Kusukela eGrisi lasendulo kuze kube namuhla, the Isiko laseNtshonalanga, kanye nezikhathi ezinhle nezimbi zohambo lwayo olude, isekelwe ikakhulukazi ezimisweni zenkululeko, ukulingana, ubulungisa, njalo ibeka injabulo nokuphila kahle kwabantu njengenjongo yayo eyisisekelo.
Isiko laseNtshonalanga
Isiko laseNtshonalanga yindawo yomuntu ngenxa yomlando othize waseNtshonalanga, izikhungo, izinhlangano, izindinganiso, imithetho, amasiko, kanye nezindinganiso. Phakathi kwekhulu le-XNUMX nelama-XNUMX, i-colonization, imperialism kanye ne-economic hegemony yamazwe aseNtshonalanga yavumela ukuthunyelwa kwezici ezihlukahlukene zendlela yokuphila yaseNtshonalanga kuwo wonke amazwekazi, lesi simo sibizwa ngokuthi i-Westernization.
Isiko laseNtshonalanga lisekelwe emibonweni yomphakathi wamaGreki asendulo, isiko lasendulo lamaRoma, kanye nobuKristu baseNtshonalanga (ubuKatolika nobuProthestani), ukuhlanganiswa kwakho okuqiniswa ababhali boLwazi ngekhulu le-XNUMX.
Amagugu ayo ayisisekelo inkululeko, ukulingana, ubulungisa, ilungelo lenjabulo nenqubekelaphambili. Umphakathi waseNtshonalanga usekelwe ezimisweni zomuntu ngamunye, umqondo wokuhlela lapho inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ibhekwa njengelungelo izikhungo okufanele zilivikele. Inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye yakha umkhakha wezomnotho, ikakhulukazi ngenkululeko yokwenza ibhizinisi kanye nokuvikelwa kwempahla yangasese.
Ngokombono waseNtshonalanga, izikhungo zezenkolo zihlukene nezikhungo zezombusazwe, lesi simiso sibizwa ngokuthi i-secularism kuye ngezwe okukhulunywa ngalo. Amandla ezombangazwe asezandleni zabantu ngabanye, ababizwa ngokuthi izakhamuzi, ngokusho kwefa lentando yeningi yase-Athene, asetshenziswa ngaphakathi kohlaka lomthetho, ngokusho kwefa lomthetho waseRoma.
Izinqubo zenkolo noma zefilosofi ziyingxenye yenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye futhi uMbuso ungumqinisekisi wenkululeko yabantu yokukholelwa noma yokungakholwa. Ngokuvamile, inkululeko kanembeza, ehlanganisa inkululeko yenkolo, iqinisekiswa umbuso futhi umuntu ukhululekile ukuveza imibono yakhe nganoma iyiphi imibono engokwenkolo, yefilosofi, noma yezombangazwe. Le nkululeko ibizwa ngenkululeko yokukhuluma.
Inhlangano yomndeni yaseNtshonalanga isekelwe kumodeli womndeni wenuzi, ozuzwe njengefa ngokuqondile emphakathini waseRoma lapho umbhangqwana oshadile owawungaphansi kwesakhiwo somndeni. Ngokuya esikhathini, lo mbhangqwana oshadile kungenzeka ukuthi wawunobulili obuhlukile (inkathi yenkathi ephakathi) noma kokubili ubungqingili kanye nobulili obuhlukile (iRoma yasendulo, inkathi yesimanje).
INtshonalanga ibilokhu iqeda ukufuduka kwabantu kusukela ezikhathini zamaRoma, lesi simo siye sashuba kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1960 okuholela ekwandeni kokuhlukahluka kwamasiko. Isimo sabantu abancane ngokobuhlanga, ngokobuhlanga nangokobulili kanye nesimo sabesilisa nabesifazane besilokhu siguquguquka njalo kusukela phakathi nekhulu lama-XNUMX ngomkhuba okhulayo wokulingana.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwendawo
Kusukela eNtshonalanga Yurophu, isiko laseNtshonalanga lalisabalele kuwo wonke amazwekazi amaningana ngokwenza amakholoni futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX kunenqwaba yemiphakathi eyamukele izingxenye zesiko laseNtshonalanga kuyilapho igcina ukuhlukana okujulile, ikakhulukazi enkolweni, emagugu, emasiko namasiko.
Umphakathi waseNtshonalanga utholakala emazweni angaphambili njenge-United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, iningi leLatin America, naseNingizimu Afrika. Itholakala futhi esifundeni saseBalkan esixutshwe nemiphakathi yama-Orthodox neyamaSulumane futhi ithonya umphakathi waseJapan.
Nakuba iRussia yamukele ifilosofi yokuKhanya ekhulwini le-XNUMX ngaphansi kwethonya likaPetru Omkhulu, uhlamvu lwaseNtshonalanga lwesiko lalelizwe luyimpikiswano. Ukuthambekela kwamaSlavophile ukubheka isiko lamaSoviet njengecala elikhethekile ngenxa yezizathu zomlando, kuyilapho ukuthambekela kwaseNtshonalanga kugcina ukuthi akukho mehluko omkhulu phakathi kwesiko laseRussia nesiko laseNtshonalanga.
Izici zomlando zaseRussia indima yayo njengenjini yeSonto Lobu-Orthodox lobuKristu kanye nombuso wezepolitiki wamaKhomanisi kusukela kuNguquko yamaBolshevik ngo-1917 kwaze kwaba ukuwa kwe-USSR ngo-1991.
Ikoloni
Phakathi kwekhulu leshumi nane neleshumi nesishiyagalombili, iNgilandi, iSpain, iPortugal, iFrance, iBelgium, iHolland, i-Italy kanye neJalimane ikoloni izifunda ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba, ikakhulukazi iMelika, i-Afrika, iMpumalanga Ephakathi, i-Asia kanye ne-Oceania. Abakhi bamakoloni bafika endaweni futhi bafuna ukubusa abantu bomdabu, ukuthola ukulawulwa kwezombusazwe, ezomnotho kanye namasiko, ngokuvamile ngenkani, ngendlela engekho emthethweni noma ekhohlisayo. Kamuva, amakoloni avala izinkolo, amasiko nezilimi zomdabu, futhi abeka izindinganiso nemikhuba yaseNtshonalanga.
Abakhi bamakoloni basebenzisa izindinganiso zaseNtshonalanga, isayensi, umlando, igeography, namasiko njengesisekelo sokuqhathanisa ukuze bafunde ngenani labantu bamazwe aphethwe amakoloni kanye nabantu bawo. Lezi zimiso zokuziphatha, ezagxiliswa ezikoleni, kohulumeni, nabezindaba, zaba yindlela yokuba amakoloni akwazi ukuzazi. Futhi lezi zindinganiso kanye nale ndlela yokubona umhlaba, okunzima kakhulu ukuketula kunohulumeni, kwasala ngemva kokuqedwa kobukoloni.
Kwezinye izifunda zomhlaba wama-Anglo-Saxon, ikakhulukazi e-United States, eCanada, e-Australia, eNew Zealand naseNingizimu Afrika, inzalo yabakhi bamakoloni, abafuduki nezigqila bazithola bedlulwa ngenani labantu bomdabu, kamuva abakhishwa inyumbazane.
Kule miphakathi lapho amakoloni aletha ulimi lwawo, isiko lawo kanye nemithetho yawo, abantu bendawo bazakhela ezabo izakhiwo zezomnotho nezombusazwe futhi bahlakulela ubunjalo obusekelwe ekubambisaneni kwamasiko ahlukahlukene kanye nokungafani. Ngakho lobu buntu babunenjongo yokuthola, ngezinye izikhathi ngenkani, ukuzimela ezweni elibusa amakoloni.
I-United States iyizwe eladalwa ngokuthola inkululeko ngenkani emphakathini wamakoloni ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-1901. Imiphakathi yamakholoni yaseNingizimu Melika yathola inkululeko ngekhulu le-136 kanye ne-Australia ngo-1760. Ngenxa yenqubo yekoloni kanye nenqubo yokuzimela, kunezindawo ezingu-86 zamakoloni ngo-1830, 167 ngo-1938, 33 ngo-1995 kanye nezingu-XNUMX ngo-XNUMX.
Kusukela ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II, amazwe akoloni agxile emisebenzini yawo ngaphakathi kwezwe lawo, kunemisebenzi engaphandle kwezindawo ezibuswa amakoloni. Njengoba ayeyeka ukubaluleka kwezimali emnothweni wawo, izindawo eziningi ezazingamakoloni zabuyiselwa kubantu bendawo.
Uma beshiywe besebenzisa izinsiza zabo, amakoloni angaphambili ayempofu kakhulu kwadingeka akhe uhulumeni oqinile nothembekile ngenkathi elwa nenkohlakalo nokungazinzi. Amazwe amaningana ahluleka kulo msebenzi, okwaholela empini yombango: Cambodia, Afghanistan, Nigeria, Congo kanye neBurma.
izisekelo zesiko laseNtshonalanga
Isiko laseNtshonalanga lithanda izinto ezibonakalayo kanye ne-hedonistic, ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa enjabulweni nenhlalakahle yomuntu siqu. Izisekelo zawo wukungakholwa, ubunxiwankulu, imakethe yamahhala kanye nesimanjemanje. Isiko laseNtshonalanga ligcizelela ubuntu, inkululeko yezomnotho, futhi ibeka eceleni umthelela wenkolo embusweni nasemphakathini. Ukushiya okwedlule uye esikhathini esizayo kuwumgogodla wesiko laseNtshonalanga, futhi inkululeko ibonakala njengento wonke umuntu anelungelo layo.
Amanani nezikhungo zezepolitiki zesiko laseNtshonalanga lekhulu lama-XNUMX zitholwa njengefa emibonweni eyethulwe ababhali bekhulu le-XNUMX. Ababhali abakhuthaze umphakathi wentando yeningi, wenkululeko, wezwe, onengqondo, olinganayo nonobuntu omagugu awo okuyinkululeko, ukulingana, ubulungisa, injabulo nenqubekelaphambili.
Uhlelo lwezomnotho wonxiwankulu, lugxile ekufuneni inzuzo (ukuqoqwa kwezimali) kanye namabhizinisi azimele, lukhona eNtshonalanga Yurophu kusukela ngekhulunyaka leshumi nane, imfundiso yenkululeko ithi inkululeko yokusebenzisa ubungxiwankulu ivumela ukuthi isebenze kahle.
I-Rationalism inikeza ubukhosi olwazini olutholwe ngokucabanga, ukuze kuzuze izinkolelo-mbono kanye nokubalulekile. Ngokwezazi zefilosofi zekhulu le-XNUMX “Emphakathini onengqondo yonke into ibonakala ilula, ihambisana, ifana futhi ingenzeleli; umphakathi usekelwe emithethweni elula neyisisekelo ethathwe emicabangweni nasemithethweni yemvelo”.
I-Humanism i-anthropocentrism eguquguqukayo egcizelela umuntu kanye nombono womhlaba lapho umuntu enethuba lokutholwa amandla emvelo okuwukuphela kwawo. Ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha, i-humanism ivula indlela yokuvuselelwa kwezindlela zokwazi, ukuguqulwa kwemfundo kanye namasiko akhululayo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Hedonism iyimfundiso egcizelela ukuzijabulisa futhi ekhuthaza izakhamuzi ukuba zijabulele ukuzijabulisa. I-Hedonism iqokomisa ukuzilibazisa koMbuso WaseRoma, leso sikhathi esikhethekile amaRoma acebile ayenaso, lapho ayengazijwayeza khona izinto zokungcebeleka, ezokuzijabulisa nokuzithuthukisa komuntu siqu. Ikakhulukazi imidlalo, imibukiso, ukwelashwa komzimba, ukudla namaphathi.
I-secularization iyinqubo yenkululeko, lapho umuntu ethola khona ukuzimela okuthile enkolweni, ethatha isiphetho sakhe esandleni futhi ethola ilungelo lokucabanga, ukwahlulela ngaphandle kwenkolo. Umphakathi wezwe uzimele kwezombusazwe, ukuziphatha kanye nesayensi futhi uzakhela imithetho yawo esikhundleni sokubuswa imithetho engcwele.
Embusweni wezepolitiki wentando yeningi, uMbuso, ophethe amandla ezombusazwe, uyithuluzi lokulamula ukuze usize umphakathi. Umuntu unendawo emaphakathi futhi nguye olawula ikusasa lakhe lomuntu ngamunye kanye neqoqo.
Ukwakheka kwesiko laseNtshonalanga kuphawulwa ngentuthuko yesimanje, okusho ukuthuthuka kwezimboni, ukufudukela emadolobheni, ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwezikole nabezindaba, ukukhula komnotho, ukuhambahamba, ukuguqulwa kwamasiko, ukuthuthukiswa kwezepolitiki nezomnotho, ukugqugquzela umphakathi, ukuhlanganiswa, kanye nokuguqulwa kobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe. Lesi sakhiwo sathonywa izinguquko, izinguquko zezwe, inguquko yezezimboni, nempi yomshoshaphansi.
Isimanjemanje
Esikweni laseNtshonalanga, izinhlelo zesikhathi esizayo ziwumgogodla womphakathi. Umphakathi uqondiswe ekulawuleni okunengqondo nokunqumayo kwendawo yemvelo nenhlalo futhi umuntu ngamunye uyinjini yale nqubo. Ukuba yisimanje wukwazi ukuthi isiphetho sayo yonke into igcina isiphelelwe yisikhathi.
Isimanjemanje sihlotshaniswa nombono wenqubekelaphambili: kusukela esikhathini esidlule kuya esikhathini esizayo, ohlelweni lokushintsha njalo. Isimanjemanje sinikeza ithemba lenqubekelaphambili, impucuko kanye nenkululeko futhi ayinakuhlukaniswa ne-nostalgia, ukungabi nazimpande, ukuhlukana kanye nokungaqiniseki. Ifa Lokukhanyiselwa, umthwalo wemfanelo wokuthuthukela ekusaseni elingcono uhambisana nemvelo yomuntu ebhekwa njengengunaphakade nephelele.
Imikhiqizo ethile yamasiko noma yezobuchwepheshe ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi yesimanje: amamuvi, izindiza, izakhiwo. Lezi zinto, eziqashelwa njengeziphethe isimanje, ziphakamisa ukuthi isimanjemanje siyiqiniso elingokwesiko kunenkathi emlandweni.
Isimanjemanje siyinsika yesiko laseNtshonalanga. INguquko Yezimboni ayigcinanga nje ngokubumba kodwa yasheshisa ukuthuthukiswa kwesimanje ngokubambisana eduze nemibono yaseNtshonalanga, ezomnotho, ezombusazwe kanye nezezimali. Ukuhwebelana kwezomnotho kwembulunga yonke kuphawulwa ukuncikelana kwezobuchwepheshe nomnotho okubeka ulwazi njengempahla eyigugu kakhulu.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, amanani enqubekelaphambili awakaze abe namandla, futhi ithemba lekusasa liyisihloko esithakazelisayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinkinga zezenhlalakahle nezomnotho ezifana nokugcwala ngokweqile, ukuncipha kwemithombo yemvelo kanye nokuwohloka kwemvelo yemvelo ziyavela futhi zonke zinezimpande ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe.
Abantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bahlakaniphile, abahahayo noma abanobudlova, bazithola belawulwa yimishini ethuthukisa amakhono abo futhi ivumele imvelo ukuthi ibunjwe ngokuvumelana nalokho abakulindele kanye nesithombe sabo.
Kwavela maphakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili, amakhompyutha ashintshile umphakathi waseNtshonalanga. Le mishini isetshenziswa ezinkampanini, emibuthanweni yesayensi, ekuphathweni komphakathi kanye nemindeni eminingi. Izinkampani eziningi zithi sezithembele kule mishini ebuye isetshenziswe emibuthanweni yesayensi ukusheshisa ucwaningo nenqubekela phambili.
La Libertad
Inkululeko iyinani eliqinile esikweni laseNtshonalanga futhi leli gama lisetshenziswa njengesiqubulo ezinkulumweni zezepolitiki nezomnotho. Emazweni aseNtshonalanga, inkululeko ibonakala njengento engokwemvelo, into efunwa yiwo wonke umuntu, ngoba nje engumuntu.
Uma kuqhathaniswa, ngaphandle kweNtshonalanga, inkululeko iyinani elikude kakhulu nokufiseleka, uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izindinganiso ezibaluleke kakhulu njengokuhlonipha, inkazimulo, ukuzinikela noma ukuvumelana nemvelo Kangangoba igama elithi inkululeko alikho kwezinye izilimi. . Ngezilimi zesi-Japanese nesiKorea, igama elithi inkululeko libolekwe olimini lwesiShayina futhi linencazelo ehlazisayo yokuntuleka kwemithetho nokugwema.
Esikweni laseNtshonalanga, kunesivumelwano esisabalele mayelana nenani lenkululeko, kodwa kunokungavumelani okuningi mayelana nencazelo yayo, ephathelene nenkululeko yomuntu siqu, ubukhosi, namalungelo omphakathi:
Inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye iwukuthi wonke umuntu angenza akufunayo ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa noma ukuvinjelwa abanye inqobo nje uma ehlala emikhawulweni lapho kungekho ozihluphayo ngokwenza okufanayo.
Ubukhosi besizwe noma isizwe ukuthi abantu bayakwazi ukwenza okufunwa ngamalunga aso, kungakhathalekile izifiso zabanye abantu.
Umthetho womphakathi yinkululeko yawo wonke umuntu ukuthi abambe iqhaza ekusetshenzisweni kwempilo yepolitiki yesizwe. Umthetho womphakathi udinga izikhungo zezombusazwe ezanele, okuvame kakhulu intando yeningi.
Intando yeningi
Imibuso yezepolitiki yentando yeningi eNtshonalanga Yurophu isekelwe emqhudelwaneni wamaqembu ezombusazwe: imiphakathi eyenza izenzo zezombusazwe ukuze ithuthukise izintshisekelo zayo. Amaqembu afuna ukuthola ukwesekwa kwabantu okubavumela ukuba baqashe amalungu esigungu sikazwelonke, iqoqo elisebenzisa amandla afanayo nezinye izikhungo.
Wonke amazwe aseNtshonalanga Yurophu asebenzisa amaqembu ezepolitiki njengabaxhumanisi phakathi kwabantu nohulumeni. Abantu abaqokwe amaqembu, ababhekele izinqumo zezepolitiki zikazwelonke, banomthelela omkhulu emphakathini.
Ngisho namazwe amancane njengeSwitzerland adlula kubalamuli. Umbuso wezombangazwe waleli zwe uvumela izakhamuzi ukuthi zenze izinqumo zezombusazwe ngaphandle kokuya emaqenjini, nokho inqubo enjalo inzima kakhulu ukuthi ingasetshenziselwa zonke izinqumo zikahulumeni.
Kwezombangazwe eziningi zaseNtshonalanga Yurophu, amaqembu ezombusazwe aphikisana nemibono eyimfihlo yomvoti ngamunye onelungelo lokuvota. Ukwehluka kwemibono kubonakala ngamavoti futhi kungumsuka wenhlangano yezombangazwe yesizwe.
Umnotho
Emiphakathini yaseNtshonalanga, uhulumeni ulawula amasosha, izikhungo zomthetho, ezokuphatha, ezikhiqizayo, nezamasiko, kuyilapho izinhlangano zomphakathi zakhiwe imiphakathi ezimele elawulwa amavolontiya futhi ilawulwa imakethe yamahhala: amabhizinisi, imiphakathi, izinhlangano zamasiko noma zezenkolo, kanye abezindaba, ukuxhumana.
Umphakathi uncike emnothweni, ubungqabavu bawo obuvumela ukwakhiwa kwemiphakathi. Inkululeko yokuzihlanganisa idala ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu futhi ivimbele ukuhlukana nokungahleleki emphakathini ovumela ukuba umuntu ngamunye, ukuncintisana kanye nesizungu.
Izinguquko emakethe yezemisebenzi zenze kwaba nokwenzeka ngabantu abavela ezigabeni eziphansi zomphakathi ukuthi bathole izimpahla ezaziyimpahla yesigaba esiphakathi ngaphambili: ithelevishini, umshini wokuwasha, isicoci se-vacuum kanye ne-stereo. Lezi zinguquko ziphinde zabangela ukwenyuka kwamaholo kanye nokuncipha kosuku lokusebenza, okuvule indlela eya emakethe yezokungcebeleka. Imikhiqizo yesiko elidumile njengomculo, ezemidlalo kanye nabezindaba isiphenduke izinto zokuhweba futhi isithuthukise amakhonsathi, imicimbi yezemidlalo kanye nokuvakasha kwabantu abaningi.
Uphawu olubonakala kakhulu loshintsho emphakathini imoto: ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe II, izicebi kuphela ezazinabanikazi, inani lezimoto emgwaqeni eYurophu lenyuka lisuka ezigidini ezingu-5 ngo-1948 laya ezigidini ezingu-45 ngo-1960.
Nazi ezinye izixhumanisi onentshisekelo kuzo: