Vertebrate Animals: Izimpawu, Izinhlobo nokuningi

I-Vertebrate Animals eyingxenye yekilasi le-Vertebrata, ihlanganisa i-subphylum ebanzi kakhulu futhi ehlukahlukene yezilwane ze-chordate lapho zonke izilwane ezinesistimu yamathambo ezinomgogodla zifakiwe, siyakumema ukuthi ufunde lesi sihloko ukuze wazi kancane. okwengeziwe ngabo.

Ziyini Izilwane Ezifuywayo?

Njengoba sesishilo, yibo abanomgogodla namathambo, futhi kulolu hlu cishe izinhlobo ezingu-69,276 zihlukaniswa ezisekhona futhi okuye kwaba nolwazi, kanye nenani elikhulu lezinsalela. Ngakho ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba kuhlanganisa izilwane ezisekhona, izilwane esezingasekho ezikhathini zanamuhla, nezilwane ezazikhona ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule.

Kuyathakazelisa ukubona ukuthi izilwane ezinomgogodla ziye zaphendukela kanjani ekujwayelaneni nenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukuze zisebenze kahle futhi ziphile ezindaweni ezingabhekwa njengeziyingozi futhi ezingenamoya. Kufakazelwe ukuthi, ekuqaleni, zavela endaweni ehlala amanzi ahlanzekile, kodwa zikwazile ukuguquka ukuze zizijwayeze ukuhlala olwandle nasemhlabeni.

I-Vertebrata

Igama elithi vertebrata, elisetshenziswe ngomqondo obanzi, linencazelo efanayo negama elithi craniata, futhi lihlanganisa lezo zilwane ezihlukaniswa njenge-hagfish, okuyilezo ezingenawo ama-vertebrae eqiniso.

Kodwa uma igama elithi vertebrata lisetshenziswa ngomqondo okhawulelwe, okungukuthi, libhekisela kuphela ezilwaneni ze-chordate ezinama-vertebrae, kuyadingeka ukukhipha i-hagfish. Ososayensi abaye bahlola izakhi zofuzo zezilwane bathola ukuthi izilwane eziyingxenye yeqembu le-vertebrata, zisebenzisa leli gama ngomqondo olinganiselwe, nazo ziyi-paraphyletic, ngoba izilwane ezinjengama-lampreys, ezihlukaniswa njengezilwane ezinomgogodla zangempela.

Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amalambu ahlobene ikakhulukazi ne-hagfish kune-gnathostomes futhi kubonisiwe ukuthi ahlanganyela inzalo yakamuva ne-hagfish kune-gnathostomes, yingakho kufanele ahlukaniswe eqenjini elifanayo. Uhlobo lwe-Vertebrata.

Eqinisweni, imikhondo yakamuva yezinsalela isekela isidingo sokufaka i-hagfish phakathi kohlobo lwezilwane ezinomgogodla, ngoba kuye kwacatshangwa ngokwesayensi ukuthi i-hagfish iyinzalo yezilwane ezinomgogodla ezingenawo umhlathi nokuthi, njengoba zavela, umgogodla olahlekile

Uma kunjalo, amalambu kuzomele akhishwe ku-clade Cephalaspidomorphi, okuyigama elisetshenziswa ukuhlanganisa izinhlanzi ezingenamihlathi ezihlobene ngokuqondile nama-gnathostomes.

Izici Zezilwane Eziqinile

Izilwane ezinomgogodla zibonakala ngokuba nokulinganisa kwamazwe amabili, ukuba nogebhezi njengesilinganiso sokuvikela ubuchopho bazo, kanye nohlaka lwamathambo, okungaba uqwanga noma amathambo, olwakhiwe yingxenye ye-axial eyenziwe nge-metamerized okuyikholomu yomgogodla. Ngokusho kososayensi, kukhona okwamanje phakathi kwe-50 kanye nezinhlobo ezicishe zibe ngu-000 zalolu hlobo.

Izilwane ezinomgogodla ezijwayelekile zibonakala ngokuthi umzimba wazo uhlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu okuyisiqu, ikhanda nomsila; kanti umboko nawo uhlukene kabili, okuyisifuba nesisu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitho zisuka esiqwini, ezingaba yinqaba, njengasezimeni zamalambu, namapheya, njengoba kwenzeka kwezinye izilwane ezinomgogodla.

Esigabeni sabo se-embryonic bane-notochord eba ikholomu yomgogodla lapho befika esigabeni sabantu abadala.

Ngokujwayelekile ikhanda lihlukene kakhulu futhi kuleyo ngxenye yomzimba izitho eziningi zezinzwa nezinzwa zihlangene. Ukunethezeka lapho ukwakheka kwe-cranial yezilwane eziphila nomgogodla ezisamathambo bekubalulekile ukuze sikwazi ukuqonda ukuziphendukela kwazo.

Ezigabeni zokukhula kwe-embryonic, izicubu zomzimba wezilwane ezinomgogodla ziba nezikhala noma ama-gill slits, okuyizona ezibangela lezo kamuva ezizala amathumbu ezinhlanzi nezinye izilwane zasolwandle kanye nezinye izakhiwo ezihlukene .

Endabeni yezilwane zasolwandle ezinomgogodla, uhlaka lwazo lwamathambo lungenziwa ngamathambo, lube ne-cartilaginous, futhi ngezinye izikhathi lube ne-exoskeleton, ehlanganisa ukwakheka kwesikhumba samathambo.

I-anatomy yezilwane ezine-vertebrate inalezi zici ezilandelayo:

ukuqina

I- integument inokubaluleka okubaluleke kakhulu endabeni yezilwane ezinomgogodla ngenxa yemisebenzi eminingi eyenzayo, futhi ingabonisa ukuhluka okuhlukahlukene kwezimpondo.

Ucwaningo lwesayensi luye lwabonisa ukuthi izindlala ezinemfihlo noma imisebenzi yokuphuma, ukwakheka kwezakhiwo zokuzivikela nezinzwa, ezikwazi ukuzihlukanisa nemvelo kanye nezinye zingahlukaniswa ku- integument.

I- integument yakhiwe ngezingqimba ezintathu: i-hypodermis, i-dermis, ne-epidermis. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-chromatophores noma amangqamuzana ombala atholakala lapho, ukuze amangqamuzana e-pigment aphuma esikhumbeni atholakala ku- integument.

Manje, isikhumba sinezakhiwo ezimbili ezibalulekile, okuyi-epidermal ne-dermal:

izakhiwo ze-epidermal

Bakha izindlala ezithola igama le-fanera futhi kuye ngokuthi isigaba sezinto ezichazwe kabanzi kuzo, zingaba nobuthi, njengoba kunjalo ngezilwane ezihuquzelayo eziningana, izilwane ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini kanye nezinhlanzi; kanye ne-mammary, umjuluko noma amafutha ezilwane ezincelisayo. Lokhu kubonakala kungatholakala ezicutshini noma kuma-appendages anezimpondo atholakala esikhumbeni, kunjalo ngezinyoni ezihlukahlukene, izinhlanzi kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo.

Kukhona futhi ama-fanera azala izimpaphe noqhwaku, njengezinyoni, izinzipho nezinzipho; umhlwehlwe nezinselo, njengoba kwenzeka kwezinye izilwane ezincelisayo, kanye nezimpondo ezilwaneni ezinjengezinkunzi noma izinyamazane.

izakhiwo zesikhumba

Zingavezwa ngezindlela eziningi, phakathi kwazo kukhona izikali ezinhlanzini; amapuleti amathambo angabonakala emagobolondweni ezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo, ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-turtles ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kanye nezikali eziqinile kakhulu ezikhona esikhumbeni sezingwenya; kanye nezimpondo esingazithola ezilwaneni ezelusayo.

Amathuluzi we-locomotor

Uhlelo lwe-locomotor lwezilwane ezinomgogodla lwashintshwa kusukela enjongweni yalo yokuqala, okwakuwukunikeza ikhono lokubhukuda, ukunikeza ithuba lokufeza izenzo eziningi, okuvumela ukunyakaza okuyinkimbinkimbi ukuba kwenziwe ngokuvumelana nezimo ezibonwa yizitho ezibucayi.

Izinhlanzi, indawo yazo yokuhlala isaqhubeka nokuba yindawo yokuqala yokuphila, ziye zabhekana nokuguqulwa kokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokubonakala kwepheya lamaphiko, okwathi kamuva, ngenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, lashintshwa laba yi-quiridia noma i-pentadactyl locomotive extremities, okungukuthi, baneminwe emihlanu , lapho beqala ukushintsha indawo yabo yokuhlala bebheke ezweni.

Kamuva zajwayelana nezimo ezikhethekile, njengoba kunjalo ngokubamba izandla zezimfene, izinzipho zezinsikazi, noma izimpiko ezivumela izinyoni ukuba zikwazi ukuziphilela emoyeni.

Uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi

Ezilwaneni ezine-vertebrate, uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi lufihliwe, futhi ngalo umoya-mpilo kanye nezakhi zithuthelwa ezithweni ezihlukene, amaseli kanye nezicubu, njengoba kwenzeka ngamangqamuzana egazi abomvu ahambisa umoya-mpilo nge-hemoglobin. Yakhiwe uhlelo lwegazi kanye ne-lymphatic system.

Uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi lunengxenye yalo eyinhloko inhliziyo eyakhiwe ngamakamelo, ama-atrioles, imithambo, ama-venule, imithambo kanye nama-capillaries. Endabeni yezinhlanzi kukhona i-systemic kanye ne-branchial circuit.

Ezilwaneni eziningi ezinomgogodla wasemhlabeni, isimiso sazo sokujikeleza kwegazi siphindwe kabili, ngoba ngokuvamile sinohlobo lokujikeleza okuvamile noma okukhulu, kanye nohlobo lokujikeleza kwamaphaphu noma okuncane, okusho ukuthi igazi le-venous ne-arterial alihlangani.

Endabeni yezinhlanzi, inhliziyo yakhiwa amagumbi amabili, i-ventricle ne-atrium; endabeni yezilwane ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo ine-atria emibili kanye ne-ventricle eyodwa. Ngezinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo, inhliziyo inamakamelo amane, ngoba iqukethe ama-ventricles amabili kanye ne-atria emibili, ehambisana nochungechunge lwama-valve enhliziyo.

Ukwengeza, izilwane ezinomgogodla zinesistimu ye-lymphatic, umsebenzi wayo ukuqoqa uketshezi lwangaphakathi.

Izinto zokuphefumula

Mayelana nesimiso sokuphefumula sezilwane ezinomgogodla, ezilwaneni zasemanzini siwuhlobo lwe-gill, njengoba kunjalo nge-cyclostomes, izinhlanzi kanye nezibungu ze-amphibian; kuyilapho ezilwaneni zasemhlabeni i-apparatus iwuhlobo lwamaphaphu; Ngaphezu kwalokho, endabeni yezilwane zasemanzini kanye nezilwane ezihlala emanzini, zingaba nezinhlobo ezimbili zokuphefumula, okungokwamaphaphu nangesikhumba.

Amagill ahlanganisa isitho esinjengentambo noma isithasiselo, okungukuthi, ngendlela yamashidi ane-vascularized, futhi angaba ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle, kuye ngokuthi atholakala kuphi emzimbeni wesilwane.

Umsebenzi wabo uwukuphefumula, futhi banesibopho sokushintshisana ngamagesi nendawo ezungezile yasemanzini. Ama-gill anesici esivamile indawo enkulu ethintana nendawo yokuhlala, futhi kulezi zakhiwo ukunikezwa kwegazi kuthuthukiswa kakhulu, ngaphezu kwezinye izindawo zomzimba.

Imishini yokuphefumula yezinyoni iphumelela kakhulu; Inikeza umoya-mpilo odingekayo ukuze kukhiqizwe amandla adingwa umzimba wakho ukuze uqhubekisele phambili umzamo owenziwa phakathi nendiza. Isistimu yayo i-bronchial futhi ixhunywe kumasaka omoya, abizwa ngokuthi amaphaphu; Amaphaphu akhiwe ngama-lobules kanye ne-alveoli.

Uhlelo lwezinzwa

Isimiso sezinzwa sezilwane ezinomgogodla sakhiwe isimiso sezinzwa esimaphakathi, esakhiwe ubuchopho nomgogodla; kanye nesimiso sezinzwa se-peripheral, esakhiwe ngama-ganglia amaningi kanye nezinzwa zohlobo lomgogodla nomgogodla.

Kukhona nohlelo lwezinzwa oluzimele olulawula i-viscera, olubizwa nge-sympathetic and parasympathetic system. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi izitho zezinzwa nemisebenzi yemoto ipheleliswa kakhulu futhi ithuthukisiwe.

Sizothola ukuthi izinzwa zomgogodla zisakazwa emazingeni ahlukahlukene omgogodla, oxhunywe ezithweni ezahlukene, izindlala kanye nemisipha. Ku-tetrapods, ukuqina okubili komgogodla kuboniswa, i-lumbar ne-cervical intumescences, ngenxa yokuguquguquka kokuguquguquka kwemilenze.

Izinzwa zakhiwe ngamehlo, atholakala egunjini lombono elingemuva, ngaphandle kwasezinkambini nezinyoni, lapho kukhona i-binocular; ama-tangoreceptors, ahlanganisa izitho ezithintekayo zezilwane ezincelisayo kanye nomugqa oseceleni othwebula amagagasi okucindezela ama-cyclostomes, izinhlanzi nezinye izilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uQo9wZS2BC0

Kuhlanganisa nezitho zokuzwa, okuthi kuma-tetrapods anendlebe yangaphakathi nendlebe ephakathi, imbobo eyisiyingi neyindilinga, i-eardrum membrane kanye nochungechunge lwama-ossicles, anesibopho sokudlulisa ukudlidliza kwe-eardrum kumnenke noma ku-cochlea. Indlebe ephakathi ixhunywe pharynx ngeshubhu le-Eustachian.

Ukwengeza, izilwane ezincelisayo zinikezwe indlebe yangaphandle, kuyilapho izinhlanzi zinendlebe yangaphakathi kuphela.

I-Sistema endocrino

Uhlelo lwe-endocrine lwezilwane ezinomgogodla luthuthuke kakhulu futhi lupheleliswe ngenxa yokuvumelana okukhiqizwa inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo; Ngokusebenzisa ama-hormone, imisebenzi eminingi yomzimba ingalawulwa.

Lolu hlelo lwe-endocrine luqondiswa i-pituitary gland kanye ne-hypothalamus, okuyizakhiwo ezenza imilayezo ngokukhulula amakhemikhali e-biochemical asebenza kuma-gonads, izindlala ze-adrenal, amanyikwe, nezinye izitho eziningi.

Uhlelo lokugaya ukudla

Isimiso sokugaya ukudla kwezilwane ezinethambo lomgogodla sithathe izinyathelo ezinkulu enqubweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kusukela ezinhlotsheni zokuqala zokuphila, ezondla ngenqubo yokuhlunga, kuze kufike ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinkulu.

Lokhu kudinga ukuqinisekiswa kwenani elikhulu lezinqubo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ezakhiweni ezahlukene ezingenela ohlelweni lokugaya ukudla, kokubili ukuhlafuna, amazinyo, imisipha, ngisho nasezimeni zemigodi yangaphakathi ngokwayo, ngisho nokudala izingxenye ze-enzymatic ezidingwa umzimba ukwenza inqubo yokugaya ukudla.

Isimiso sokugaya ukudla kwezilwane ezinomgogodla sakhiwe imbobo yomlomo, pharynx, esophagus, isisu, amathumbu kanye nedidi. Zonke lezi zakhiwo ze-organic zihlobene nezinye izakhiwo ze-glandular ezixhumene, njengezindlala zamathe, amanyikwe nesibindi.

Nge-tetrapods kwenzeka ukuthi umgodi womlomo wabo uyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngoba ngaphakathi kwayo kuneqembu lezakhiwo ezisizayo, njengamazinyo, ulimi, ulwanga nezindebe.

Isisu ngokuvamile sakhiwe izindawo ezintathu; Endabeni yezilwane, izilwane ezinyamazane, ukudla kwazo, ngenxa yokujwayela indawo yazo yokuhlala, kuqukethe ukudla okune-herbivorous, zinesisu esakhiwe yimigodi emine.

Ngezinyoni, kwenzeka ukuthi i-proventriculus ne-gizzard enomsebenzi wokugaya ukudla ingabonakala esiswini sazo, futhi emgodleni wabo bane-diverticulum noma isitshalo.

Ithumbu liyisakhiwo esakhiwe ingxenye encane ebizwa ngokuthi ithumbu elincane, nesinye isakhiwo esincanyana futhi esibanzi, esibizwa ngokuthi ithumbu elikhulu.

Amathumbu amancane kulapho i-bile evela esibindini kanye nejusi ye-pancreatic ifika, okuyiwona enza umsebenzi we-proteolytic, okungukuthi, ngawo kwenziwa i-hydrolysis yamaprotheni, futhi kuleyo nqubo kuthathwa imisoco, microvilli etholakala emathunjini amancane. Emathunjini, inqubo yokumunca amanzi iyenziwa futhi imfucuza noma indle ikhiqizwa.

Ekuqaleni, izilwane zakudala eziphila nomgogodla zithole ukudla kwazo ngezinhlelo zokuhlunga, kamuva ezathathelwa indawo ezinye izinhlelo ezaba khona lapho zijwayelana nendawo yazo entsha yokuhlala.

Umphumela walokhu waba ukuncishiswa kwezakhiwo, njengobukhulu bomphimbo ezilwaneni ezincelisayo kanye nenani lama-gill slits endabeni yezinhlanzi.

Ngaphandle kwama-agnathan, okuyizilwane ezinomgogodla zakudala kakhulu, ama-gill arches amabili okuqala ezinye izilwane ezinomgogodla afinyelela inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kancane kancane aze abe imihlathi, ekwazile ukwenza ngokukhethekile inqubo yokubamba ukudla. Ngakho uhlelo lokugaya ukudla luphelele.

Isistimu ye-Excretory

Imishini yokukhipha indle yezilwane ezinomgogodla yenziwa ukwakheka kwezinso nezindlala ezikhipha umjuluko. Lolu uhlelo olukhethekile kakhulu, uma luqhathaniswa nalolo lwezilwane eziphansi.

Ngalezi zakhiwo eziguquke kakhulu, kungenzeka ukuhlunga uketshezi lwangaphakathi endaweni yangaphandle yomzimba, kuyilapho kugcinwa ibhalansi yazo zonke uketshezi ngaphakathi emzimbeni futhi kusiza ukulawula izinga lokushisa lomzimba wezilwane.

Ukuzala

Indlela yokuzalanisa izilwane ezinomgogodla ngokuvamile ngokocansi. Okuhlukile ezinye izinhlanzi ezizalwa zinesici sokuba ama-hermaphrodites, okungukuthi, zinezitho zokuzala zesilisa nezesifazane ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Njengoba sesishilo, umthetho ojwayelekile ukuthi ukuzalana kuwucansi, ngokungenelela kwezilwane ezimbili zohlobo olufanayo kodwa zobulili obuhlukene, kungaba ngokuvundiswa kwangaphakathi noma kwangaphandle, kokubili endabeni yezilwane ezizalayo viviparous njengasesikhathini sokuzalanisa i-oviparous. izilwane.

Indaba yezilwane ezincelisayo iyona eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngoba idinga ukuba umbungu ukhule ngaphakathi kukamama oye wavundiswa, futhi uthole ukudla ngomzanyana, kulezo zilwane ezincelisayo eziyi-placenta, noma ze-marsupial, ku-placenta. icala lezilwane ezincelisayo ze-marsupial.

Lapho inzalo yezilwane ezincelisayo isizelwe, ukunikezwa kokudla kwenziwa ngobisi olukhishwa omama ngezindlala zebele.

Umlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo

Izilwane ezifuywayo zazinomsuka wazo ngesikhathi seCambrian, ekuqaleni kwePaleozoic, okwakuyinkathi yoshintsho olungavamile, ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho ezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezidalwa eziphilayo nazo zinemvelaphi yazo.

Isilwane esidala kunazo zonke esaziwayo esinezilwane ezinomgogodla i-Haikouichthys, izinsalela zayo zamathambo okuthiwa zineminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-525 ubudala. Lezi Izilwane ezinomgogodla zazifana kakhulu nesigaba samanje se-hagfish, ngenxa yokuthi zazintula imihlathi noma i-agnathus, futhi kokubili uhlaka lwamathambo nogebhezi lwazo kwakuwuhlobo lwe-cartilaginous.

Esinye isilwane esidala kakhulu esinomgogodla iMyllokunmingia, izinsalela zayo zamathambo ezibonisa ukuthi yayinezici ezifanayo kakhulu. Zombili lezi zinsalela zatholakala eChengjiang, eChina.

Izinhlanzi zokuqala ezinomhlathi, ama-gnathostomes, zavela ku-Ordovician, futhi zaphumelela kakhulu ekukhiqizeni ngesikhathi se-Devonian, yingakho leso sikhathi sibizwa ngokuthi iminyaka yezinhlanzi.

Kodwa futhi kuleyo nkathi efanayo ama-agnathian amaningi asendulo anyamalala futhi ama-labyrinthodont avela, okwakuyizilwane ezisesigabeni soshintsho ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo, njengoba ayephakathi kwezinhlanzi nezilwane ezihlala emanzini.

Abazali bezilwane ezihuquzelayo baqhuma emhlabeni enkathini noma inkathi elandelayo, okwakuyiCarboniferous. Ngokusho kophenyo olwenziwayo, kuvele ukuthi izilwane ezihuquzelayo ze-anapsid kanye ne-synapsid yizo ezandile ngesikhathi se-Permian, ukuya esigabeni sokugcina se-Paleozoic, kodwa ama-diapsids kwakuyizilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinama-vertebrate ezazibusa ngesikhathi se-Mesozoic.

Ama-dinosaurs amukele izinyoni zenkathi yeJurassic. Kodwa ukushabalala kwama- dinosaur ekupheleni kwenkathi yaseCretaceous kwavuna ukwanda kwezilwane ezincelisayo.

Ngokwemiphumela yophenyo, izilwane ezincelisayo zaziwumphumela wokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuguquguqukayo okwakhiwe kusukela ezihuquzelayo ze-synapsid isikhathi eside, kodwa okwakukade kuhanjiswe endizeni ehlehlisiwe ngesikhathi se-Mesozoic.

Inombolo yezinhlobo ezikhona

Inani lezinhlobo zezilwane ezinomgogodla esizichazile zingahlukaniswa zibe ama-tetrapods nezinhlanzi. Ngokusho kwezazi, okwamanje kungenzeka ukuchaza ingqikithi yezinhlobo ezingu-66,178, kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi zikhona noma bekuyizo zodwa ezikhona noma ezizoba khona, ngoba kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo akuzange kuphele futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kungaba Kungase kwenzeke ukuthi izinhlobo ezintsha zivele esikhathini esizayo.

Ukuze usinike umbono, akukho datha ngenani lezinhlobo ezilinganiselwe zezilwane ezinomgogodla ezingenayo imihlathi, kodwa kanye nezinhlanzi kulinganiselwa ukuthi kukhona mayelana ne-33.000; kuyilapho phakathi kwezilwane ezinomhlathi, kuhlanganise nezilwane ezihlala emanzini, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo, kulinganiselwa ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-33.178 XNUMX.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Linnaean yendabuko

Izilwane ezifuywayo ngokwesiko ziye zahlukaniswa ikhulunyaka zaba izigaba eziyishumi zezinto eziphilayo eziqoqwe ososayensi ngale ndlela elandelayo:

I-Subphylum Vertebrata

I-Agnatha superclass (ayikho imihlathi)

Ikilasi Cephalaspidomorphi

I-Hyperroartia yekilasi (lamreys)

I-Myxini yekilasi (hagfish)

I-Superclass Gnathostomata (enemihlathi)

I-Classodermi yekilasi

I-Class Chondrichthyes (oshaka, imisebe, nezinye izinhlanzi ezinama-cartilaginous)

Ikilasi Acanthodii

I-Class Osteichthyes (izinhlanzi ezinamathambo)

I-Superclass Tetrapoda (enezitho ezine)

I-Class Amphibia (izilwane ezihlala emanzini)

I-Class Reptilia (izilwane ezihuquzelayo)

I-Class Aves (izinyoni)

I-Class Mammalia (izilwane ezincelisayo)

ukuhlukaniswa kwe-cladistic

Kodwa izifundo ezisekelwe ezindleleni zokuhlukanisa ezicacile ezenziwe kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-80 ziye zaveza ukuguqulwa okukhulu endleleni yokuhlukanisa izilwane ezinomgogodla. Nakuba impikiswano yesayensi iqhubeka futhi izigaba ezenziwe esikhathini esizayo azikwazi ukubhekwa njengeziphelele.

Ngenxa yoshintsho olushiwo ngenhla lwesayensi, indlela yokuhlukanisa izilwane ezinomgogodla ishintshile kusukela emizamweni emisha yokuqala eyenziwe kusukela ngo-1980, futhi nakuba kungeyona ukuhlukaniswa okuqondile, sizobonisa i-phylogeny entsha yezilwane ezinomgogodla ezikhona ngokusho kwezifundo zakamuva zofuzo. :

I-Vertebrata/Craniata

i-cyclostoma

I-Myxini (i-witch fish)

I-Hyperroartia (ama-lamreys)

I-Gnathostomata

I-chondrichthyes (izinhlanzi ze-cartilage)

I-Teleostomy

I-Actinopterygii (izinhlanzi ezinama-bone ray-finned)

I-Sarcopterygii

I-Actinistia (i-coelacanths)

I-Rhipidistia

I-Dipnomorpha (i-lungfish)

I-Tetrapoda

I-Amphibia (amaxoxo, amaxoxo, ama-salamanders nama-caecilians)

amniote

I-Synapsida

Izilwane ezincelisayo (izilwane ezincelisayo)

I-Sauropsida

I-Lepidosauria (izibankwa, izinyoka, ama-amphisbenids kanye ne-tuatara)

I-Archellosauria

Ama-Testudines (izimfudu)

i-archosauria

Izingwenya (Crocodilia)

Aves

Sincoma lezi ezinye izindatshana ezithakazelisayo:

• Izilwane zasolwandle
• Izilwane zasemhlabeni
• Izilwane zasepulazini