Ukusatshalaliswa kwezepolitiki nenhlalo yamaZapotec kwaboniswa ngaphansi kwesakhiwo se-pyramidal esiholwa umholi futhi ekugcineni isigaba senhlalo esiphansi, esasibonakala ngokuba nezwi legunya lenkolo yobukhosi. Ngalesi sihloko, sikumema ukuthi wazi Inhlangano Yezepolitiki YamaZapotec.
Inhlangano Yezepolitiki YamaZapotec
Izizwe zamaZapotec zabonakala ngempi eyabavumela ukuba basakaze isiko labo, bamise ubukhosi obungokwenkolo. Izinhloko-dolobha ezidlulele kakhulu zalesi siko zaziseMonte Albán, Yagul, Teotitlán naseZaachila, abakwazile ukuzibusa ngobudlelwano bezentengiselwano nama-Olmec angomakhelwane, nangokunqotshwa kwezempi kanye nokuthunjwa kwababusi abayizimbangi zezizwe ezingomakhelwane.
Ngakho, njengoba amiswa ngaphansi kwesimiso esimbaxambili, esasimelela indlela yawo yokuphila, lokhu ngalowo mqondo kwayithonya ngokuqondile inhlangano yawo yezombangazwe. Ngale ndlela, kulesi siko kwasungulwa uhlelo lukahulumeni olwasetshenziswa ikakhulukazi yizikhulu, lubeka uGocquitao noma iNkosi njengesikhulu, kanye nosizo lwabapristi.
Imvamisa, isikhundla sesibalo esiphezulu kwakumele sithathwe inkosi enkonzweni, okungukuthi inkosi iyona enamandla okuqoka ozongena esikhundleni sayo, inqobo nje uma sivela kowesifazane oyindodakazi yenkosi. noma iQhawe; lokhu ngandlela thize kwavumela, ukuthi kube nokuhlanganyela kwawo wonke umphakathi waseZapotec ngokwesimiso sawo sezombangazwe.
AmaZapotec, ngaphezu kokuba nenkosi yawo, nawo ayeneqembu labapristi okwakuthiwa banemisebenzi ebalulekile ngokulinganayo ngaphezu kokukhonza njengosizo enkosini, ngokuphathelene nezindaba zombuso. Lokhu, ngomqondo othile, kwayinikeza isimilo esingokwasezulwini; Ngokufanayo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi leli qembu kuphela okufanele lakhiwe ngabantu bomdabu, kulokhu amaZapotec.
Iqiniso leNhlangano Yezombangazwe yamaZapotec
Lokhu kubili okwenzeka ngokubusa, kusenza sicabange ukuthi kwakunezinhlobo ezimbili zemibono yokuphatha nokuphatha umbuso; nokho, kulesi siko umbono oyisibonelo esingokwasezulwini kanye nokuqanjwa kwawo kwanqoba. Lokhu kubonakala kakhulu ngemva kokubuyekeza izindinganiso nemithetho ethulwe ngezansi.
- Abapristi yibo, ngandlela thize, ababeqinisekisa ukuvikelwa nokuqinisekiswa kwenkosi futhi bakwenza lokhu ngaphansi kokuphelezelwa amasosha, okungukuthi, abantu besigaba esiphezulu ababemelelwe enhlanganweni yezenhlalo nezombusazwe yamaZapotec bahlanganyela kulokhu. support..
- Imodeli engokwasezulwini ngandlela-thile yayimbozwe umlingiswa oyimfihlakalo nowaphezulu, ngakho-ke babheka ukuthi umuntu wabo oyinhloko uzungeza uNkulunkulu, okumelwe ngempela ukuba uyinto ekhulekelwayo.
- AmaZapotec ayecabanga ukuthi abantu bomndeni wabapristi babehlobene nonkulunkulu ongumvikeli walesi siko, ngakho kwakudingeka balondoloze isimo sokungashadi. Ukwengeza, laba bantu babenezikhundla njengamajaji aphakeme alowo mbuso, ngokuvamile babehlala bevalelwe futhi bevikelekile esigodlweni.
- Izixhumanisi zalaba bameleli nabomdabu balo mphakathi zaziphethwe ngemithetho yesigaba senkolo, engashiwongo umthetho, kodwa ngokusekelwe emibonweni yedumela lokuthola lezi zikhundla eziphezulu ohlelweni lwezombangazwe lwaseZapotec.
Inhlangano yomphakathi
Kusukela emvelaphi yayo, inhlangano yezenhlalakahle yamaZapotec yakhiwa ngesethi yemithetho, esungulwe futhi yakhiwe ngesibonelo sokubusa kwezenkolo, ngokusekelwe kumbuso ongokwasezulwini.
Ngakho-ke, njengoba lokhu kwakuhlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili angasungulwa isigaba esibusayo nesesingaphansi, ngokuvamile kuchazwa uhlobo lomsebenzi umuntu ngamunye ayewenza emphakathini.
- Iqembu lokuqala: Lalihlanganisa abapristi, izinduna, amaqhawe, izikhulu nabahwebi.
- Iqembu lesibili: yakhiwe ikakhulukazi abalimi kanye nezingcweti.
Ukwengeza, bekukhona ezinye izici amaZapotec azibheka njengezibaluleke kakhulu emphakathini wawo, njengalezo esizozethula ngezansi:
Umndeni
Umndeni wawufanekisela isici esiyisisekelo nesenhlalo samaZapotec, lapho umuntu ngamunye, ngokobulili bakhe, ayenomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza umsebenzi othile. Anemininingwane ngezansi:
- Emadodeni, abenza imisebenzi enjengokuzingela, ukudoba, ezolimo, ezohwebo, izitsha zobumba kanye nokuqeqeshwa njengamaqhawe.
- Kwabesifazane, kwakuvamile ukubabona besebenza emisebenzini engase isho ukuvuna, ukupheka, ukunakekela amakhaya abo, kanye nokubamba iqhaza kwabo emisebenzini yezandla efana nokwandiswa kwendwangu, ubhasikidi, nokunye; ngezinye izikhathi babehlanganyela nasemsebenzini wezolimo.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi amaZapotec ayethanda ukuba nemindeni emikhulu kakhulu, futhi nawo ayezama ukuhlala esondelene.
Matrimonio
AmaZapotec enza ukuzalanisa, ngakho-ke kwakuyinto evamile ukubona ngeso lengqondo le mishado yempucuko phakathi kwamalungu anozalo lomndeni ofanayo, angashada nabantu abavela kweminye imindeni.
I-Patriarchy
Ngempucuko yaseZapotec, indawo abathuthuke kuyo yakhiwe ngezici zezinzalamizi, amadoda ayenendima ebaluleke kakhulu kulo mphakathi, ngakho-ke kwakuvamile ukubona ukuthi konke kwakuhlanganiswe nalokhu kumelela.
Ifa
AmaZapotec ayenemithetho ephathelene nokuphathwa kwekhaya, ngokuvamile lapho kunecala lokufa kwabazali bomkhaya, izwe labo lalihlukaniswa, linikeza ingane ngayinye isabelo sabo; Lapho kunezingane kulo mkhaya, zazinelungelo lokuthola ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yefa, njengoba zazihlala nezibulo labo ngesikhathi somcimbi.
Ngokufanayo, kwabonakala umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezingxenye ezitholwa ngobulili, njengoba ngokuvamile kwakuyindoda eyayithola izinto eziningi kunaleyo yenzalo yesifazane. Kwake kwaba nezimo lapho abazali benikeza khona ilungelo lempahla yabo lapho bebona kungenakwenzeka ukusebenza futhi izingane zabo sezindala nomkhaya osuvele wakhiwe.
Inkolo
Phakathi nenkathi yangaphambi kweSpanishi, impucuko yaseZapotec yayikholelwa ukuthi indawo yonke yayimbozwe yizimo ezine, ngayinye yakhiwe umthunzi othile wombala futhi inezici ezithile, umbala othile futhi inezici ezithile ezingaqondakali nezingaphezu kwemvelo. Laba-ke babehlotshaniswa nonkulunkulu babo, bebanika izakhi zemvelo ezinjengalezi: ilanga, imvula, igagasi, phakathi kwezinye. Ngokunjalo, bathathe isikhathi njengesiyingi nokungaqondile.
Njengamanje amaZapotec, agcina ngokwengxenye izinkolelo zawo zasendulo ezivumelanisa nezinkolelo zamaKatolika, phakathi kwezinkolelo zamanje lokhu okulandelayo kwenziwa:
- ukuzinikela kuJesu Kristu.
- Ukuqashelwa nokholo ezilwaneni ezigadayo, ezinesihloko esithi shades. Banombono wokuthi lapho umuntu ezalwa, uthola isivikelo sephimbo elingamelwa yinoma yiluphi uhlobo lwesilwane; ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakunenkolelo yokuthi wayenikeza izimfanelo kumuntu wakhe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngamandla, amandla, ukuhlakanipha, phakathi kwabanye.
- Ukuba khona kwezangoma namadimoni, okuthi ngokwendaba yawo lawa avame ukuzibonakalisa esesimweni somuntu, kungaba owesilisa noma owesifazane.
- Njengoba nje kukhona abefundisi beSonto LamaKatolika, basekhona abantu abenza ubupristi baseZapotec, yingakho bebonakala beqondisa amasiko nemikhosi yaleli siko. Ukuze bagqame, laba baphristi baphinde baqanjwa ngamagama abenzi bemilingo, okudingeka bahole imikhosi ebalulekile efana nalena: imishado, imingcwabo, imibhabhadiso, ukubusiswa kwekhaya ekuhambeni, ukuhlanzwa ngokomoya, phakathi kokunye.
Imikhosi
Ngokuqondene nemikhosi yawo yemikhosi, amaZapotec ayebonakala ngokuzehlisa konkulunkulu ngokuphana izipho, ukwenza ithosi, okwakuhlanganisa imicikilisho yegazi neminikelo yabantu nezilwane. Endabeni yabantu, babevame ukukhetha abantu abavela ezizweni eziyizitha futhi kulokhu kushintshana bacela onkulunkulu ukuchuma izitshalo zabo, isimo sezulu esihle, phakathi kwezinye izicelo.
Njengamanje, le mikhosi ihambisana nemicimbi efana nale eshiwo ngenhla, njenge: umshado, impilo, umbhabhadiso, umngcwabo, phakathi kokunye. Amabili amahlelo abaluleke kakhulu yileyo eyenzeka ngoSuku Lwabangcwele Bonke, kanye nosuku lukasanta ongumvikeli womphakathi ngamunye.
Uma uthole le ndatshana yeNhlangano Yezombangazwe YamaZapotecs ithakazelisa, sikumema ukuthi ujabulele lezi ezinye izihloko: