Isiko lama-Olmec libhekwa njengomama wempucuko yaseMesoamerican futhi lifanekisela omunye wabantu basendulo abanwebeka futhi bathatha lezi zindawo iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezintathu. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe mayelana Izici ze-Olmec Culture, sikumema ukuba uhlale futhi ujabulele le ncwadi. Ungaphuthelwa!
Umsuka kanye Nezimpawu Zesiko Le-Olmec
Isiko lama-Olmec lingenye yezimpucuko ezindala kakhulu, ezakhiwe yisifunda esikhulu saseMesoamerican. Ukuthuthuka kwayo kule ndawo kwenzeka phakathi kuka-1200 no-1400 BC, nokho; isiqalo sobuhlanga samalungu aso kuze kube yimanje siyimfihlakalo ephelele, akuqinisekwa ukuthi bazibiza kanjani noma bazibiza kanjani kanye nokusebenzisana kwabo ngqo kulo mhlaba, ngoba luncane kakhulu ulwazi olwalugcinwe phakathi kwamalungu abo. kanye nokucwaninga emhlabeni wamanje.
Inkulumo ye-Olmec yamukelwa abacwaningi abahlukahlukene bemivubukulo ngekhulu lama-XNUMX, ukuze kuqokwe izici zalesi siko lasendulo, futhi ngolimi lwesiNahuatl lingahunyushwa ngokuthi "abantu abavela ezweni lenjoloba noma irabha". Uma kukhona okuhlukanisa umphakathi wama-Olmec, kuwubunkimbinkimbi bawo obukhulu, okubonakala hhayi kuphela ekudalweni kwawo okungavamile kwamasiko njengamakhanda amakhulu adumile, ama-altare, nezinto ze-jade, kodwa nokukwazi kwawo ukweqa indawo yawo yasekuqaleni nokuba ngowokuqala waseMesoamerican wangempela. isiko..
Nakuba kwaziwa ukuthi, ngenxa yezici eziningi zesiko lama-Olmec eziye zagcinwa phakathi kwamaqembu aseMesoamerican asekupheleni, kubhekwa "njengesiko likamama", iqiniso liwukuthi impumelelo yayo kufanele ibonakale njengomphumela wokuvela kwemvelo. impucuko. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yikuphi, ama-Olmec anendawo ekhethekile emlandweni waseMesoamerican, futhi inhlangano yabo yezombangazwe kanye nombono womhlaba wafinyelela ubunzima obungakaze bube khona kuze kube yileso sikhathi.
Kusukela kulobu bunkimbinkimbi kuphakama izinkambiso zamasiko ezimbalwa ukuthi kusukela manje kuze kube yilapho kunqotshwa iSpanishi kuzochaza yonke imiphakathi yangaphambi kweSpanishi; Phakathi kwezici zesiko lama-Olmec sinazo:
- Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zemikhosi ezitholakala ngokwezinhlelo ezichazwe kahle.
- Amakhanda amakhulu anesisindo esingamathani.
- I-Polytheism enkolweni yabo, inokufana okukhulu nezinganekwane zakamuva ezifana namaMayan noma ama-Aztec.
- Ezolimo nokudoba okwakuyizimbazo zomnotho wayo kanye nokuhwebelana nabanye abantu.
- Ukwenziwa ngokwesiko kwemikhuba efana nomdlalo webhola, ukuthuthukiswa kwekhalenda kanye nohlelo lwalo lokubhala.
- Isikhathi sokuphatha sesimiso sezombangazwe esasingokwasezulwini, futhi ngokwenhlalo ingxenye ethile phakathi kwamaqembu amabili: aphezulu naphansi.
Indawo
Isiko lama-Olmec laba nomsuka walo ezindaweni ezisogwini oluseningizimu yeGulf of Mexico, okumanje lithinta izifunda zaseVeracruz neTabasco. Njengoba cishe amakhilomitha angu-125 ubude namakhilomitha angu-50 ububanzi, yayitholakala ezindaweni ezifana nalezi:
- San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan
- Ichibi Lamagquma
- ama-zapots amathathu
- Ukudayiswa
Ukuze ekugcineni unwebe ngokunqobayo ukusuka entshonalanga ezintabeni zeTuxtlas ukuya empumalanga nethafa leChontalpa.
Amadolobha ase-Olmec
Ukuchuma kwama-Olmec ekuqaleni kwakungenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezindawo ezikhiqizayo ogwini lweGulf of Mexico. Cishe ngo-1200 BC C. Izimbazo zasemadolobheni ezibalulekile zakhiwe:
- San Lorenzo (omdala kunabo bonke),
- La Venta, Laguna de los Cerros,
- AmaZapote amathathu kanye;
- Ama-lime.
I-San Lorenzo ifinyelele endaweni yayo ephakeme kakhulu ye-apogee nomthelela phakathi kuka-1200 no-900 a. C. lapho indawo yayo ekahle kanye nokuvikeleka ezikhukhuleni kuyivumela ukuthi ilawule ukuhweba kwendawo; futhi kukhona ubufakazi bokuthi San Lorenzo cishe 900 a. C. wabhekana nesiphithiphithi esihlelekile, kuyilapho iLa Venta yaqala ukuchuma ngokufana, yaba inhloko-dolobha futhi yaba nenani labantu abangu-18.000. Lezi zindawo ezintathu nazo zaba nokuvumelana kwamazwe amabili ekuhleleni kwazo, futhi eLa Venta kwakhiwa ipiramidi yokuqala eMesoamerica.
Esinye sezici ezigqama kakhulu umklamo ohleliwe wokwakha wezikhungo zenkolo zala madolobha, isibonelo, e-La Venta izakhiwo zitholakala ngokulinganayo eduze kwe-eksisi esenyakatho naseningizimu enamakhanda amane amakhulu abheke ngaphandle ezindaweni ezibalulekile; sengathi bangabagadi be-complex.
Kulandelwa umbhoshongo omkhulu onyathelwe phansi (manje oseyindunduma), iplaza elishonile elilalwe ngamakholomu e-basalt angamamitha amabili ukuphakama, namaphiramidi amabili amancane, ezinye zezici ezizokopishwa kamuva iziza ezinkulu zamasiko akamuva aseMesoamerica. babuye baqondanisa ngokunembile izakhiwo zabo. Kokubili i-La Venta kanye ne-San Lorenzo babhekana nokucekelwa phansi okuhlelekile namabomu kwezikhumbuzo zabo, okungenzeka phakathi kuka-400 no-300 BC. c.
Inkolo
Njengengxenye yezici zesiko lama-Olmec, imininingwane yenkolo yabo ihlala ingacacile; kodwa ngokuvela kobufakazi basendulo, kungenzeka ukwakha izici ezithile ezibaluleke kakhulu zenkolo yabo.
Kubukeka sengathi ama-Olmec athathe inhlonipho ekhethekile ngezindawo ezizungezwe imvelo ezixhumene nomkhathi, umhlaba kanye nomhlaba ongaphansi. Njengesibonelo salokhu kwakuyimihume, okwakungaholela ngandlela-thile emhlabathini ongaphansi nasemagqumeni ayenemithombo yamanzi, enikela ngokudedelana ngokungena ezindaweni ezintathu ezingaqondakali. Phakathi kwamagquma abaluleke kakhulu e-Olmec yile: El Manatí, Chalcatzingo kanye ne-Oxtotlitán.
Alukho ulwazi lwezethulo namagama onkulunkulu ababehlonishwa ama-Olmec, kodwa kwaziwa ukuthi iningi lalifanekisela izenzakalo zemvelo njengemvula kanye nommbila ngokuyisisekelo; Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, onkulunkulu abaziwa ngenkulumo yobuciko ye-Olmec babonakala ngenombolo esikhundleni segama.
Ngokunjalo, kuyaziwa ukuthi ama-Olmec anika incazelo ekhethekile ezilwaneni ezisendaweni yemvelo, ikakhulukazi ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye ezisochungechungeni lokudla njengezingwe, izinkozi, izingwenya, izinyoka ngisho noshaka imbala; ezihlobanisa nezidalwa zaphezulu futhi ngokunokwenzeka ngaphansi kwenkolelo yokuthi ababusi abanamandla kakhulu bangaba izidalwa ezinjalo.
Ukwengeza, baphinde bakhangwa ukuxuba izilwane ukuze bakhe izidalwa eziyinqaba nezimangalisayo njenge- were-jaguar, isiphambano phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili okungenzeka ukuthi kwakuwunkulunkulu wazo oyinhloko. Siyazi futhi ukuthi bakhulekela udrako futhi bakholelwa ezinhlotsheni ezine ezibambe isibhakabhaka, okungenzeka zimelela amaphuzu amane akhadinali, njengabanye onkulunkulu base-Olmec, ayebaluleke kakhulu ezinkolweni zakamuva zaseMesoamerican.
Umnotho
Umnotho wawungesinye sezici ezibalulekile zesiko lama-Olmec, wawusekelwe kwezolimo ngokuyinhloko ukusebenzela izitshalo zemikhiqizo efana nommbila nobhontshisi owawutshalwa futhi uvunwe ezinkathini ezimbili zonyaka; Baphinde batshala ithanga, amagwava kanye nesapodilla.
Baphinde baqoqa insada yengcebo yendawo njengezitshalo, amantongomane esundu, ngisho nezilwane zasolwandle njengezimfudu nezimbaza. Ngendlela efanayo, imikhiqizo evamile efana ne-obsidian, i-jade, inyoka, i-mica, irabha, i-ceramics, izimpaphe kanye nezibuko ezipholile ze-ilmenite kanye ne-magnetite zazikhona kule mpucuko. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi yonke imikhiqizo yayo, ngaphandle kokukhetha, yabe isimakethwa emadolobheni angomakhelwane.
Ulimi
Nakuba kungaziwa kahle, izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi lolu limi lwaluvela kusiko lwama-Olmec futhi luvela ohlwini lozalo lukaMixe-Zoque. Ngokuphathelene nolimi, baphinde bacatshangwa ukuthi bayimpucuko ethuthuke kakhulu yomphakathi waseMesoamerican.
Ukubhala
Ama-Olmec kungenzeka ayimpucuko yokuqala yaseNtshonalanga ukwenza indlela yokubhala; lokhu kwatholakala eSan Andrés de Tabasco 2002 naseSan Lorenzo 2006, kukodwa kwakuwumfanekiso wezimpawu ama-Olmec azichaza kabanzi endaweni yenkathi yama-650 no-900 BC. C. kudala ngaphambi kwemibhalo yokuqala yesiko lamaZapotec lonyaka wama-500 a. c.
Okutholwe ngo-2002 endaweni yemivubukulo yaseSan Andrés de Tabasco kukhombisa inyoni nezimpawu ezifana nemibhalo yama-Mayan yakamuva. Ngokufanayo, kwenzeka endaweni eyaziwa kakhulu ye-Cascajal Block, eyatholwa eduze nendawo yaseSan Lorenzo ngo-2006 futhi inikeza inhlanganisela yezimpawu ezingu-62, ezingu-28 zazo eziyingqayizivele futhi ziqoshwe ebhodini lenyoka.
Inani elikhulu labavubukuli abahamba phambili babheka lokhu kutholakala "njengombhalo omdala kunayo yonke wangaphambi kweColumbian". Abanye basalokhu bengabaza mayelana nembangela yobungqayizivele baleli tshe, empeleni elisuswa kulo mongo wemivubukulo, njengoba lingenakufana okusobala nanoma iyiphi enye indlela yokubhala yaseMesoamerica.
Kukhona futhi izimpawu ze-Olmec ezihlonzwe ngokuthi i-Epi-Olmec; nakuba abacwaningi bemivubukulo abaningana benombono wokuthi umbhalo we-Epi-Olmec ungafanekisela umbhalo odlulayo phakathi kwalowo we-Olmec, endala kakhulu, kanye namaMayan; Nokho, lo mbono awuvunyelwe yibo bonke abaye bafunda lesi siko.
Inhlangano yezenhlalakahle nepolitiki
Kunolwazi oluncane oluqondile mayelana nenhlangano yezenhlalakahle nepolitiki yama-Olmec; nokho, izazi eziningi zicabanga ukuthi amakhanda amakhulu neminye imifanekiso eqoshiwe imelela ababusi bazo, kulesi siko ayikho into enjengetshe lesikhumbuzo samaMaya lapho kukhulunywa khona amagama ababusi babo abathile nezinsuku ababusa ngazo.
