Zitholele inhlangano yezepolitiki yama-Olmecs

Sikumema ukuthi wazi ngalokhu okuthunyelwe okuthakazelisayo nokubuyekeziwe izici namasiko e- Inhlangano Yezepolitiki yama-Olmecs kanye nezinhlobo zabo zohulumeni, kanye nayo yonke imininingwane yokuthi zazihlelwe kanjani kwezinye izindawo.

INHLANGANO YEZEPOLITIKI YE-OLMECS

Inhlangano yezepolitiki yama-Olmecs

Isiko lama-Olmec libe nokukhula esikhathini sangaphambili saseMesoamerica. Kunophenyo oluthole iminonjana yobukhona bawo ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene ze-Mesoamerica, indawo ebhekwa njengendawo yaleli qembu, ihlanganisa izifunda zaseVeracruz neTabasco. Babephila ikakhulukazi kwezolimo, ukudoba kanye nokubaza amatshe.

Ngokuthola imisebenzi ehlukene yokusekela leli qembu, i-Olmec yaqala ukuba nenhlangano yezomnotho, yezenhlalakahle nezombusazwe, ifinyelela uhlobo lomphakathi oluhlelekile.

Inhlangano yabo yezombangazwe yayingokwasezulwini, okusho ukuthi yonke into yayizungeza uNkulunkulu, ngalo mqondo, inkolo yayibaluleke kakhulu kule mpucuko.

Izici

Inhlangano yezenhlalakahle nepolitiki yomphakathi wase-Olmec ingasungulwa, ngokuvamile, ngokusebenzisa izici ezilandelayo:

  • Inhlangano yezenhlalakahle ene-stratified. Ngamanye amazwi, umphakathi wawuqoqwe ngokwezigaba, obonakala ngokwezigaba zawo.
  • Bakha umhlangano phakathi kwezombangazwe nenkolo, baba impucuko ezombangazwe zayo zingokwasezulwini, ebuswa abantu abahlobene nonkulunkulu nenkolo ababezisholo yona.

INHLANGANO YEZEPOLITIKI YE-OLMECS

  • Idlanzana labantu lalibusa, le ngxenye yabantu yayakhiwe abapristi abakhulu, amaqhawe kanye nabadwebi bezakhiwo. Zazitholakala emathempelini nasezindlini ezinde.
  • Bonke abanye abantu bakhiwe abalimi ababehlala emizaneni ezungeze amathempeli, abakha iningi leqembu; nokuthi babethobela amaqembu aphakeme.
  • Amaqembu aphakeme kwakungalabo izitshalo zabo ezakhiqizwa ngemiphumela engcono, okwabanika isikhundla esihle kwezomnotho nezenhlalakahle, okubanika amandla athile phezu kwamanye amaqembu.
  • Ngenxa yenhlangano yabo yezombangazwe engokwasezulwini, abapristi babenamandla amaningi, babefana nesigaba esibusayo esikhethekile. Kamuva, ayeyobhekwa njengamakhosi anamandla aphezulu, njengamashaman.
  • Phakathi kwabalimi, amadoda ayenomthwalo wemfanelo wokuphatha izwe, kuyilapho abesifazane ikakhulukazi bephethe imisebenzi yasekhaya: benza imifanekiso yobumba, beluka futhi benakekela izingane.
  • Bahlelwa baba izizwe, beholwa inkosi okuthiwa uChichimecatl, eyakwazi ukubikezela imvula nokuvuna. Ngenxa yalokhu, futhi ngenxa yokuthi wawungokweqembu labalimi, wawuwuhlobo lukahulumeni olwalufinyeleleka kakhulu.
  • Ama-Olmec abulala ababusi bawo ngokwakha amakhanda amakhulu anezici zezilwane. Lokhu futhi kwakuwuhlobo lwakhe oluyinhloko lobuciko; Ngaphezu kohlobo lwenkokhiso.
  • I-jaguar yayibhekwa njengesilwane esibalulekile esimelela iyunithi ephakeme. Isizathu sokuthi, inkosi yesizwe yasebenzisa imihlobiso ehlobene nalesi silwane.

Ifomu likahulumeni

Njengemiphakathi eminingi yaseMesoamerica, ama-Olmec ayenohlobo olungokwasezulwini lukahulumeni, okungukuthi, ayeqondiswa unkulunkulu. Kulolu hlobo lombuso, amandla aphethwe nguNkulunkulu noma umholi omele uNkulunkulu, njengabapristi noma ama-shaman.

Kulolu hlobo lohulumeni, kwakuvamile ukuba abaholi babe ngabefundisi; okungukuthi, labo ababeqashelwa enkolweni ababeyibiza ngokuthi. Kwakujwayelekile futhi ukuthi uhlelo lwezomthetho lombuso lwalusekelwe emthethweni wenkolo.

Kodwa-ke, kungagcizelelwa ukuthi kwakukhona uhlobo oluthile lwesimiso sokuqondisa abantu ngokwesikhundla sabo senhlalo, okwakuncike ezingeni lezomnotho, amasiko, umhlaba kanye nomsebenzi ababewenza.

Ngakho, izigaba zezenhlalo ezihluke ngokusobala zazihlala ndawonye ezikhungweni zomphakathi zase-Olmec: abapristi, izikhulu, abathengisi, nezingcweti.

ababusi

Njengoba inohulumeni ongokwasezulwini, lo myalo wawusezandleni zabapristi namashaman, amandla abo ayephakeme, angenakungatshazwa futhi angcwele.

Laba babebhekwa njengabakhuphukela ngokuqondile ebunkulunkulwini, bachazwa njengezidalwa ezihlanganisa umhlaba nowasezulwini, ngakho kwakukholelwa ukuthi babenakho okudingekayo ukuze basize abantu futhi babavikele.

Manje umpristi owayeyinduna yesizwe wayebizwa ngokuthi uChichimecatl. Yigama elixubene, elisho ukuthi "abantwana bekhalenda lokubala", okusho ukuthi abaholi bezizwe kwakungabantu okwakukholelwa ukuthi bahlobene ngokuqondile nonkulunkulu.

Babenekhono lokubona ngale kwalokho abanye ababekubona, benza izibikezelo ezazizuzisa ezolimo ngoba zazithinta izitshalo nemvula. Njengoba kungenye yezinto eziziphilisa ngakho kakhulu kwezomnotho ama-Olmec, amakhosi abehlonishwa, ehlonishwa futhi ezinikele ekuqoshweni.

INHLANGANO YEZEPOLITIKI YE-OLMECS

Zazihlelwe kanjani?

Isiko lama-Olmec kwakuyimpucuko yokuqala enkulu, eyaziwa ngemisebenzi yayo emikhulu yezakhiwo. Cishe eminyakeni engu-7.500 1500 edlule, iminonjana yokuqala yezolimo kulesi sifunda iyabonakala. Impucuko yama-Olmec yaqala ukuchuma cishe ngo-XNUMX BC. c.

Ama-Olmec adlule izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko zokuthuthuka, anezihloko ezintathu ngalesi sikhathi sokuthuthuka. Ukuqala kwawo kwaba seSan Lorenzo, kwase kuba seLa Venta futhi ekugcineni kwaba seTres Zapotes. Ukuphela kwesiko lama-Olmec kuseyimpicabadala.

Isiko lama-Olmec laba nomthelela omkhulu empucukweni yakamuva yaseMesoamerican njengama-Aztec namaMeya okukhulunywe ngawo ngenhla; ikakhulukazi mayelana nenkolo nezobuciko. Izindawo eziqhele ngamakhilomitha angama-700 zinezici zesiko lazo.

Inhlangano yezepolitiki yama-Olmecs

Ekuqaleni bekuyimiphakathi esebenza ngezolimo. Izimpucuko zokuqala ezahlala kuleli zwekazi zayeka ukuba yimihambima futhi zazinikela kwezolimo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, baqala ukuthuthukisa abantu babo ngokuzinikela okwengeziwe.

Ngokuzinza emapulazini abo futhi bahlukanise imisebenzi yabo, baqala uhlobo lwakudala lomphakathi olinganayo.Kunemibono emibili mayelana nenhlangano yezepolitiki yaleli qembu lomdabu. Kwesinye sazo, isakhiwo sezombangazwe nesenhlalo sahlanganiswa saba yinto eyodwa.

INHLANGANO YEZEPOLITIKI YE-OLMECS

Izinsiza zezolimo eziphathwayo ezisezingeni eliphezulu, amanzi kanye nezinkwali zamatshe ezokwakhiwa. Kwadalwa ukwakheka kwesigaba esilawula izinsiza.

Ithiyori yesibili iphakamisa ukuthi ama-elite aphuma emindenini ethole amapulazi angcono kakhulu, futhi ngaleyo ndlela athole ukulawula. Lapho sebephethe, kwavela abapristi.

Abapristi nezikhulu ezibusayo babefana ngokoqobo. Abapristi baguqukela ekubeni amashaman noma amakhosi abapristi abanamandla okucatshangwa ukuthi avela kuNkulunkulu. Kwasungulwa inkolo eyasekela amandla amashaman avela konkulunkulu.

inhlangano yezomnotho

Umsebenzi wabo omkhulu wezomnotho kwakuwukulima. Babenezitshalo ezinkulu zombila, ubhatata, ukwatapheya, ubhontshisi, ithanga namayam. Nakuba ngokuvamile babehlala emapulazini, bafika nasemsebenzini wokusika nokushisa.

Ama-Olmec ayehweba nge-basalt, irabha, amagobolondo, izitsha zobumba, nezinye izinto. Bakha ubudlelwano namadolobha ababehweba nawo, ngokwesibonelo, iMonte Albán neTeotihuacán.

INHLANGANO YEZEPOLITIKI YE-OLMECS

Izikhungo eziyinhloko zezomnotho zama-Olmec bekungamadolobha atholakala eSan Lorenzo, La Venta naseTres Zapotes. I-San Lorenzo ihlukaniswa njengendawo evundile, lapho kwakunezindawo zokutshala eziningi. Babesebenzisa imifula ukuze banisele futhi njengendlela yokuxhumana.

ILa Venta yabonakala njengendawo yokuhweba. Njengoba isogwini, kwakuyindawo yokudoba ebalulekile, futhi kwakukhona nezitshalo zenjoloba ne-cocoa.

Imikhiqizo yenjoloba yayisetshenziswa ezinye izimpucuko njengama-Aztec namaMeya. Endaweni yaseVenta kukhona nezimayini ze-basalt ezazisetshenziswa yibona.

Indawo yaseTres Zapotes yasetshenziswa ngesikhathi sika-400 BC. – 1500 AD Akukuningi okwaziwayo ngomnotho wayo, kodwa yindawo lapho kugcwele khona amathempeli. Kuphinde kwatholakala amatshe lapho ama-Olmec aqopha khona izinombolo zawo.

Inhlangano yomphakathi

Ama-Olmec aziwa ngokwenza amasiko ahlanganisa imihlatshelo yabantu. Futhi babenemisebenzi yezemidlalo ngamabhola enjoloba emvelo.

Amadolobha ase-Olmec, anjengeSan Lorenzo, ayenezindawo zokuhlala eziphakeme ezibusayo nezinye zabantu abaningi. Kwakungamathafa okwakuzokwakhiwa kuwo izindlu.

Isigaba esibusayo kanye namaciko kuthiwa abehlala edolobheni elinabantu ababalelwa enkulungwaneni, kanti indawo ezungezile inabantu ababalelwa ezinkulungwaneni eziyishumi.

Izindawo ezifana neLa Venta, ngaphezu kokuba ikoloni lababusi ababusayo kanye nezingcweti zezandla, zazisebenza njengendawo yokuhambela indawo engcwele noma njengendawo engcwele yokuhlonishwa.

Sekuyisikhungo esikhulu sokuhweba nokudoba. Kwakhiwa imibhoshongo emikhulu, enye yawo engamamitha angu-33 ukuphakama.

Bathuthukisa futhi baphoqelela izinkolelo zabo zenkolo nemakethe yabo ezindaweni ezizungezile, okwaholela ekungqubuzaneni nezinye izindawo zokuhlala. Imidwebo yamaqhawe ahlomile empini kanye nezikhali ezitholakele iwubufakazi balokhu.

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, isigaba senhlalakahle yabasebenzi sasihlala ngokuhlukana futhi siletha iminikelo emikhosini yenkolo emathempelini, lapho abapristi nozalo olubusayo babehlala khona.

Inkolo yayisekelwe enkolweni yezilwane, ezinye zazo ezimangalisayo, njengenyoka enamaphiko. Eminye imigede yayibhekwa njengezindawo ezingcwele. Ngokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ze-hallucinogenic, ezitholakala ezitshalweni ezithile, abapristi bangena ebuthongweni futhi baba nemibono yabo.

Lapho besabambe ongezansi, kuthiwa abapristi babekwazi ukulawula amandla emvelo, bahehe imvula futhi batshale izitshalo.” Unkulunkulu owayekhona kakhulu ngaleli siko kwakuyingxube yomuntu nejaguar. Lesi silwane sasihlonishwa kakhulu ngekhono laso elikhulu lokudla ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane.

Omunye wemidlalo yezenhlalo eyayidume kabi kwakuwumdlalo webhola, ofana nebhola likanobhutshuzwayo, owawudlalwa ezinkundleni ezicishe zilingane. Ezinhlangothini bekunezitebhisi kanti amaqembu abengakwazi ukuthinta ibhola ngezandla.

Ibhola lomdlalo belinzima impela, abanye babala ukuthi isisindo salo sasicishe sibe ngu-3 kg futhi ngenxa yalokho lalingase lidale umonakalo omkhulu uma lishaya umdlali.

Abadlali babegqoka izigqoko zokuzivikela, futhi ukaputeni weqembu elihluliwe wanikelwa konkulunkulu ukuze acele ukuba kuqhume izintaba-mlilo noma kungenzeki ukuzamazama komhlaba. Ukaputeni ophumelele udunyiswe kakhulu futhi waklonyeliswa, okwenze ubungozi bokudlala buthakazelisa.

Okutholwe kamuva nje kwemivubukulo kwembule ukuthi umbhalo we-Olmec ungumanduleli wamaglyphs amaningi aseMayan atholakala ngaphambilini.

Ngisho nomdwebo wenyoni enezinhlamvu eziphuma emlonyeni wayo usikhumbuza amabhaluni asetshenziswa namuhla ukuze amelele inkhulumomphendvulwano yabalingiswa.

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