Kulesi sigaba sizokwethula uhlaka lwalokhu Imanifesto yeqembu lamaKhomanisi, idokhumenti ebaluleke kakhulu futhi enethonya emlandweni wezwe wanamuhla. Hlala nathi!
I-manifesto enguqulweni yayo yesiJalimane
Isingeniso seManifesto yamaKhomanisi
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imibono yabo noma ukucabanga kwabo kwezombusazwe, noma ubani angavuma ukuthi Imanifesto yeqembu lamaKhomanisi ingenye yemifelandawonye yezepolitiki ebaluleke kakhulu kuwo wonke umlando futhi iyisici esibalulekile ukuqonda ingxenye yesibili yekhulu le-XNUMX nekhulu lama-XNUMX.
Ngiyabonga Imanifesto yeqembu lamaKhomanisi, konke ukuthuthuka kwemibono enjengobukhomanisi, i-socialism noma iMarxism kwakwaziwa. Zonke, ezisetshenziswa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yezenhlalo yezepolitiki nezomnotho noma imikhakha yokufunda, ziye zasiza ekuchazeni iqiniso ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngokusebenzisa izindlela zazo.
Ngonyaka we-1847 omunye wabameleli abaphezulu benhlangano yamaKhomanisi yangaleso sikhathi ezinhlangothini zeYurophu, wakholisa izazi zefilosofi ezimbalwa ezivelele ukuba zingene futhi lapho sezamukele, zabelwa umsebenzi wokubhala i-manifesto enemibono eyinhloko yobuKhomanisi. .
Ngenxa yokwabiwa komsebenzi kwatholakala ipheshana elinamakhasi angamashumi amabili nantathu leNhlangano YamaKhomanisi. Lo mbhalo washicilelwa ngoFebhuwari 21, 1848 eLondon, owadalwa nguKarl Marx noFriedrich Engels.
Isifinyezo sokuqukethwe kweManifesto yamaKhomanisi
Lokhu kubhala, okubizwa nangokuthi, idokhumenti-uhlelo lobukhomanisi besayensi, i Imanifesto yeqembu lamaKhomanisi, uLenin ubheka ukuthi kulotshwe ngokucacile nangokukhalipha okukhulu, umbono omusha wezwe uchazwe; ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo okungaguquki, okuhlanganisa indawo yokuphila komphakathi.
I-Dialectics, njengemfundiso ejulile futhi evamile kakhulu yentuthuko; ithiyori yomzabalazo wezigaba kanye nendima yomlando woguquko womhlaba weqembu labasebenzi, umdali womphakathi omusha wamaKhomanisi. Ku-Stalin, le-manifesto "ingoma yezingoma ze-Marxism".
Phakathi neminyaka yawo-1880 ithonya lomcabango kaMarx lakhula phakathi kwezinhlangano zabasebenzi kanye nokusakazwa kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi imanuwali yamaKhomanisi kwasabalala emhlabeni wonke.
Intshisekelo emsebenzini kaMarx yabamba futhi yakhula ngeqhaza lakhe ku-International Workers' Association phakathi kuka-1864 no-1872 kanye nokukhula kwamaqembu amabili angabasebenzi eJalimane asungulwa ngamalungu eNhlangano YamaKhomanisi. UMarx wayebhekwa njengomholi ovukela umbuso, owayesatshwa ohulumeni ngenxa yokuvikela kwakhe i-Paris Commune.
U-Engels wabhala isethulo esisha sokuvuselela umbhalo ngemuva kwezinguquko ze-1848, nakuba ungazange usakazwe ngokusemthethweni. Okungenani izinhlelo eziyisishiyagalolunye ngezilimi eziyisithupha zanyatheliswa kulesi sikhathi. Ungase futhi ube nesithakazelo esihlokweni esilandelayo mayelana izincwadi zesimanje.
Izahluko ze-manifesto yamaKhomanisi
El Imanifesto yeqembu lamaKhomanisi Yakhiwe izahluko ezine: 1) Abonxiwankulu kanye ne-proletariat; 2) Ama-proletarians namakhomanisi; 3) Izincwadi zeSocialist kanye nezamaKhomanisi; 4) Ubudlelwano bamaKhomanisi namaqembu aphikisayo ahlukene.
Isahluko I: The Bourgeoisie and Proletarians
Umbono kaMarx no-Engels, unikeza indlela emfushane yoshintsho lomlando womphakathi wezigqila ku-feudal, umzabalazo wezigaba njengomthetho oyisisekelo wokuthuthukiswa kwayo yonke imiphakathi ephikisanayo kanye ne-feudal yonxiwankulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, bahlaziya izimbangela zokuwa okungenakugwemeka konxiwankulu, ngenxa yamandla okungqubuzana kwabo kwangaphakathi okungenakulungiseka futhi banikeze ukubaluleka kwenhloso yokugcina yesigaba sabasebenzi: UbuKhomanisi.
Ukuchithwa konxiwankulu kanye nokunqoba kwe-proletariat, kubhala uMarx no-Engels, "akunakugwenywa ngokulinganayo". Baveza uhlobo oluthile lokungqubuzana: i-proletariat kufanele isuse indawo yonxiwankulu, osekudale uhlelo lwezomnotho oluminyanisa umphakathi.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi, ngaphandle kokungabaza nokuqinisekisa lokho osekubhaliwe, elinye lamandla obukhomanisi umqondo wokuzabalaza phakathi konxiwankulu kanye neqembu labasebenzi. Kufanele kuqinisekiswe ukuthi kulo mzabalazo, i-proletariat kufanele iqede onxiwankulu, asebedale uhlelo lwezomnotho olucisha umphakathi.
El Imanifesto yeqembu lamaKhomanisi ubeka isisekelo futhi utusa ukuthi ngenxa yalokhu, kumele benze uguquko olugcina ngohlelo olumisiwe futhi ngaleyo ndlela bakwazi ukwakha uhulumeni wobukhomanisi ophatha i-proletariat ngendlela efanele.
Isahluko II: AmaProletarians namaKhomanisi
Lesi sahluko sigxile ekuchazeni okuyisisekelo kwendima yeQembu LamaKhomanisi, njengokwakheka okungenakuhlukaniswa kwesigaba sabasebenzi kanye neqembu elihamba phambili, kanye nencazelo kanye nokwethulwa kohlelo lweQembu LamaKhomanisi. Inhlosongqangi yohlelo lomzabalazo olulandelwa amakhomanisi ithi:
- Ukunyamalala kwempahla yangasese ngenxa yezindlela zokukhiqiza kanye nokuphoqelelwa kwempahla yomphakathi, lapho kuzovulwa khona wonke amathuba okuthuthukiswa kwamahhala komuntu kanye nokuchuma kwesiko nesayensi.
- Ubudlelwano bezomnotho nezenhlalo buyozuzwa kuphela ngenguquko yamakhomanisi, okubangela uguquko olukhulu ebukhoneni benhlalo kanye nasekuqapheleni kwabantu.
ULenin wabuye wathi ku-manifesto kutholakala isithako “somunye wemibono ephawuleka kakhulu nebaluleke kakhulu ye-Marxism enkingeni yombuso, okungukuthi, ubushiqela beqembu labasebenzi. Isinyathelo sokuqala soguquko lwabasebenzi, bhala uMarx no-Engels, ukuguqulwa kweqembu labasebenzi libe yisigaba esibusayo.
Isahluko III: Imibhalo yeSocialist kanye neCommunist
Kulesi sahluko kukhona ukugxekwa okujulile kwezinhlobonhlobo ze-socialist, non-proletarian, ukubonakaliswa kanye nemisinga eyaba khona ngaphambi kokubhalwa kwe-manifesto yamakhomanisi nangesikhathi sokubhalwa nokulungiswa kwayo.
Isahluko IV: Ubudlelwano bamakhomanisi namaqembu aphikisayo ahlukene
Kulesi sahluko sokugcina se-manifesto singathola izisekelo zesu namaqhinga eQembu LamaKhomanisi. Kukhombisa ukuthi amaKhomanisi aseka, ngaphandle kokungabaza, noma yimuphi umbutho woguquko obhekiswe kuhulumeni okhona wezepolitiki nezenhlalo, ngisho nomzabalazo ongenamibandela wokulwa nonxiwankulu kanye nokuphikisana nobufeudalism.
Kodwa-ke, amakhomanisi awalokothi akhohlwe umbuzo obalulekile: ukwakha, phakathi kwabasebenzi, unembeza ohlanzekile mayelana nokuphikiswa kwengcindezelo kwe-proletariat kanye nonxiwankulu.
Efuna kuwo wonke amagumbi lapho okungavela khona, inyunyana kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwamandla entando yeningi kuwo wonke amazwe, amakhomanisi amemezela ngokuzwakalayo ukuthi izinhloso zawo zingafezwa kuphela ngokuketulwa ngendluzula kwawo wonke umbuso okhona kuze kube namuhla.
Emshweni noma ocingweni ophetha ngalo i-manifesto yamakhomanisi: "AbaProletarian bawo wonke amazwe: hlanganani!", kumenyezelwa uhlamvu lwamazwe ngamazwe lwenhlangano yamaKhomanisi.
Ukunqoba kweSocialism ku-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics - i-USSR, eholwa yiqembu lika-Lenin-Stalin, yaletha ukunqoba okukhulu kwemibono ebekwe nguMarx no-Engels kulo mqulu, ibhukwana kanye nomhlahlandlela weNguquko yamaKhomanisi.
Isimo sengqondo samaKhomanisi maqondana namanye amaqembu aphikisayo
Njengoba lokhu kuyindikimba eyisisekelo yesahluko, umbono noma umbono uzonikezwa ngezansi: Uma umbuso wobushiqela we-proletariat ufakiwe, ngeke kwenzeke ukuthi kutholwe elinye iqembu ngaphandle kweKhomanisi, njengoba kungekho ukuvuleleka umqondo ohlukile kulowo osungulwe yiqembu, okungukuthi, nakuba i-proletariat yenze uguquko lokususa uhulumeni wangaphambili kanye nesistimu yawo, uma ubuKhomanisi sebumisiwe, ngeke kube nolunye uhlobo lukahulumeni.
UMarx no-Engels
Imibono esemqoka ye-Communist Manifesto
Uma sicabangela ukuthi ukubuyekezwa kwezahluko zencwadi ebaluleke kangaka yenziwe, singagqamisa futhi sifingqe ukuthi elinye lamaphuzu abaluleke kakhulu ale ncwadi ngokungangabazeki imibono ebekwe kuyo, okuyimicabango kaMarx uqobo leyo eyavezwa kule ncwadi. . Imibono esemqoka yomsebenzi ngakho-ke yemicabango kaMarxist yilena:
- Umphakathi okhona ezweni ngalinye unikezwa noma wakhiwe ngendlela yokukhiqizwa kwalelo zwe, okungukuthi, ubudlelwano balo bezenhlalakahle butholakala ebudlelwaneni balo bezomnotho.
- Izigaba zezenhlalakahle ezivela ngemva kokuhlanganiswa kwemodeli yenhlalo-mnotho esekelwe kwezohwebo azilingani neze, amandla asele ezandleni zeqembu elincane kakhulu, kuyilapho abantu abaningi bexhashazwa, kusukela owokuqala ungumnikazi wezinto zokukhiqiza, nalapho eyesibili iwasebenza.
- Izakhiwo ezizimele zizoqedwa uma i-proletariat izihlela ukuqala ukulwela amalungelo ayo, yenza uguquko lwangempela oluqeda uhlelo olumisiwe lwezenhlalo nezomnotho ukuze kufinyelelwe imodeli yamakhomanisi, lapho wonke umuntu ethola ngokulinganayo. Lokhu kuzoqeda ukuphela kokubusa konxiwankulu.
Ekuqaleni, lapho uMarx echaza inkolelo-mbono yakhe, wayedinga onxiwankulu futhi kwakufanele kube umngane ophephile, ngoba njengomnikazi wezindlela zokukhiqiza futhi, ngakho-ke, wamandla omnotho, wayedinga usizo lwabo ukuze enze uguquko olwaluzokwenza. kuphele nohulumeni baseYurophu, lapho amakhosi nezicukuthwane babenamandla onke.
Kusho ukuthi-ke, nakuba ekuqaleni sizothola inyunyana yabasebenzi kanye nonxiwankulu ukuze kuqedwe uhlelo olwalusungulwe ngaphambili olungazuzi lutho kubo, kamuva kwabonakala kubo ngokucacile ukuthi ubuhlobo phakathi kwabo buyini. omunye nomunye kufanele kube, befulathela ekugcineni badale uhulumeni weqiniso wamakhomanisi.
izincwadi zamakhomanisi
Njengoba kuvamile kuyo yonke imicabango yezombangazwe nanoma yimuphi omunye umkhuba wokuthandwa nokuthandwayo ekuphileni, umbono wamaKhomanisi uzothola inqwaba yabalandeli. Laba bazozakhela ezabo izincwadi ngemibono evela ku-Marx futhi kamuva ne-Engels.
Ngokungafani nezinye izimo, lezi zincwadi zazichichima kakhulu kulo lonke elaseYurophu nase-USA kwaze kwaba maphakathi neMpi Yezwe II, umzuzu lapho ubukhomanisi baqala ukubonakala njengobubi obukhulu. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi sizothola iqoqo elikhulu lezincwadi ezizozama ukuchaza izinhlelo zezomnotho ezehlukene eziye zaba khona phakathi namakhulu eminyaka nokuthi lesi sikhathi somlando sifinyelelwe kanjani.
Abaphikisi be-manifesto yamakhomanisi
Esikhundleni sokuxoxa ngokuthi iziphetho zikaMarxist ziyafiseleka yini, sizobonisa kuphela ukuthi iziphetho zakhe zingahambelani kanjani nendawo yakhe kanye neqiniso elingokoqobo.
Ngeke kukhulunywe ngokwehluleka komlando kwamaphrojekthi kaMarxist, ngaphandle kokubeka izaba ezinjengokuthi “kwakungeyona inhlalakahle yangempela”. Sizohlasela izinsika ezibalulekile ukuze sicabangele inkolelo-mbono yezomnotho «Marxist»: ngaphandle kokuzisekela, ukuzibiza ngokuthi Marxist akwenzi mqondo, ngale kwe-nostalgia okumsulwa (okuyinto engaqondakali kahle).
1. Ithiyori yamaholo
Kufanele kubhekwe ukubaluleka kokuthi kukholelwa ukuthi ubunxiwankulu buthanda ukuwa, kungenxa yethiyori yabo yamaholo. Okungukuthi, i-Marxism njengenkolelo-mbono yezomnotho isekelwe ephutheni elilandelayo: “UMarx wayecabanga ukuthi izisebenzi kunxiwankulu zaziyothola kuphela amaholo anele ukuze zihlangabezane nezidingo eziyisisekelo kakhulu zokuphila.
UMarx wachaza kabanzi ukuthi kungani ebheka le nqubo njengengenakugwenywa. I-capitalism ngokuqinisekile iyobangela, ngamaholo, ukubhujiswa kwayo siqu isimo sakhe sengqondo esimelene nesayensi: esikhundleni sokufinyelela eziphethweni nasekuhlaziyeni kwakhe, uMarx wafinyelela isiphetho esasiwufanelekela kangcono umbono wakhe futhi kamuva wachitha iminyaka engamashumi amabili kuphela efuna ukuziphendulela .
Umbono ucacile: noma yikuphi ukuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe noma imfundo kuyohlale iletha inani eliningi elingaphezulu, iholo ngeke libe ngaphezulu. Osomabhizinisi bazosebenzisa ukuncishiswa kwamaholo njengesikhali phakathi kwabo ukuze bancelane, bagxilise imali enkulu (ebudlelwaneni phakathi kwalokhu nezinga lenzuzo, kuzodingeka iposi elihlukile).
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amaholo azokwehla kuze kube yilapho ukwehla kancane kuzobulala isisebenzi sibulawe yindlala: ubuncane bokuphila. Ngakho, lolu hlelo ngokwalo luzoholela abasebenzi esimweni esibi kangangokuthi bazohlubuka, badedele inhlalakahle.
Njengoba ngemva kweminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa inkokhelo ye-Manifesto yanda, u-Lenin wanquma ukuthi lokhu akusho ukuthi uMarx wayenephutha (akusekho), kodwa ukuthi kwakuyi-anomaly ebangelwa 'ukuxhashazwa okukhulu' yamakholoni.
2. Ubunikazi bezinto zokukhiqiza
I-Marxism igxilisa umbono wakho womhlaba kubunikazi bezindlela zokukhiqiza (MDP); konke okunye kuphambene noguquko. Idemokhrasi yezenhlalakahle ephakamisa ukuthi kugxilwe ekungalinganini kwemali engenayo kanye nengcebo (okungukuthi, ukuthi abacebile nabampofu esikhundleni sonxiwankulu nabasebenzi) usolwa ngokubukeza kabusha.
Uma inkinga bekungeyona yesakhiwo, esizindeni, ubunxiwankulu bebungaguqulwa futhi uguquko lube kungenasidingo. Esikhundleni sokuzijabulisa ngendlela yokukhiqiza, bekuyokwanela ukusabalalisa kabusha izithelo zabo.
3. Intshisekelo yekilasi
Kulesi sigaba kuzocaciswa ukuthi lokhu kuphakamisa kanjani iphutha eliphindwe kathathu. Kusuka kungqondongqondo yezomnotho ye-Game Theory, abanikazi nabangebona abanikazi abanayo inhloso, izithakazelo ezifanayo neziphikisanayo. Ake sibone ukuthi kungani:
- Uma intshisekelo yesigaba sonxiwankulu ingeyabanikazi futhi intshisekelo yesigaba sabasebenzi ileyalabo abangebona abanikazi, isigaba sangaphambilini sibeka inkinga esobala lapha: okusele kuyinhloso yesigaba sabasebenzi uma umhlaba ungonxiwankulu?
- Uma noma yisiphi isisebenzi esingonxiwankulu singaphila ngokubi kakhulu ngaphansi kwesocialism, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sikubheka njengokungenzeleli ngokwemibono, iyiphi inzalo efanayo izikhulu zabasebenzi ezingaba nazo neqembu labasebenzi?
- Kungenzeka ukuthi abasebenzi bangaphila kanzima ngaphansi kwesocialism (futhi okuphambene kwenzeka konxiwankulu abathile abancane, njengabazisebenzelayo), yikuphi ukuphikisa okusalayo uma kukhona abasebenzi abanezimfuno ezimelene noguquko kanye nonxiwankulu abanezintshisekelo ezimelene nonxiwankulu?
Konke lokhu kugcizelela okusobala, kusekelwe ukuhlaziya “kubanikazi” kanye “nabangebona abanikazi” ukuze kuthiwe ukuguqula ubunxiwankulu akunakwenzeka, kudala izinkinga kuphela. Ngokuphambene nokukhuluma ngabacebile nabampofu, njengoba kuphakanyiswe ama-Social Democrats (okuthe umugqa oqinile weMarxism-Leninism owaqothula, nomaphi lapho ayengakwazi khona).
Njengokungathi lokho akwanele, njengoba uJosé Luis Ferreira ebonisa, iMarxism iwuchaza kabi umqondo womzabalazo wezigaba. Kusukela embonweni wakhe oyiphutha 'wezithakazelo', uwela ekusebenzeni (okuyinto uLenin ngokwakhe ayezoyigcizelela emashumini eminyaka kamuva), ukuthi kulungele iqembu elithile ukwenza ngendlela ethile akusho ukuthi lizokwenza kanjalo.
4. Ithiyori Yokuxhashazwa
Ubunzima obufanayo bendlela yokwenza izinto obaholela ama-Marxism kulawa maphutha amathathu angenhla nawo abonakala enzondweni yawo yothando yegama elithi "ukuxhaphaza." Sizobona izinkinga ezivezwa ukuliqonda njengokuthi “ukukhiqiza lapho isisebenzi singasitholi isithelo esigcwele somsebenzi waso” (inani elingaphezulu liyingxenye engasitholi).
Ngaphambi kokungena kulokhu, kufanelekile ukucacisa ukuthi uMarx wayehlale ekhuluma ngokuxhashazwa ngenkani. Okungukuthi, enye indlela yokuxhashazwa kwaba ukulamba.
Kodwa-ke, lokhu ‘kungahloniphi’ kuyisimo esingadingekile: ukube bekuneholo eliyisisekelo eliqinisekisa ukondleka, ingabe labo abanquma ukusebenza babengathola isithelo esigcwele semizamo yabo? Ngokusobala akunjalo. Onxiwankulu bazoqhubeka nokugcina inani elisele (ngokusho kwenqubo kaMarxist). Ngakho-ke kuzoba nokuxhashazwa, noma ngabe bekungaphoqelelwa.
Esinye isitatimende esingelona iqiniso sizungeza umqondo wokuphathwa kwebhizinisi. Abaningi bakaMarx bakholelwa ukuthi usomabhizinisi akenzi lutho nhlobo. Iphutha elikhulu!, osomnotho abakhulu baseSoviet njengoNikolai Bukharin bangabonisa. Kuthatha ubungozi, kwabela imali, futhi kuhlele abasebenzi. Lelo yigalelo lakhe ekukhiqizeni.
Ikomidi labasebenzi lingayinakekela (yize ukwenza kanjalo kunganciphisa ukukhiqiza kwabo), kodwa kubalulekile ukuthi umuntu asebenze njengosomabhizinisi. UMarx akambizi ngomxhaphazi ngokuthola okuthile ngaphandle kokunikela ngalutho, kodwa ngokugcina lokho abanye abanikela ngakho (ngaphezu kwalokho akunikelayo). Umehluko ocashile. Uma usithandile lesi sihloko, ngikumema ukuthi uvakashele Umuzi nezinja Incwadi kaMario Vargas Llosa.