Nakuba umphakathi wama-Olmec, njengamanye amasiko angaphambi kwe-Columbian e-Mesoamerica, kungenzeka ukuthi wawubuswa iqembu elibonakala ngokuphakama njengobupristi obulwayo (uhulumeni ongokwasezulwini), abagcina amandla abo ngokusekelwe ezimisweni zaphezulu zonkulunkulu babo.
arte
Ubuciko bungenye yezici ezidlulele kakhulu zesiko le-Olmec, inezici eziningi ezisahlaziywa; kodwa ngokumangalisayo umbukiso obaluleke kakhulu wobuciko bakhe amakhanda amakhulu e-Olmec aziwa kakhulu, ayisibonelo sezithombe eziqoshiwe ezinkulu kanye nomunye wemisebenzi yakhe yobuciko engcono kakhulu. Kukholakala ukuthi laba bamele amaqhawe noma abaholi, okwamanje izibonelo eziyi-17 zaziwa, zonke zisakazwa phakathi kweXalapa Museum of Anthropology kanye neLa Venta Museum Park.
Isici esithakazelisayo sala makhanda amakhulu ukubukeka okuhlukile kwezici zase-Afrika, okubangele ukuqagela okuhlukahlukene. Ithiyori eyaphikiswa kamuva iye yahlongozwa, ebonisa izindlela zokuhlangana ezikhathini zasendulo.
Amakhanda ayisishiyagalolunye okuqala atholakala eSan Lorenzo kamuva athuthelwa eLa Venta, lapho angcwatshwa khona; kukholelwa ukuthi zingafanekisela amakhanda ezitha, yingakho ukungcwatshwa, noma amakhanda angcwatshwa lapho befa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunenkolelo yokuthi bangase babe nezici ezinhle ze-feline futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu banalokhu kubukeka.
Ukwengeza, kunombono wokuthi laba bamele amaqhawe hhayi onkulunkulu, ngenxa yezigqoko zokuzivikela abazigqoka. Ukucaciswa kwayo kwenziwa nge-basalt elethwa ukusuka kude, inesisindo esingamathani amaningana futhi ifinyelela kumamitha amathathu namane ukuphakama, futhi yatholakala kulezi zinsalela ezilandelayo:
- I-San Lorenzo: amakhanda ayi-10 amakhulu
- Ukuthengisa: 4 amakhanda amakhulu
- I-Tres Zapotes: amakhanda ama-2 amakhulu
- I-Rancho La Corbata: Ikhanda eli-1 elikhulu
Abakwa-Olmec benza ezinye izithombe eziqoshiwe njengalowo omele i-wrestler ye-Olmec, ebonisa umuntu onentshebe enwebeka zonke izitho zakhe, okumnika ukubukeka okungokoqobo okuyingqayizivele kubo bonke ubuciko bangaphambi kweSpanishi. Kukhona neminye imisebenzi ebalulekile efana ne-jadeite dwarf noma inkosi yamafayela; lesi sifanekiso sokugcina siphethe ezingalweni zaso ingane okukholakala ukuthi ingunkulunkulu, enezici ezijwayelekile ze-jaguar yesilisa ebizwa ngephutha ngokuthi "ubuso bengane", futhi cishe imelela ukuzalwa kukankulunkulu we-jaguar.
Kukhona olunye uhlobo lwezithombe ezithombeni zesikhumbuzo ezingamabhlogo e-trapezoidal, ezinemininingwane engaqondakali emaceleni kanye nembobo lapho kuphuma khona umfanekiso osesimweni somlomo kadrako noma we-jaguar, okungenzeka usikisela ukudalwa kukankulunkulu. Endaweni efanayo, izinto ze-ceramic, izibalo nezingcezu ze-ceramic zitholwe ezisukela esikhathini sokumila phakathi kuka-1500 no-1150 BC.
I-Ceramics iyisiko elimpofu kakhulu, ngokuvamile i-monochromatic futhi ngaphandle kwezinhlobonhlobo eziningi ze-typology; Zenziwe ngombala omnyama futhi ngaphandle kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lokuhlobisa. Cishe ngalesi sikhathi esifanayo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-basalt ne-obsidian kwaqala ukuheha ukunaka; Ukwengeza, ukusetshenziswa kwe-quartz, i-pyrite nawo wonke amatshe aqinile kuyagqama, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-jade esetshenziselwa ukwenza imaski yomngcwabo.
Izakhiwo eziyisisekelo zempucuko ye-Olmec
E-Mesoamerica zonke izindonga futhi ikakhulukazi e-Gulf, zazihlanganisa umnyombo wezingcezu zamatshe noma ukugcwaliswa okuzungezwe udonga olubambayo, izendlalelo eziqinile ze-stucco ngokuvamile ezimboze lezi zindonga, kamuva ezahlotshiswa ngemidwebo, imifanekiso eqoshiwe noma isituko.
Yonke le misebenzi yezakhiwo iklanywe njengesizinda semicikilisho futhi yahlotshiswa ngokucebile, ngokuphelele izakhiwo zezenkolo nezemikhosi zasungulwa lapho udwendwe kanye nokubonakaliswa okumangalisayo kwezenkolo ngokwakhiwa kwamaphiramidi, amapulatifomu okudansa kanye nezinkundla zebhola njengezinhloso eziyinhloko.
I-Olmec Astrology
Le mpucuko emangalisayo nesebenzayo yayinombono onemininingwane wokubhula ngezinkanyezi, owawubalulekile ekuqondisweni kwezolimo nezinye izihloko ezihambisana kakhulu naleli siko. Laba babehlakaniphe kakhulu futhi benamasiko, bafunda ukubuka isibhakabhaka futhi ngalokhu bakwazi ukwenza ikhalenda elinembe kakhulu elalicabangela ubude bonyaka, inyanga yenyanga, umjikelezo wezolimo kanye nezinsuku zemikhosi yezenkolo ababeyenza. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu babebusa cishe yonke into ebazungezile. Bawugcina umsebenzi wabo besebenzisa imilaza.
Ukuphela kwama-Olmecs
Abavubukuli basaqoqa imikhondo eveza imfihlakalo yokuthi yini eyabangela ukwehla kwale mpucuko enamandla nemangalisayo, okungenzeka ukuthi kwakuyinhlanganisela yezinguquko zemvelo zemvelo kanye nezenzo zomuntu ezabangela ukulahlekelwa kwasekuqaleni kwaleli siko. Ukulahlekelwa okudabukisayo komlando wama-Olmecs.
Kunezihloko ezingenakubalwa okufanele kubhekwane nazo mayelana nokuncipha kwayo, okuthe ngokutholwa kwamanje kuzamile ukucacisa isiphetho sale mpucuko. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukuze babe ngabantu abahlakaniphe kangaka endulo, ukunyamalala kwabo kuveza izizathu ezingakacaciswa.
Ama-Olmec ayethembele ezitshalweni ezimbalwa ukuze athole ukudla okuyisisekelo, okuhlanganisa ummbila, u-squash, nobhatata. Nakuba bedla ukudla okunempilo nalokhu kudla okulinganiselwe, iqiniso lokuthi banokuningi kubenza babe sengozini yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Isibonelo, ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo kungase kumboze indawo ngomlotha noma kuguqule indlela yomfula: inhlekelele yayingaba yinhlekelele kuma-Olmec; Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu okuncane kakhulu njengesomiso kungase kuthinte kakhulu izitshalo zakho ozithandayo.
Izenzo zabantu cishe zadlala indima ebalulekile njengokuthi: impi phakathi kwe-Olmec yaseLa Venta kanye nesinye sezizwe eziningi zendawo kungenzeka kube nomthelela ekuweni komphakathi; ukuxabana nakho kuyenzeka. Ezinye izenzo zabantu, njengezolimo noma ukucekelwa phansi kwamahlathi ezolimo, bekungaba yingozi ngendlela efanayo ekusimameni kwalo mphakathi.
Kuye kwatholakala ukuthi izinkinga phakathi kwabo kanye nokuhlaselwa okunamandla okutholwe yizimpi, imvelo, phakathi kwezinye izinto, yabaholela ekuwohlokeni ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kunezinhlaka zale mpucuko ezenze ukuthi kubhekwe uguquko oluqubuke emithonjeni yabo yamanzi neyokutshala, okuyinto eyaziwayo ukuthi kwamanye amadolobha, kwagcina kungalawuleki, okuholele ekutheni bathuthele kwezinye izindawo, kwashona abantu ezindaweni zabo. endleleni, obekubaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni impucuko ihamba phambili.
Kulindeleke ukuthi ngokutholwa okusha, kuzokwazi ukususa ukungabaza okusekelwe kwezinye iziphetho eziholele ekutheni le mpucuko ebalulekile ilahleke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Uma uthole lesi sihloko ezithakazelisayo mayelana ezahlukene Izici we-Olmec Culture, sikumema ukuthi ujabulele lezi ezinye izixhumanisi ozokuthakasela ngazo: