Ukubaluleka okumele izitshalo ukuze kuthuthuke emhlabeni akuyona imfihlo kunoma ubani, ikakhulukazi kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo, njengoba zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokukhiqiza umoya-mpilo sonke esiwudingayo ukuze siphefumule. Kungakho kufanele sazi ukuthi ziyini Izingxenye zesitshalo, okuhambisana nokuba yizinto eziphilayo ezibalulekile ekuphileni.
Izimila
Izitshalo ziyizidalwa ezigcwele ukuphila, zinezigidi eziningi zeminyaka ubudala emhlabeni futhi ziyingxenye yezitshalo. Lapho imbewu yabo izalwa ndawana thize, ihlala lapho ukuphila kwayo konke, njengoba ingenakunyakaziswa, okusho ukuthi ngeke ikwazi ukuthuthela kwenye indawo.
Izitshalo zaqala inqubo yazo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-1.600 edlule, ngakho-ke kusukela kulezo zikhathi kuze kube namuhla ziye zathuthuka futhi zajwayela izimo zemvelo ezihlukahlukene ezikhona ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zemvelo. Basebenzisa amandla elanga ekwenzeni ukudla kwabo, okungukuthi, bangabakhiqizi bokudla kwabo futhi bakwenza ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-photosynthesis.
Izitshalo ziyisipho semvelo, futhi hhayi nje ngenxa yokuthi yizo ezihlinzeka nge-oksijeni, kodwa futhi ngenxa yobuhle obubonakalayo kanye nezinsiza ezimelelayo, njengoba zisivumela ukuba sijabulele izimbali zazo, izithelo, izithunzi uma kwenzeka. Isihlahla, umoya-mpilo esiwuphefumulayo nezinye izimangaliso eziningi esingazithola kuzo, yingakho kumelwe sizinakekele futhi sizivikele ukuze ziqhubeke zanda kulo lonke iplanethi.
Yiziphi izingxenye Zesitshalo?
Njengezidalwa eziphilayo, kuyaqondakala ukuthi izitshalo zinesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi kangaka ukuze zikwazi ukwenza yonke imisebenzi yemvelo eziyenzayo, yingakho kubalulekile ukwazi isitshalo nezingxenye zaso:
impande yezitshalo
Sonke siyakwazi ukubona impande yomuthi, futhi lena yingxenye yokuqala izitshalo ezikhula ngayo lapho zihluma, umuntu angaze athi ingenye yezibaluleke kakhulu. Impande izalelwa emhlabathini ongaphansi, okusho ukuthi ingaphansi komhlaba futhi idla kuwo.
Omunye wemisebenzi yempande ukuhlanganisa isitshalo enhlabathini, bamunca ubisi oluluhlaza bese beluhambisa ku-thallus yesiliva, kuyilapho igcina izinto ezishiwo, njengoba umhlaba unemisoco kanye namaminerali ahlukene okuthi ngesikhathi semvula. zihlale zincibilikile. Kungale ndlela izimpande zimunca ngayo ezinweleni ezimuncayo ukuze isiqu namaqabunga ahlale enempilo futhi akwazi ukukhula. Impande iqukethe izingxenye ezahlukene, okuyilezi:
- Ikholomu yezimpande: Lena ingxenye ehlanganisa isiqu nempande.
- Indawo engaphansi noma yegatsha: Lona otholakala phakathi kwentamo kanye nendawo ye-piliferous nalapho kuvela khona izimpande zesibili.
- izinwele ezimuncayo: Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-piliferous zone futhi yiyona etholakala phakathi kwendawo engaphansi nendawo yokukhula. Izungezwe izinwele ezimunca amanzi namaminerali ancibilike kuwo.
- Ukuhlukaniswa kwamaselula: Kuleli phuzu nje lapho ukuthuthukiswa kwempande kuqala futhi ihlukana nesiqu.
- Ukubhekana: Kuyihood evikela isihloko sempande lapho icwiliswa ngaphakathi komhlaba.
Impande Imisebenzi
Impande inemisebenzi eminingana, phakathi kwayo singathola ukuthi ukumunca amanzi nezakhamzimba ngokusebenzisa izinwele ezincane zokumunca, ukuze kamuva ukudla kudlulele kuso sonke isitshalo ngesiqu.
Omunye wemisebenzi eyenzayo ukubamba ukwakheka kwesitshalo endaweni esizungezile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lezi izimpande ezingaphansi komhlaba ezinamathele ngokujulile emhlabeni, noma imicu yasemoyeni enamathele kwezinye izitshalo noma izindawo. Ezinye izimpande zinamandla okwenza i-photosynthesis, kanti ezinye zinesibopho sokuzishumeka kwezinye izitshalo ukuze zimunce imisoco kuzo.
Isiqu Sesitshalo
Isiqu sihambisana nokuba ngomunye we Izingxenye zesitshalo futhi kubaluleke kakhulu, njengoba kuyisisekelo esiyibambe futhi ingaphakathi layo ligcwele ukuphila, njengoba amaqabunga, izithelo nezimbali zivela lapho, ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi yilona elidlulisela izakhi, amanzi namaminerali. .
Le nto yaziwa kangcono ngokuthi i-crude sap futhi ihamba isuka ezimpandeni iye emaqabunga, idlule emashubhu amahle ngempela abizwa ngokuthi imikhumbi enokhuni, ukuze ifinyelele emaqabunga bese ihlangana nesikhutha esimunca emoyeni. ubisi abalusebenzisela ukuzondla.
tshala izimbali
Izimbali ziyingxenye yokuzala yezitshalo futhi kungenxa yazo ukuthi izitshalo zinganda unyaka nonyaka, ngaleyo ndlela zikwazi ukusabalalisa izinhlobo. Zisuka kukhokho futhi zinomsebenzi wokwenza imbewu, lokhu kwakhiwe izingxenye ezimbili, iduna elibizwa ngokuthi i-stamen kanye nensikazi ebizwa ngokuthi i-pistil, ku-ovary yembali lapho izithelo zakheka khona emva kokuvundiswa okuholela. ukukhipha impova.
Lezi zinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene nemibala kuye ngembewu, zinengxenye edliwayo ebizwa ngokuthi i-pulp futhi ukunambitheka kwazo kumnandi, amahlumela amaningi anamathoni ahlaba umxhwele kakhulu. Izimbali zakhiwe izingxenye ezahlukene, phakathi kwazo kukhona okulandelayo:
- isiqu sembali: Joyina imbali nesiqu.
- izitho zokuzala: Lena imicu, okuyisiqu esincanyana kakhulu esibamba isihlwathi, okungukuthi, uhlobo lwesikhwama lapho kutholakala khona impova. Ngakolunye uhlangothi kukhona ama-stamens, futhi ayizinti ezitholakala phakathi nembali futhi ezinqwabelanisa impova, lokhu kuhambisana nokuba yisitho sowesilisa sembali.
- pistils: Akhiwe i-ovary, lapho ama-ovules atholakala khona, isitayela uhlobo lweshubhu elincane elihlanganisa i-ovary ne-stigma, kanye ne-stigma, lesi sitho sowesifazane sembali.
- ukugoqa izimbali: Leli yiqembu lamaqabunga avikela izitho zokuzala, futhi liqukethe izingxenye ezimbili, okuyi-calyx; akhiwe ngamaqabunga aluhlaza abizwa ngokuthi ama-sepals futhi angaphandle kwembali, kanti enye ingxenye ingaba i-corolla; ihambisana nokuba yimbali ngokwayo, eyenziwe ngamaqabunga futhi ingaba nemibala ehlukene, inomsebenzi wokuthakazelisa izinto eziphilayo ezihambisa impova, njengezinyosi, izimvemvane, ama-hummingbirds, phakathi kwabanye.
Izinhlobo zezimbali
Kunezinhlobonhlobo zezimbali, zonke ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, imibala, izimo kanye nephunga. Izinhlobo zezimbali zingahlukaniswa ngokwezici noma imindeni yazo, nakuba lezi zokugcina kunzima kakhulu ukuzibhala ngokuphelele ngenxa yayo yonke imindeni yezimbali ekhona, okuthi ngokusho kochwepheshe kulo mkhakha, kulezi kungaba cishe eziyi-10. izinkulungwane zezinhlobo zezimbali. .
Amaqabunga Ezitshalo
Amaqabunga angenye yezingxenye eziphilayo kakhulu zezitshalo, ezihambisana nokuba izitho zezitshalo. Ngokuvamile zinhle kakhulu, umbala wazo oluhlaza ungenxa yesici esibizwa ngokuthi i-chlorophyll, okuwuhlobo lwesikhala esimunca amandla elangeni bese siwuguqula usuka ku-carbon dioxide uwenze umoya-mpilo.
Amaqabunga anezinhlobonhlobo zokuma, imibala nobukhulu, lezi zitholakala ezitshalweni eziningi. Zingahlukaniswa ngezindlela eziningi ezihlukene, kungaba ngokwe-petiole yazo, unqenqema lwazo, umthambo noma ukwakheka kwazo, okuhambisana nokuhlukaniswa okubaluleke kakhulu, noma kunjalo lokhu kokugcina kusekelwe esitshalweni, ngoba uma igcina amaqabunga ayo kuyo yonke indawo. ngonyaka, zisetshenziswa, futhi uma ulahlekelwa yizo ezinyangeni ezibandayo, zingama-deciduous.
Imisebenzi Yeshidi
Amaqabunga anemisebenzi emithathu esemqoka, okuyilezi ezilandelayo:
- Benza inqubo ye-photosynthesis futhi ngaleyo ndlela bathole amandla emisebeni yelanga.
- Bavumela isitshalo ukuba siphefumule, ukushintshanisa amagesi ebusuku.
- Ziyakwazi ukujuluka, zidedele amanzi engeziwe.
Isithelo Sezitshalo
Izithelo nazo zifakiwe Izingxenye zesitshalo futhi baphethe ukuvikela imbewu nokuqinisekisa ukuhlakazeka kwabo, imbewu eyodwa noma ngaphezulu itholakala engxenyeni engaphakathi yembali, ingakhula ngezinsuku ezimbalwa nje noma ithathe iminyaka ukwenza kanjalo, isibonelo salokhu isihlahla sikaphayini.
Nokho, akuzona zonke izitshalo ezithela izithelo, nakuba lezo ezizala ngokukhiqiza ubulili ngembewu ngokuvamile zithela, njengoba ngemva kokuba imbali isivundisiwe, ikhiqiza imbewu bese kwakheka izithelo.
Izinhlobo Zezithelo
Ngendlela efanayo okwenzeka ngamaqabunga nezimbali, kwenzeka nangezithelo, njengoba kunenani elikhulu lezithelo noma izithelo zemifino, futhi zonke lezi zinhlobo ezidliwayo, zivela esitshalweni noma esihlahleni, kuhlanganise nezithelo esizidlayo. yazi njengoba omisiwe.
Izithelo Imisebenzi
Umsebenzi ufezwe izithelo njenge Izingxenye zesitshalo, iwukunikeza isivikelo embewini futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngemva kokudla isithelo nokusitshala noma ukusinisela ezindaweni ezivundile, kubangela ukusabalala kwalolu hlobo kuzo zonke izindawo okungenzeka.
Ukukhiqizwa Kwezitshalo
Izitshalo zinezindlela ezimbili zokuzalana, okuyilezi ezilandelayo:
ngocansi
Kulokhu, umzali ongayedwa ubamba iqhaza futhi aphumele ekwakhiweni kwezifundo ezilinganayo ngokofuzo.
- Abagijimi be-Strawberry: Lezi yiziqu ezinhle kakhulu ezikhula zihambisane nomhlabathi futhi okuvela kuzo isitshalo esisha.
- Amazambane nezilimo eziyizigaxa: Ziyiziqu ezingaphansi komhlaba eziqongelela umsoco.
- Anyanisi Ama-bulb: Zifana nezilimo eziyizigaxa, kodwa kulokhu isiqu sizungezwe amaqabunga ayinyama lapho imisoco inqwabelana khona.
- Izinhlobo ze-Rhizomes: Lezi futhi yiziqu ezizalelwa ngaphansi komhlaba futhi okuvela kuzo izitshalo ezintsha.
Ngokocansi
Kulokhu kukhiqizwa kwe Flora Izitho ezimbili zokuzala ezidedela ama-gamete abesilisa nabesifazane ziyahlanganyela, izingane azifani kodwa zinezici ezifana nezabazali.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwezitshalo ezingenambewu
Lokhu kusebenza ezitshalweni ezingakhiqizi imbewu, khona-ke ukuhlangana kwama-gametes kudala ukwakheka okuvela kuyo izinhlamvu.
- Ukukhiqizwa kabusha ku-Mosses kanye ne-Liverworts: Kwenzeka ukuthi ama-spores adalwe kuma-capsules atholakala engxenyeni engenhla ye-capsuloid futhi lapho lezi zivuthiwe, zivula futhi zikhulule izinhlamvu eziveza umuntu omusha.
- Ukukhiqiza kabusha kweFern: Kuma-ferns, ama-spores akhiwa ku-sporangia, atholakala ezigangeni zangaphakathi ezibizwa ngokuthi i-sori futhi lapho i-sporangia isivuthiwe, izithombo ziyakhululwa, zinikeze abantu abasha.
I-Sap Ithwalwa Izimila
Eyokuqala i-Raw Sap, futhi iyisithako esivela ekumunceni amanzi nezakhamzimba ezimpandeni, lolu hlobo lwamanzi lukhuphuka emithanjeni enokhuni eyakha i-Xylem, luze lufike emaqabunga lapho luguqulwa khona. i-photosynthesis emanzini aphuziwe
Ngakolunye uhlangothi kukhona ubisi oluningiliziwe, luwuketshezi oluzalwa ku-photosynthesis yezitshalo, lokhu ukuguqulwa kwencindi eluhlaza nge-photosynthesis ibe amajusi anomsoco azovula ithuba lokuphakelwa kwezitshalo, ezijikeleza phakathi kwezitshalo. Imikhumbi yaseLiberia futhi yenza i-phloem, ngaphezu kokuthumela izakhi kuzo zonke izingxenye zesitshalo.
Inqubo ye-Photosynthesis
I-photosynthesis yenziwa izitshalo eziguqula amanzi ne-carbon dioxide zibe izakhi ezidinga ukondla futhi zikhule zinempilo, njengoba nje le nqubo idingeka kakhulu empilweni yabantu.
Ukukhanya kwelanga kubamba iqhaza kulolu shintsho kanye nezimibalabala ezibizwa nge-chlorophyll, ezitholakala kuma-chloroplasts, nazo zibambe iqhaza. Lawa amaseli aphethe i-photosynthesis, atholakala emaqabunga nakwezinye izingxenye zesitshalo, yingakho i-photosynthesis yenziwa emaqabunga nakwesinye isitshalo.
Kule nqubo, izinto eziphilayo kanye ne-oksijeni zitholwa, lokhu kusetshenziselwa ukuphefumula kwamaselula futhi ingxenye yayo izophumela ngaphandle, okudingeka ngempela kuzo zonke ezinye izidalwa eziphilayo.