-San Martín wakhushulelwa Ibhodi Likahulumeni Omkhulu waba umsizi wokuqala we-Campo Mayor Volunteer Regiment. Ngokufanayo, waboleka izinkonzo zakhe unyaka wonke esikhungweni sezempi saseDorotea.
Ngokudlala kahle kwakhe phakathi neMpi Yenkululeko YaseSpain ngokumelene namasosha aseFrance, wakhushulelwa esikhundleni sokuba ukaputeni weBourbon Regiment. Isenzo sakhe esivelele sasisekunqobeni kwempi yaseBailén, umcimbi wangoJulayi 19, 1808, ngenxa yesenzo sakhe esibalulekile njengomsizi kaJenene Marquis de Coupigny, esimweni sokuguqa, okwathi ngokusekelwa ngamadoda angamashumi amabili nanye kuphela. , lalibusa ngokuphelele ibutho elikhulu.
Lokhu kunqoba kwaba ukunqotshwa kokuqala okuphawulekayo ngokumelene nebutho likaNapoleon, okuvumela amasosha ase-Andalusi ukuba ahlenge idolobha laseMadrid. Eqaphela umcimbi wakhe ohloniphekile, uSan Martín waklonyeliswa ngesikhundla sokuba umkhuzi wama-lieutenant ngo-August 11, 1808. Ngokufanayo, iNdondo Yegolide Yamaqhawe AseBailén yaklonyeliswa kulo lonke ibutho.
Ngaleyo ndlela waqhubeka nokulwa namabutho ayengaphansi kukaNapoleon ehlangene eRoussillon, Portugal, England naseSpain. Phakathi nempi yaseLa Albuera, walwa ngaphansi komyalo kajenene wamaNgisi uWilliam Carr Beresford, okwathi eminyakeni emibili ngaphambili, ekuhlaselweni kokuqala kwamaNgisi, wazama ukuhluleka ukuthatha iBuenos Aires neMontevideo.
Kwakuphakathi nalezi zimpi lapho ahlangana khona noJames Duff, umScots owaziwayo owamfaka emihlanganweni yemimoya ehlela ukuthola inkululeko yaseNingizimu Melika. Kule ndawo, waqala wahlangana namaqembu enkululeko kanye namavukelambuso ayesekela impi yokuzimela kweMelika. Sikumema ukuthi wazi umlando othokozisayo we I-Victorian Orchard
ISan Martín yangenelela emicimbini yempi eyi-17, efana nalena: iPlaza de Orán, iPort Vendres, iBatteries, iColiombré, i-war frigate iDorotea ngesikhathi ilwa nomkhumbi waseBrithani i-El León, iTorre Batera, i-Cruz de Yerro, iMauboles, iSan Margal, amabhethri aseVillalonga. , i-Bañuelos, i-Heights, i-Hermitage yase-San Luc, i-Arrecife de Arjonilla, impi yase-Bailén, impi yase-Villa de Arjonilla kanye nempi yase-Albuera.
Kwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngonyaka we-1793, ibutho lakhe laba yingxenye yeButho lase-Aragon, ngokushesha ngemva kwalelo likaRosetón, elalwa neRiphabhulikhi yaseFrance ngaphansi kwemiyalo kaGeneral Ricardos, engomunye wojenene abakhulu baseSpain, enemibandela eyengeziwe, futhi owayengumeluleki omuhle we-cadet encane iSan Martín.
Ngo-1794, lapho uJenene Ricardos, owaziwa ngokuthi uMurcia, efa, ibutho ayeyingxenye yalo lazinikela kumaFulentshi. Ngonyaka ka-1797, uSan Martín wabhapathizwa ngomlilo olwandle, ngoba wayeseMurcia, egibele imikhumbi yaseSpain eyayilwa namaNgisi eMedithera, wahlanganyela futhi empini yaseCabo San Vicente.
Phakathi neminyaka engu-1800 kuya ku-1807, iSan Martín yabamba iqhaza ezenzakalweni zaseSpain ezazimelene nePortugal, kodwa, ekugcineni, ngesivumelwano saseFontainebleau sedolobha laseFrance neSpain, iPortugal kanye namakoloni ayo ahlukene kwabelwana ngawo.
London
NgoMeyi 25, 1810, iMay Revolution yenzeke edolobheni laseBuenos Aires, okwagcina ngokuthi kukhishwe i-viceroy, yi-Viceroyalty ye-Río de la Plata, futhi yenze ukuqokwa kweBhodi Lokuqala.
Phakathi nenqubo yokuzimela, kwavulwa izimo ezintsha zezempi ukuze kuzuze amasosha aseNingizimu Melika, kuhlanganise noJosé de San Martín, futhi efuna ukuguqulwa kwalokho okwakuwukwethembeka okuphelele, ngoba izwe lakubo lalingekho ngaphakathi koMbuso waseSpain, lapho eyayivele khona.
Ngo-September 6, 1811, u-San Martín wayeka umsebenzi wakhe wezempi eSpain, eshiya wonke umshikashika wakhe, futhi wacela umholi ukuba amnikeze i-passport ukuze aye eLondon. Okwavunyelwayo, kanye nezincwadi zokutusa, ezibhalelwe uLord Macduff, ehamba ngo-September 14 walowonyaka ofanayo, eyohlala kuPark Road, inombolo 23 esifundeni saseWestminster.
Ngesikhathi ekule ndawo wahlangana noCarlos María de Alvear, uJosé Matías Zapiola, u-Andrés Bello noTomás Guido, nabanye abaningi babangane bakhe.
Ochwepheshe abathile emkhakheni wezomlando bathi babeyingxenye yeqembu le-Great American Reunion, umphakathi okuthiwa unemvelaphi yamaMasonic, owasungulwa nguFrancisco de Miranda, yena kanye noSimón Bolívar, owayevele elwela eMelika. ukuze i-Venezuela ithole inkululeko.
Cishe phakathi kobuzalwane, kwakunezixhumanisi zezombangazwe zaseBrithani ezenza kwaziwa iMaitland Plan, iqhinga lokuba iMelika ikhululwe eSpain.
Buyela e-River Plate
Ubuyela e-Buenos Aires nokuqashelwa isikhundla sakhe sokuba ngu-lieutenant colonel yi-First Triumvirate
Ngonyaka ka-1812, eneminyaka engu-34 ubudala, enesikhundla se-lieutenant colonel, futhi ngemva kokuma eLondon, ehamba nge-frigate yaseBrithani uGeorge Canning, wabuyela edolobheni laseBuenos Aires, ukuze azinikele enkonzweni yenkululeko. Yezifundazwe Ezihlangene ze-Río de la Plata.
Amaphoyisa aziveza kumalungu eFirst Triumvirate, amamukele ukuthi ahlinzeke uhulumeni ngezinkonzo zawo.
Ukudalwa kwe-Horse Grenadier Regiment
NgoMashi 16, i-First Triumvirate iyasivuma isiphakamiso esabekwa uJosé de San Martín sokwakha ibutho labagibeli bamahhashi, lapho ajutshelwa khona ukuthi athole iRegiment of Grenadiers on Horseback, ukuvikela ugu loMfula iParaná. Ngonyaka we-1812, wazinikela ekufundiseni ibutho ngamasu empi amasha, ayenawo kokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe kwaseYurophu ngenkathi elwa namabutho kaNapoleon.
Isisekelo seLautaro Lodge
Enkampanini kaCarlos María de Alvear, owayesanda kubuya, wadala maphakathi ne-1812 i-ejensi ye-Lodge of Rational Knights, eyaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi i-Lodge Lautaro.
Igama livela ku-Mapuche lonko Lautaro, owayengumholi wezempi wamaMapuche ovelele eMpini yase-Arauco ngesikhathi sesigaba sokuqala sokunqotshwa kweSpain, futhi okwathi ngekhulu le-XNUMXth wavukela abaseSpain.
Isisekelo sakhiwe njengezindlu zokulala zaseCadiz naseLondon Masonic, ezifana nalezo ezazikhona ngaleso sikhathi eVenezuela, njengamalungu ayinhloko uFrancisco de Miranda, uSimón Bolívar no-Andrés Bello.
Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko kwakuwukusebenza "ngohlelo nokuhlela ukuzimela kweMelika kanye nenjabulo yayo." Phakathi kwamalungu ayo ayinhloko, kwakukhona noSan Martín no-Alvear, kwakunguJosé Matías Zapiola, uBernardo Monteagudo noJuan Martín de Pueyrredón.
Revolution ngo-Okthoba 8, 1812
Ngenyanga ka-Okthoba wonyaka we-1812, eBuenos Aires ulwazi lokunqoba kwezwe le-Army yasenyakatho empini yaseTucumán, eyayibuswa uGeneral Manuel Belgrano, isakazwa. Ngomhla ziyisi-8 kuMfumfu, basebenzisa ithuba lomcimbi, ngakho uJosé de San Martín y Alvear wahola isiphithiphithi sombutho wezempi esasiyalelwe iLautaro Lodge, edume ngokuthi inguquko ka-Okthoba 8, 1812.
Ingxabano yaphela ngokuxoshwa kukahulumeni we-First Triumvirate, owabonwa "njengokunqunywa okuncane ngokuzimela."
Ukuzithola becindezelwa amabutho ahlomile kanye nabantu, kwaqokwa i-Second Triumvirate, eyakhiwa nguJuan José Paso, uNicolás Rodríguez Peña no-Antonio Álvarez Jonte. Ngokunjalo kwakudingeka ukuthi kubizwe umhlangano omkhulu wezithunywa eziphuma kuzo zonke izifundazwe, ngenjongo yokumemezela inkululeko kanye nokumemezela umthethosisekelo omusha.
Ngo-December 1812, i-Second Triumvirate yakhuphula u-San Martín esikhundleni sika-colonel futhi yammisa njengoMkhuzi Wama-Horse Grenadiers ngokusekelwe emaqenjini amathathu ayesevele ekhona.
Ukulwa kweSan Lorenzo
Indaba ithi umcimbi wokuqala wezempi eSan Martín, kanye neRegiment yayo esanda kwakhiwa yamaGrenadiers on Horseback, kwaholela ekunqandeni iziphazamiso lapho abasebukhosini baseMontevideo bacekela phansi ugu loMfula iParaná, umngenela obaluleke kakhulu iRío. de la Plata, kanye nomzila wokuxhumana odingekayo endaweni.
Khona-ke, uColonel José de San Martín, kanye namabutho akhe, bazinza endaweni yezindela yaseSan Carlos, endleleni eya eSan Lorenzo eningizimu, okwamanje isifundazwe saseSanta Fe. Ngenyanga ka-February 1813, futhi ngenxa yokufika. kwabangama-300 basebukhosini, impi yaseSan Lorenzo yalwiwa, osebeni lomfula futhi eduze nangaphambili kwesigodlo.
Ngenxa yokuthi kwakunokungabaza okunamandla ngokwethembeka kwakhe emzamweni wokuzibusa, uma kucatshangelwa ukufika kwamuva nje kweSan Martín, wanquma ukuqhubeka ehola ibutho elincane lamabhomu amahhashi.
Ngakho-ke ihhashi lakhe lalimala kabi futhi u-San Martin wachotshozwa ngaphansi kwesilwane, ngenkathi esezobulawa yinkosi yasebukhosini. Kodwa, ngenxa yokungenelela kwesosha laseCorrientes okuthiwa uJuan Bautista Cabral, owabeka isidumbu sakhe ukuze silimale endaweni ye-bayonet.
Leli sosha lakhushulelwa esikhundleni ngemva kokushona kukaJosé de San Martín, ngenxa yalesi sizathu laziwa ngokuthi usayitsheni uCabral. Kwakuyimpi, lapho amabutho amabili ayenenani elikhulu lezimpi, ezibonakalisa njengomcimbi wesibili, nokho, akwazi ukuhlukanisa unomphela amabutho asebukhosini awela uMfula iParaná, ehlasela amadolobha angomakhelwane.
Induna Yezempi YaseNyakatho
Ngenxa yokuhlulwa uManuel Belgrano, induna yebutho lezempi yaseNyakatho, wahlupheka ebhekene nabasebukhosini emqhudelwaneni iVilcapugio kanye ne-Ayohúma, nangenxa yokunqoba empini yaseSan Lorenzo, lokho okubizwa nge-Second Triumvirate kwathatha indawo yeBelgrano. San Martín njengomphathi Wezempi YaseNyakatho.
Emhlanganweni wakhe nomholi ophumayo, abengamazi mathupha, uchazwe ngokuthi "i-Yatasto hug", ngoba isiko livumelene ngakho endlini yamahhashi yaseYasto, esifundazweni saseSalta.
Ngokophenyo olwenziwa isazi uJulio Arturo Benencia, uyaqinisekisa ukuthi umhlangano wenziwa ngoFebhuwari 17, 1814, ekuphumeni kweposi lase-Algarrobos, eduze nomfula iJuramento futhi ebangeni le-14 leligi ukusuka e-Yatasto.
Esebenza njengomkhuzi Webutho Lezempi Elisizayo lasePeru, kumele ngabe usephinde wasungula ibutho elalingakwazi ukuzisiza ngenxa yezizinda zase-Vilcapugio ne-Ayohúma. Ngenhloso yokucacisa iqiniso, wabuyela eSan Miguel de Tucumán, lapho akanisa khona ibutho lempi enqabeni eyayisakhiwa, ebizwa ngokuthi iCiudadela, kuyilapho enquma ukuyiqinisa futhi ayiqeqeshe ngendlela esetshenziswayo.
Ukudalwa kwayo kwagqanyiswa ngempi yaseSan Lorenzo. Kamuva, wabelwa umsebenzi wobuholi be-Army of the North, esikhundleni sikaGeneral Manuel Belgrano.
Kulokhu kuphatha, wakwazi ukufeza uhlelo lwakhe lwezwekazi, azi ukuthi ukunqoba kwe-patriot empini yenkululeko yaseSpain-American kwakuzofezwa kuphela ngokucekelwa phansi kwawo wonke amaqembu obukhosi, okuyizikhungo eziyinhloko zamandla ezithembekile ezigcina uhlelo lwamakholoni. eMelika.
Uhlelo Lwezwekazi
Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemva kokusungulwa eTucumán, eSan Miguel, yanquma ukuthi kwakungafinyeleleki ukuhamba nge-Alto Perú ukuya edolobheni laseLima, inhloko-dolobha yeViceroyalty yasePeru kanye nesikhungo samandla obukhosi eNingizimu Melika. Indawo lapho ukuhlasela kuthunyelwe khona ngenjongo yokuthatha izindawo ezingenakuzisiza ngaphambi kwama-independentists.
Njalo lapho ibutho lasebukhosini lifika livela e-Altiplano elibheke ezigodini zesifundazwe saseSalta, lalinqotshwa ngempela, njengoba nje lapho ibutho lokushisekela izwe lifika e-Upper Peru, nalo lanqotshwa.
Imbangela yokuba neqhinga elizuzisayo emzileni ongenhla wasePeruvia, yayike yaxwayiswa abaholi abathile bezempi ababeyingxenye yemikhankaso eya e-Upper Peru, phakathi kwabo okwakukhona: u-Eustoquio Díaz Vélez, uTomás Guido no-Enrique Paillardell.
U-José de San Martín, uchwepheshe kanye nosomaqhinga wezempi, washeshe wabamba lo mbono njengowakhe futhi wenza icebo lakhe lezwekazi.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, ujenene wenza umsebenzi wakhe wokuwela Izintaba Zase-Andes futhi ahlasele idolobha laseLima esuka oLwandlekazini iPacific. Ifuna ukugcina umngcele osenyakatho uvikelekile, iSan Martín yanakekela amasosha ayengajwayelekile avela eSalta, eyayingaphansi komyalo kaColonel Martín Miguel de Güemes, awabela wona umsebenzi wokuvikela umngcele osenyakatho, futhi waqala ukulungiselela elinye iqembu lakhe. isu lezempi.
Isikhathi esifushane, wamnika umyalo weButho Lezempi LaseNyakatho ezandleni zikaGeneral Francisco Fernández de la Cruz, esula eSaldán, esifundazweni saseCórdoba, ngenjongo yokwelashwa kwesilonda esiswini.
Ngesikhathi ekule ndawo, wayenezingxoxo eziqhubekayo nomngane wakhe ogama lakhe linguTomás Guido, owamqinisekisa ukuthi kwakudingekile ukwenza insimu izimele eChile.
Governor kabani
Ngonyaka we-1814, uMqondisi Ophakeme Wezifundazwe Ezihlangene zeRío de la Plata, okuthiwa uGervasio Antonio de Posadas, waqokwa njengombusi wesifunda saseCuyo, edolobheni laseMendoza, e-Argentina, wenza umsebenzi wakhe, ngemuva kokuhlanganisa Amasosha ase-Andes, anqamula lonke ukhahlamba lwezintaba ezinegama elifanayo, engumholi wokukhululwa kweChile phakathi nemizabalazo kaChacabuco neMaipú.
Ukuma kupolitiki yaseChile
Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, futhi ngemva kokunakekela imisebenzi yakhe, kwafika uColonel Juan Gregorio de Las Heras, owayeqale emabuthweni ase-Argentina eChile, futhi wathatha umhlalaphansi ngenxa yokungavumelani nama-patriots aseChile.
Wanquma ukuyibuyisela ngenhloso yokubasekela ngokumelene namasosha asebukhosini, kodwa lokhu kwenzeka ngemva kweNhlekelele yaseRancagua, lapho balahlekelwa khona inkululeko yaseChile. Okuwukuphela kwento akwaziyo ukuyenza ukusindisa ukuwela ukuya eMendoza kubabaleki abaningi baseChile.
AmaChile ahlukaniswa abe amaqembu amabili angasebenzisani, okuyilaba: abagcina imithetho ababengaphansi kwe-oda likaBernardo O'Higgins, kanye nama-liberals ayengaphansi kokulawulwa nguJosé Miguel Carrera.
Khona-ke uJosé de San Martín wanquma ukuthi kufanele baqhubeke ngokushesha, ngakho wanquma u-O'Higgins. Ngemva kokwenza sengathi alinaki igunya lombusi waseCuyo, uGeneral Carrera waboshwa, wasuswa emyalweni wakhe, futhi kamuva waxoshwa eMendoza.
Injongo yohlelo lukaJosé de San Martín, ayecabanga ukuthi lwaluwukusebenzisa eChile eshisekela izwe ngokuphelele; nokho-ke ngenxa yokuthatha lesi sizwe ezandleni eziphikisanayo, lolu hlelo lwabukeka sengathi kufanele luqedwe. Nakuba, u-San Martín wanquma ukuqhubeka ethuthuka, kodwa ngenhloso yokuthi uqale abe nomsebenzi wokukhulula iChile.
Ukudalwa kweButho lase-Andes
Nakuba kube nokuphikiswa komqondisi ophakeme omusha, uCarlos María de Alvear, lowo uSan Martín abe nethuba lokuhlangana naye e-Cádiz, futhi wamphelezela, futhi wahlongoza uku-oda i-Army yase-Andes.
Wahlanganisa ndawonye ebuthweni elilodwa bonke ababaleki baseChile, amasosha endawo avela eCuyo, amavolontiya amaningi avela esifundazweni sakhe, kanye nezikhulu ezithile zeButho LaseNyakatho. Ngokunjalo, wacela futhi wathola ukuthi amaqembu e-Horse Grenadier Regiment, ayehlakazeke yonke indawo, aphinde ahlanganiswe eCuyo.
Ebona ukuthi u-Alvear wazama ukumfaka ngaphansi kwegunya lakhe, washeshe wafaka incwadi yokwesula esikhundleni ayesiphethe njengombusi. Khona-ke, u-Alvear ngokushesha wabeka uColonel Gregorio Perdriel esikhundleni sakhe, nokho, wenqatshwa yibo bonke abantu baseMendoza. Ngakho, uSan Martín wamiswa njengombusi ngokhetho oluthandwayo.
Ngokushesha ngemva kokuqokwa kukaGeneral Juan Martín de Pueyrredón njengomqondisi ophakeme omusha, babamba umhlangano eCórdoba, njengephuzu eliyinhloko abaxoxa ngalo ngodaba lohlelo lomkhankaso mayelana neChile nePeru.
Efika ngosuku luka-May 20, 1816, u-Tomás Guido, wethula umbiko osemthethweni, lapho abonisa khona uhlelo ngokuningiliziwe, olwamukelwa futhi wanikezwa umyalo wokwenza ngemiyalo yomqondisi uPueyrredón.
Ngaleso sikhathi, uJosé de San Martín wathonya amasekela eCuyo kuCongress yaseTucumán ukuthi amemezele ukuzimela kwezifundazwe ezihlangene zaseNingizimu Melika, akuthola ngoJulayi 9, 1816.
Ukuze axhase umkhankaso wakhe ngezimali, kanye neminikelo eminingi kaPueyrredón, wafuna ukuthi bakhokhe "iminikelo eyisibopho" kubo bonke abathengisi nabanikazi bama-haciendas. Njengokushintshana, banikezwa i-voucher, ababengayiqoqa "lapho izimo zivuma."
Nakuba, wayenokucatshangelwa okumbalwa kokuthatha izimpahla zabaseSpain abangeke basekele imbangela yokuzimela.
Wafika wathola ikamu elikhulu lamasosha e-El Plumerillo, elinebanga elicishe libe amakhilomitha ayisikhombisa enyakatho-mpumalanga yedolobha laseMendoza. Kule nsimu, waqeqesha wonke amasosha akhe kanye nezikhulu, wakwazi ukwenza izikhali ezifana: izibhamu, sabers, inganono, iyunifomu, izinhlamvu ngisho isibhamu. Wazinikezela ezilwaneni ezikhuluphalisayo njengeminyuzi, amahhashi, nokwenza izicathulo zamahhashi ezifanele.
Umholi wezinkundla zayo zokucobelelana ngolwazi, indela uLuis Beltrán, wayehlakaniphe ekusunguleni isimiso sokudonsa amanzi esivumela ukudlula kwemihosha ngezinganono futhi noma yiluphi uhlobo lwebhuloho elilengayo lwalungathuthwa.
Ingxenye yezokwelapha yebutho yayiphethe udokotela ohlinzayo waseNgilandi uJames Paroissien. Ngenkathi uColonel José Antonio Álvarez Condarco ephethe ukudweba izinhlelo zokuwela izintaba ze-Andes ezahlukene.
Ngaphambi kokuqala uhambo, kanye nawo wonke amakhosi amaMapuche, wacela imvume yokungena eChile ezindaweni zayo. Ngenkathi ezinye zalezi zinhlayiya zazisa ukapteni-jikelele waseChile, ogama lakhe linguCasimiro Marco del Pont, wabe esecabanga ukuthi ukuhlasela okunamandla kuzokwenziwa eningizimu, ngakho wahlukanisa amabutho akhe.
Ngokuphambene nalokho okwakucatshangwa umqondisi ophakeme uPueyrredón, kanye nabalandeli bakhe, wangena ekukhulumisaneni ne-caudillo okuthiwa uJosé Gervasio Artigas, njengoba enqaba ukujabulisa umzamo wakhe wempi yemikhankaso yokukhulula eChile nasePeru, eyayizobavumela ukuba ukubhekana nama-federals ogwini lwe-Río de la Plata.
Lesi kwakuyisizathu esenza ukuthi abaqondisi beyunithi, ikakhulukazi uBernardino Rivadavia, bamemezele ukuthi uyimbuka.
Encwadini eyabhalwa ngo-August 1816, iSan Martín ibhekisela eziQhingini zaseMalvinas. Kokuqukethwe kwayo, iSan Martín, icele umbusi waseSan Juan, ozokhulula iziboshwa ezaziseCarmen de Patagones naseMalvinas, ePuerto de Soledad, ukuze zijoyine iButho Lezempi lase-Andes.
Uhambo olukhululayo oluya e-Chile
Ngo-January 1817, kwaqala uhambo lokuwela i-Andes ukuya eChile. I-Army yase-Andes yayibhekwa njengenye yempi enkulu kunazo zonke izifundazwe zase-Río de Plata ezahlakazeka eMpini Yokuzimela yaseSpain-American. Ekuqaleni kwayo yayinamasosha amathathu, izinduna ezingamashumi amabili nesishiyagalombili, izikhulu ezingamakhulu amabili nesikhombisa. namabutho ayizinkulungwane ezintathu namakhulu ayisikhombisa namashumi ayisikhombisa nesishiyagalombili.
Zaziqukethe ingxenye yezikhulu namasosha aseChile athuthela eMendoza, ngemva kwengxabano yaseRancagua.
Ababhali abaningi bomsuka waseChile, abafana no-Osvaldo Silva kanye no-Agustín Toro Dávila, babhekisela enanini elikhulu lama-Patriots aseChile, nokho, akekho noyedwa kubo osho ngokuningiliziwe umthombo wedokhumentari abawusebenzisile ekugomeni okunjalo.
Ngenkathi u-Osvaldo Silva embhalweni wakhe i-Atlas de la Historia de Chile 2005 igcizelela ukuthi kwakukhona abantu baseChile abayinkulungwane namakhulu amabili eButhweni Lezempi lase-Andes ababehlangene eMendoza. Futhi u-Agustín Toro Dávila, embhalweni wakhe othi Military Historical Synthesis of Chile, ukhuluma ngenani elifanayo.
Ngomuphi umbhali we-plasma yombhalo:
Emaphoyiseni angama-209, cishe angama-50 kwakungabaseChile, abanye base-Argentina. Ingxenye yamaChile emabuthweni ayi-3778 ayaziwa kahle. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngeke ibe ngaphezu kwama-30%.
Ukuze kuhlakazwe amasosha alwayo, i-San Martín igunyaze ukuqhubeka kwengxenye yamasosha ezindaweni ezidlula i-Come Caballos, i-Guana, i-Portillo ne-Planchón. Ukuba yizinyathelo ezikhethwayo njengama-buttresses amakhulu, ngoba amabili okuqala ayesenyakatho neyokugcina eningizimu.
Kwakuyintuthuko yemikhakha ethile phambi kwamakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-2000 ngokusebenzisa ukhahlamba olukhulu lwezintaba. Isenzo abazama ngaso ukukhohlisa amabutho asebukhosini baseChile, ababengazi ukuthi bavelaphi, bewaphoqa ukuba ahlukanise amabutho awo bese enza umnyakazo owawuvuna uguquko ezindaweni ezikude nenhloko-dolobha, iSantiago de Chile.
Phakathi kwawo kwakukhona lelo elaliholwa uRamón Freire elibangise eChillán, lafika ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambi kwezinye, futhi lakholisa umbusi wasebukhosini ukuthi lalizoqala eningizimu.
Ekugcineni, uJosé de San Martin waphetha umsebenzi wakhe wezempi ngemva kokuba nengxoxo eGuayaquil noSimón Bolívar, ngo-1822, lapho anikela khona ibutho lakhe kanye nempumelelo yokukhululwa kwePeru.
Ukuthatha umhlalaphansi
UJosé de San Martin wanquma ukuhoxa lapho ecabanga ukuthi uwufezile umsebenzi wakhe wokukhulula abantu. Ngenyanga ka-Okthoba wonyaka ka-1822 wafika eChile futhi ehlobo lonyaka we-1823 wawela i-Andes, edlula eMendoza, enemicabango yokuzinza kulesi sifunda esasingaphandle kwempilo yomphakathi.
Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yezinkulumo eziningi ezingezinhle ezazimsola ngokuba nezifiso zobuholi, kanye nokushona komkakhe ngoFebhuwari, kwaholela ekutheni athathe i-Europe njengendawo ayeya kuyo, ehamba nendodakazi yakhe uMercedes, owayeneminyaka eyisikhombisa kuphela. mdala ngaleso sikhathi.
Wahlala isikhashana eGreat Britain, wabe eseya eBrussels, eBelgium, lapho ahlala khona ngokuzithoba; Ngenxa yokuthi wayengenamali encane, kwadingeka ukuthi akhokhele izifundo zakwaMercedes kuphela.
Ngonyaka we-1827, impilo yakhe iphukile, ngenxa ye-rheumatism nengxenye yayo yezomnotho: imali engenayo yayinganele ukudla kwakhe. Ngaleyo minyaka ese-Europe, wazizwa enesifiso esinamandla ngezwe lakubo.
Umzamo wakhe wokugcina wokubuya wenziwa ngo-1829, eminyakeni emibili ngaphambili, wanikeza izinkonzo zakhe kuziphathimandla zase-Argentina, kanye nolwazi lwakhe lwempi ukuze abhekane noMbuso WaseBrazil. Ngalesi sikhathi, wabhekisa amabombo eBuenos Aires, ukuze abuyisane emcabangweni obhubhisayo owagcinwa ama-federalists kanye nama-centralists.
Kodwa, lapho efika, lokho akuthola kwakuyizwe lakubo lisesimweni sokuhlakazeka ngenxa yezimpi ezinobudlova inhloso yakhe eyalahlwa, naphezu kwesicelo sabangane abaningi, akuzange kumholele ukuba abeke unyawo lwakhe ogwini lwase-Argentina osekunesikhathi eside elindelwe.
Wabuyela eBelgium kwathi ngo-1831 wadlula eParis, lapho ahlala khona eduze kwaseSeine, endaweni yaseGrand-Bourg, lapho ebonga khona umngane wakhe ophanayo u-Don Alejandro Aguado, owayengumlingani wakhe e-Spain. Ngonyaka we-1848, indawo yakhe yokuhlala unomphela yasungulwa eBoulogne-sur-Mer, eFrance, yaqeda impilo yakhe ngenxa yokushona ngo-August 17, 1850, eneminyaka engu-72 ubudala. Wangcwatshwa eKhathedrali laseBuenos Aires, ngoMeyi 28, 1880.
UJosé de San Martín noSimón Bolívar, bathathwa njengabakhululi abakhulu ababili baseNingizimu Melika ekoloni yaseSpain.
E-Argentina uthathwa njengoyise weSizwe, ukhokhelwa imiklomelo emele futhi uhlonishwa njengeqhawe neqhawe eliyinhloko lesizwe. EPeru, waziwa njengomkhululi wesizwe, emnikeza iziqu zokuthi "Umsunguli Wenkululeko YasePeru", "Umsunguli WeRiphabhulikhi", kanye "noGeneralissimo Wezikhali". Ibutho laseChile liyambona ngesikhundla sikaKaputeni Jikelele.