Ithiyori Yezinhlelo Ezijwayelekile: Kuyini?, umsebenzi, nokunye

La Ithiyori yezinhlelo ezijwayelekile kuyindlela ye-methodical efuna ukwenza ukumelela okungokoqobo okusekelwe ekusebenzeni kwenhlangano. Ivumela ukugqugquzela izinhlobo ezahlukene zomsebenzi. Funda okwengeziwe ngalesi sihloko ngokufunda isihloko esilandelayo.

General-systems-theory 1

Ithiyori yezinhlelo ezijwayelekile

Le thiyori iqukethe ucwaningo lwezinhlaka ezahlukene zesistimu ngayinye ngokujwayelekile. Umgomo wayo ukutadisha ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso eziyisisekelo ezinhlelweni kunoma iyiphi indawo ukuze kutholwe amafomu angempela futhi azivumelanise nemiqondo emisiwe.

concepto

Ebizwa nangokuthi i-TGS, ichazwa njengendlela yezinqubo ngaphandle kwemingcele lapho ixhuma izingxenye ezihlukahlukene ngokuzimela, ihumusha ngendlela ehlelekile isamba sawo wonke amayunithi sikhulu kunaleso sezingxenye zayo. Lo mqondo unganwetshwa ngezihloko ezihlobene njengaleso ozoyithola kusixhumanisi esilandelayo izindlela ezisheshayo

Ithiyori evamile yezinhlelo ingaphansi kwezinguquko lapho uma ingxenye yayo eyodwa iguqulwa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, konke okunye kuguqulwa. Konke lokhu kufunwa ukuvumelanisa ukuguquguquka nezimo zesistimu ethile, ukuguqula izimiso ezingahlaziywa futhi zisetshenziswe kwezinye izinhlelo.

Origen

Izimiso zethiyori zazalwa eminyakeni eminingi edlule, kungashiwo ukuthi phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, kodwa kwakunezinga eliphezulu nokuzimisela okukhulu phakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili. Abanye bakubheka njengesayensi ehlelekile ngenxa yemibono eyaphakanyiswa isazi sezinto eziphilayo uLudwig von Bertalanffi.

General-systems-theory 2

Lo sosayensi owaziwayo uhlongoze ukuthola impendulo yesayensi entweni yokuphila futhi esekelwe ezimisweni zika-Aristotelian. Uthe konke kuhlangene nakho konke. Ngawo-50 umcwaningi ogama lakhe linguJulian Huxley waqala ukwakha ithiyori esekelwe ekuhlanganiseni kwesimanje kokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Kulo mbono, uphakamise izimiso mayelana nendlela amasistimu axhunyaniswa ngayo ngezindlela ezithile ezingasetshenziswa kwabanye ngokuqondile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ososayensi uFrancis Crick noJames Watson benza umsebenzi ohlobene nokwakheka kwamangqamuzana e-DNA.

Ososayensi bafuna ngalokhu ukuze benze ukuphila kube nenjongo ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyeni okuhlelekile kwesibonelo esihlongozwa kuyi-DNA. Kodwa-ke, uBertalanffi uthi izinhlelo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zivelaphi, zazinqunywa futhi zingaphansi kwabanye, kangangokuthi wathi "Yonke ingaphezu kwesamba sezingxenye zayo"

Uhlaka lwetiyetha

Ngokusho kukaBertalanffi, konke kuyisisekelo semvelo kanye nengxenye ngayinye yayo, lapho ingxenye ngayinye ingenakuqondakala khona uma ihlaziywa ngokuhlukana nayo yonke leyo. Ku-Bertalanffi izingxenye zinamandla ahlobene futhi zingancika kakhulu.

Njengamanje, ithiyori yezinhlelo ezijwayelekile iwuhlobo olungaziwa olungakakwazi ukuphendula imibuzo eminingi kwisayensi. Naphezu kwalokhu, ingenye yemibono ethakazelisa kakhulu ososayensi ababhekene nayo namuhla.

U-Bertalanffi, obhekwa njengoyise wesidalwa, wazama ngazo zonke izindlela ukuchaza imiqondo eyisisekelo yale mbono, okwakungakaqondakali kwabaningi. Usosayensi uhlongoza ukuqondwa kwale thiyori kusekelwe ekuthatheni njengesibonelo isitho ngasinye somzimba womuntu nokuthi ukuguqulwa kwesistimu ethile kuthinta kanjani ukusebenza kwayo ngokujwayelekile.

Iphinde yaphakamisa indlela yokubuka uhlelo ngalunye lomzimba womuntu ngokuzimela nangokuhlukile, noma kunjalo kuyabonakala ukuthi ngamunye uncike komunye, ukungasebenzi kahle kwesistimu eyodwa kungathinta ukusebenza kolunye. Kusho ukuthi akukho noyedwa ozimele.

Ngokwalesi sibonelo, usosayensi usho lokhu okulandelayo: Kwenzeka okufanayo emhlabeni, lapho noma yisiphi isimiso semvelo noma esidalwe umuntu sihlotshaniswa nezinye, ukuze ukusebenza okuyiphutha kuthinte zonke ezinye izinhlelo.

Ifomula yakho konke

Imibono kaBertalanffi yamukelwa futhi yahlaziywa ngozakwabo abaningi. Baphinde bamukelwa futhi baziswa imiphakathi yocwaningo lwesayensi nethiyori. Ukuqonda ithiyori kuvumela abanye ongqondongqondo ukuba bathuthukise ukuhlaziya kanye nemiqondo ebophayo kwezinye izindawo.

Kwabe sekunqunywa ukuthi ngokwezindlela zikaBertalanffi, ukuze uqonde ukusebenza komzimba, kuyadingeka ukuhlaziya ukusebenza kwengxenye ngayinye yayo, ngokusekelwe kulokhu, indima edlalwa yilolu hlelo lonke izokwaziwa.

Uma indlela kaBertalanffi lapho ethatha njengesibonelo izinhlelo ezakha umzimba womuntu, izincazelo ezifanayo zingashintshwa kwezinye izinhlelo njengenhlangano yezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene. Ithiyori yezinhlelo ezijwayelekile ithi akukho lutho endaweni yonke emile, yonke into inyakaza.

Lokhu kuvumela ukuxhumana phakathi kwamasistimu ukuthi kusungulwe ngokuqondile nangokungaqondile. Ukuxhumana okuhlukahlukene kanye nokuxhumana okwenzeka phakathi kwazo zonke, kuvumela impendulo futhi kukhule kancane kancane. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kukhula nokuxhumana kuncane kangangokuthi akubonakali kumuntu.

Ukwengeza, inqubo yokufunda eqhubekayo ihlongozwa ngempela efuna ukunikeza imibono kanye nemiphumela kunqubo ngayinye ukudala ukuzinza kuzo. Ngale ndlela izici nezici ezithile zingachazwa ezinhlanganweni eziningi. U-Bertalanffi uchaza indlela yokuxhuma nokucacisa izinhlelo zenhlangano.

Ithiyori ivumele ukuqonda ezingeni lanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwenhlangano ukuthi izenzo zingaxhunywa kanjani kusetshenziswa izindlela ezithile ezisuselwe kuzimiso zethiyori yezinhlelo ezijwayelekile. Imiqondo ibe isisungulwa lapho uhlelo oluncane ngalunye lwenhlangano.

Umgomo wetiyori evamile yezinhlelo futhi uphakamisa izehlakalo ezenzeka phakathi kokufaka nokuphumayo kwesistimu engaphansi ngayinye neyunithi. Ukuze kwakhiwe ingqikithi yamanye amasistimu angaphansi aziwa njengezinqubo eziyisisekelo ze-«Black Box» noma «Isifunda Sangaphakathi».

Umnyango

Ngokwenhlangano, okufakiwe kukhona konke okufakiwe okwenzeka ohlelweni. Leli qembu lihlanganisa zonke izinsiza, abantu nezingaphatheki ezifana nolwazi nedatha. Kuthiyori evamile yezinhlelo, lokhu okufakwayo kuhlanganisa amandla okuqala esistimu engaphansi ngayinye, njengoba enikeza umfutho wokusebenza kwenhlangano.

Okokufaka okufanayo kungase futhi kube okukhiphayo noma kunalokho umphumela wesistimu engaphansi eyandulelayo. Isibonelo singathathwa embonini lapho kungenwa khona ngezinto ezingavuthiwe, bese ifika endaweni yokusebenzela, bese iye endaweni yokucubungula, bese isiya ekukhiqizeni nasekwakhiweni ukuze ekugcineni ifinyelele ekuhwebeni.

Isistimu iphendula ngokushesha kokufakwayo nokuphumayo, okuwuhlobo lokuxhumana phakathi kwesistimu engaphansi ngayinye. Kuyabhekwa ukuthi ngamunye uncike kanjani komunye, impahla eluhlaza kufanele ifike ngqo bese icutshungulwa kamuva. Ngakho-ke uma ingafinyeleli kwamanye amasistimu angaphansi, akusoze kwaba khona ukuthengisa.

Izinqubo zoshintsho kulesi simo yilezo ezivumela ukunquma amasistimu angaphansi okokufaka nokukhiphayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyunithi ngayinye noma ingxenye yenqubo inaziphi izici. Ithiyori yesistimu evamile iphinde ichaze ukuthi ukuguqulwa kuyindlela yokukhuluma yezinqubo ezinhlanganweni.

Imiphumela ivumela ukusabela ezinkambisweni, ukuze uma umphumela omuhle utholakala, uhlelo ngokuvamile lusebenza kahle. Uma ubheka imiphumela engemihle, ukulungiswa kungenziwa kumayunithi wezinhlelo ezingaphansi ahlulekayo.

Phuma

Lapho okukhiphayo kusungulwa kuthiyori evamile yezinhlelo, amafomu afana nemikhiqizo, izinsizakalo kanye nakho konke okuhlobene nomvuthwandaba wezinqubo kuyaphakanyiswa. Kulesi simo sibona ukuthi inqubo inquma kanjani umkhiqizo wokugcina noma isevisi njengengxenye yokokufaka kwenye inqubo.

Okusho ukuthi, ukukhishwa kwesistimu nakho kuyingxenye yokufaka kwenye isistimu, isibonelo sinecala lokucubungula izinkuni, okokufaka kumshini wokusaha wezinto ezingavuthiwe kuyingxenye yenqubo yokukhipha ehlobene nesihlahla ukukhula kwaso. imbewu njll

Ngakho isihlahla sifakwa njengempahla eluhlaza futhi kamuva siguqulwa sibe ama-slats okhuni azoba yingxenye yolunye uhlelo lokufaka ukuze uqhubeke nenqubo. Kuyinto evamile ukuthi izinqubo nezinhlelo zisebenze ngale ndlela, ngakho-ke ziyingxenye yomjikelezo ongewona oyindilinga obhekwa njengongashintshi.

Kukholelwa ukuthi inkolelo evamile yezinhlelo ihlobene nenkolelo ye-thermodynamics, umehluko usezinkambisweni zokuguqulwa okuphelele kwendaba noma ukuguqulwa kwayo. Ngenkathi kuyithiyori evamile yezinhlelo, umgomo wokuguqulwa awuveli, kodwa wokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Ukusebenzisana

Omunye weminikelo ebaluleke kakhulu yethiyori yesistimu kube ukwethula ngokunengqondo izikimu ezehlukene ezivumela izinqubo ukuthi zihlaziywe ngomshini. Okusho ukuthi, kusungulwe ngokusekelwe ezinkambisweni ezilula zokufaka nokukhiphayo.

Le ndlela yokuhlaziya izinqubo ivumela ukusungula izindlela ezibanzi ezinhlanganweni ukuze zikwazi ukuguqula nokulawula amasistimu angaphansi. Nakuba ezindabeni zempilo kanye nesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, lo mbono awukwazanga ukubamba iqhaza ngokuqondile.

Isistimu evulekile imele inkinga yethiyori evamile yezinhlelo, ngoba ivimbela ukungena ngokuqondile kumagugu nasezicini ezibalulekile zokuphila. Abantu banezinhlelo ezivaliwe ezinekhono labo lokudala impilo.

Nokho, lapho sifuna ukusebenzisa izinqubo zokuthi ukuphila kwadalwa kanjani nokuthi kwenzeka kanjani, kubonakala ukungqubuzana okuthile okunzima ukukuchaza. Kodwa abanye ososayensi baye bakwazi ukunikeza imibono ethile ehlobene nezinqubo zezinye izinto eziphilayo ezinekhono lokuzalana.

Izinhlangano zisekela intuthuko yazo ezinhlelweni ezingase zisetshenziswe ngokusekelwe ekuhlelekeni kwezinhlelo. Inkampani kufanele ibe namayunithi okusebenza lapho ngayinye ixhumene futhi ihlotshaniswa nenye. Sikumema ukuba ufunde isihloko esilandelayo  Indlela yokwenza imanuwali yezinqubo? lapho okuhlukile kwenhlangano kuchazwa enkampanini.

Lezi zinhlobo zezimo kufanele zilungiswe ngokushesha, ngaphandle kwalokho yonke inhlangano yakho izoqala ukwehluleka. Inkinga yenzeka ezinhlanganweni eziningi zohlobo lomphakathi, lapho kubonakala khona izinkinga ezahlukahlukene ezikhiqiza imiphumela engemihle kumanani okukhula ekupheleni kwenkathi. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngalezi zindaba, ngikumema ukuthi ufunde isihloko esihlobene ne ukukhiqiza.


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