UFrancisco Villa, owaziwa kangcono ngePancho Villa, ubeyingxenye yeNguquko yaseMexico. Wayengomunye wabalingiswa abakhulu abavumele ukunqoba ngokumelene noMongameli Victoriano Huerta ukuba kuzuzwe.
Pancho Villa
Abaningi bayazibuzaYayingubani iPancho Villa? Njengoba engumlingiswa obaluleke kakhulu ekunqobeni okuhleliwe kweNguquko yaseMexico ngokumelene noMongameli u-Victoriano Huerta.
Lo mlingisi wazalelwa eSan Juan Río Durango eMexico, ngoJuni 5, 1878, njengoJosé Doroteo Arango Arámbula. Ngemuva kwezenzo zakhe zokuguquguquka waziwa ngelikaFrancisco Villa futhi ikakhulukazi ngePancho Villa yakhe ekhohlisayo.
UPancho Villa uchithe ingxenye yempilo yakhe eRío Grande hacienda, manje osekuyiLa Coyotada, eSan Juan del Río. Ukushona kwakhe kwafika lapho kucashelwe khona e-Hidalgo de Parral Chihuahua ngoJulayi 20, 1923. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, waqanjwa ngokuthi u-El Centauro del Norte, ngemva kokwenza izenzo zobuqhawe lapho kuxolelwa iNguquko yaseMexico.
Ungumlingiswa obalulekile ngenxa yezenzo zakhe ngoba ukwazile ukubizwa nge-Commander of the Northern Division. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, ubeyingxenye ye-caudillos eyakha iqembu eliseChihuahua. Kungemva kwengcebo yezimayini kanye nokuba seduze kwe-United States, lapho iPancho Villa ikwazile ukubala ngezinsizakusebenza eziningi.
Wagqama njengombusi wesikhashana wesifunda sasenyakatho kusukela ngo-1913 kuya ku-1914. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi akazange athathwe njengokufanelekela ukuba yingxenye yePantheon yamaqhawe azalelwa eMexico kwaze kwaba yiminyaka engamashumi amabili ngemva kokubulawa kwakhe.
Njengamanje, izenzo zakhe zomlando zihlonishwe abantu baseMexico futhi nasezicini ezithile isiko laseMelika lincoma izenzo zakhe zoguquko. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, izenzo zakhe zamholela ekubeni abe umlingiswa ovelele wemvelaphi yaseMexico emhlabeni jikelele.
Pancho Villa nabalandeli bakhe
AmaVillistas, okwakungabalandeli bePancho Villa, ngokusebenzisa amaqhinga ashiwo, athatha indawo yabanikazi bomhlaba, ngenhloso yokuyihlukanisa phakathi kwabalimi namasosha asenyakatho.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, bacathamela izitimela ngombono wokukhulisa imali edingekayo ezobavumela ukuthi bakhokhele izinhlangano zamavukelambuso ezazihlelwe ngenhloso yokuketula owayengumongameli wangaleso sikhathi. Uma uthanda izihloko ezinjengalezi, ungayeki ukufunda Biography of Jose Vasconcelos.
Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi isizinda iPancho Villa ekwazile ukuyithola ezindaweni ezisenyakatho yeMexico sahlakazeka ngo-1915. Lokhu kwakungenxa yokuthi wahlulwa eCelaya nase-Agua Prieta ngu-Álvaro Obregón noPlutarco Elías Calles.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi ngo-1816, uJohn J. Pershing wazama ukubamba umbhikisho, kodwa akazange abe nethuba lokwenza kanjalo. Lo mcimbi weza nama-corridos azwakalise ukubaluleka kokuthi kubhekiselwe ezenzweni ezenziwa yilowo owayezoba uMkhuzi wamasosha ase-United States ngeMpi Yezwe Yokuqala.
Izakhi zomlando wePancho Villa
Ngokusho kwe- I-biography ka-pancho villa, umsuka walo mlingisi kungenxa yezinto ezilandelayo:
Umbaleki
Kuthiwa uJosé Doroteo Arango waba umbaleki emthethweni ngemva kokwenza ubugebengu ngo-1894. Njengoba ayengomunye wamadodana kaLaureano López Negrete odumile, owayengumnikazi we-Sombreretillo hacienda. Endaweni lapho lo mlingisi esebenza khona, wadlwengula udadewabo omncane. Isimo esaholela uJosé Doroteo Arango ukuba abulale indodana yomnikazi futhi abalekele ezintabeni.
Wayesinda endaweni enobutha, waze wathola ukwesekwa eqenjini lezigelekeqe umholi walo owayebizwa ngokuthi uFrancisco Villa. Lezi zazimnikeza ukudla nendawo yokuhlala ayeyidinga.
Isimo esaholela uJosé Doroteo Arango ukuthi asebenze neqembu labaphangi. U-Arango wayeyindoda ethembeke ngokuphelele kumqashi wakhe. Ngakho, wenza ukuba amethembe. Ngemva kokufa kwenhloko yeqembu lama-bandit, uthatha umyalo. Okuholele ekutheni aguqule igama lakhe abe nguFrancisco Villa, ehlonipha umphathi wakhe wangaphambili.
Ngemva kwesikhashana bafika e-hacienda lapho kwakusebenza khona u-Arango. Yingakho umlamu kamufi enquma ukuzama ukumbulala. Kodwa manje ebizwa ngokuthi uFrancisco Villa, ukwazile ukukwenza ngaphambili. Konke lokhu kwaholela uPancho Villa neqembu lakhe ukuba babe abavikeli besigaba esithandwayo, ngaleso sikhathi ababephathwa njengezigqila.
Luis Ferman Gurrola
Enye indaba ehlobene negama lePancho Villa ukuthi umlingisi empeleni wayeyindodana kaLuis Ferman Gurrola, njengoba unina wayeyinceku yakhe nomkakhe. Kodwa ngenxa yesimo, le ndoda yanquma ukungayiboni indodana yayo.
Ngemva kwalesi simo, umama uhlongoza ukumbhapathiza ngo-Agustín Arango, owayeyindodana kaDon Jesús Villa. Yini eyaholela ekutheni umfana athathe isibongo sikamkhulu wakhe, azibize ngoFrancisco Villa.
Jesus Villa
Enye yezindaba mayelana nePancho Villa ibonisa ukuthi unina wayenesibongo sika-Arango futhi wayenobudlelwane noJesús Villa, owafika ngemva kokuhlala eSan Gabriel, eJalisco esifundazweni saseDurango. Ngemuva kwezikhathi zabo zothando, u-Arango uyazalwa.
Ngokwale ndaba, akwaziwa ngempela ukuthi kungani uJesús Villa engazange ayinike indodana yakhe u-Agustín Arango isibongo sakhe. Ngemva kwesikhathi, u-Agustín washada noMicaela Arámbula futhi uJosé Doroteo Arango wazalwa othandweni lwabo. Ungayeki ukufunda izindatshana ezifana nalesi esivuliwe I-Hispanic American Literature.
Ngemuva kwemicimbi, uJosé Doroteo unquma ukuthatha isibongo sikamkhulu wakhe futhi aziqambe kabusha ngokuthi uFrancisco Villa, ngenhloso yokufihla ukuthi wayengubani ngempela. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi izenzo zoguquko ezakhuthazwa yiPancho Villa zenziwa eminyakeni yakhe yokuqala.
Iningi lezenzo ezihlelwe umfana zenziwa esifundazweni saseChihuahua, insimu esenyakatho yezwe lama-Aztec. Inhloso yePancho Villa njalo kwakuwukubekela eceleni ukuhlukunyezwa okwakuhlelwe abanikazi bomhlaba ngokumelene nabalimi babo. Ngenhloso yokuketula bonke ababeyingxenye yamandla omphakathi wombuso owawukuwo.
Ubugebengu
Ngesinye isikhathi empilweni yePancho Villa kwaba nokucekelwa phansi kwempahla. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi waba yingxenye yeqembu lezigebengu elaliholwa ngu-Ignacio Parra. Kuthiwa walishiya leli qembu ngesikhathi uJosé Solís, naye owayeyingxenye yeqembu, ebulala ikhehla ngaphandle kwesizathu.
UPancho Villa ngemuva kwalesi senzo wanquma ukushiya leso sigaba sempilo yakhe futhi ayosebenza emayini yase-El Verde. Ngokufanayo, maqondana nomsebenzi wokwakha okhuthazwa eChihuahua.
Ngemva kwesikhashana, amaphoyisa acela ikhanda lakhe futhi iPancho Villa yanquma ukuya ezintabeni ukuze isebenze njengesela lezinkomo.
Ukungena kuRevolution
Ngo-1910 iPancho Villa inquma ukujoyina ukunyakaza komsuka weMaderista. Ngokwalokho okuqoshwa umlando, wazivumela ukuba athathwe umlingani wakhe u-Eleuterio Soto. Ngemuva kwalokho, waxhunyaniswa nakakhulu ngo-Abraham González, owayenobudlelwano bezentengiselwano nePancho Villa.
Ngesikhathi eqala inqubo yakhe njengenguquko, i-Pancho Villa yayimane nje i-rustler. Ngakho-ke, babengambiza ngomshokobezi ngaphandle kwesizathu. Lokhu kuyashintsha lapho i-Villa ihlangana no-Abraham González, ngaleso sikhathi owayengummeleli wezepolitiki kaFrancisco I Madero eChihuahua.
UGonzález waba isibonelo esihle kuVilla ukuba asilandele, njengoba wamkhuthaza ukuba afunde imfundo eyisisekelo, eyamenza waqonda izwe lezombangazwe. Isimo esamvumela ukuthi aguqule umbono ayenawo ngomhlaba futhi ngaphezu kwawo wonke umsebenzi omubi owenziwa yilabo abaphethe ngenxa yesimo sabo somnotho.
Konke lokhu kwamshukumisela ukuba ahlasele i-Cavaría hacienda ngoNovemba 17, 1910. Ngemva kwalokhu waqala ukufuna abantu ababezokwakha amabutho azohlanganyela ekuvukeleni umbuso.
Ukungqubuzana kwezikhali
I-Pancho Villa yagqama ngezenzo zayo empini ehlomile yaseMaderista. UPosition wayengusomaqhinga ohleleke kakhulu. Konke okwalethwa uguquko lwaseMaderista nakho kwaveza eVilla ubuhlakani obuvelele bezempi namasu.
Ngokwesibonelo, eTecolote, wanquma ukukhohlisa amasosha kaNavarro ngokubeka amasosha akhe izigqoko ezinezigxobo emakhanda awo. Konke lokhu ngenhloso yokukhiqiza umuzwa wokuthi kwakuyiqembu lenqwaba enkulu.
Ngaphezu kwakho konke, ubengumlingiswa ovelele ezimpini ezaziseSan Andrés, Santa Isabel, Ciudad Camargo, Las Escobas nase-Estación Bauche. Ukuqeda amabutho ka-Manuel García Pueblita.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, wayeyingxenye yamasosha anqoba impi enkulu kakhulu yenguquko eyayiholwa nguPascual Orozco. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, wazama ukuqeda impilo kaJuan Navarro naphezu kokuthi uFrancisco I. Madero akazange avumelane nempi yaseCiudad Juárez.
I-Pancho Villa yaba ngomunye wabokuqala ukuba yingcweti kwezitimela ezazimvumela ukuba athwale izinto ezinkulu ezazisebenzela iNorthern Division.
Isigaba sokuqala
Ukuhlasela kokuqala okugqugquzelwe yiPancho Villa kwahlelwa eChihuahua kodwa akuzange kuphumelele. Ngakho-ke, ngemva kwalokho, uyakwazi ukunqoba Ciudad Juárez. Kwakungowe-1910 okubonisa ukuthi uFrancisco I Madero uqotho ngokuphelele. U-Post unquma ukwenqaba isiphakamiso sika-Pascual Orozco, njengoba wayehlela ukukhaphela.
I-Pancho Villa yanquma ukuthatha izikhali, ngenhloso yokuvikela uhulumeni waseMadero. Wayeyingxenye yezimpi zeFederal North Division, lapho anqoba khona uVictoriano Huerta.
Ubeyingxenye yezimpi zaseTlahualilo, eSierra de Banderas, eConejos naseRellano. Ngenxa yezenzo zakhe empini, ukhushulelwa esikhundleni sokuba ngu-brigadier general ohlonishwayo. Konke lokhu, njengoba ehlele amasu afana noHlelo lwaseGuadalupe.
Waxhumana nabalingiswa abafana noTomás Urbina, Rosalío Hernández, Toribio Ortega Ramírez, Victoriano Huerta kanye noManuel Chao, ezimpini eziningi. Lezi zinhlamvu azizange zithembe iPancho Villa, ngoba wayengelona isosha lomsebenzi futhi imibono yakhe yayingafani.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, izinsolo zabaningi ayehamba nabo empini zazihlobene nezenzo ezifana nokwebiwa kwensikazi, okwaholela ekutheni ajeziswe ngokungalaleli. Isimo esifike naso sokuthi bazame ukumdubula.
KwakunguMadero owanquma ukusindisa impilo kaPancho Villa ngokungenelela komfowabo uRaúl kanye noGuillermo Rubio Navarrete. Konke lokhu kwabangela ukuba abelwe eMexico City, okwathi ngemva kwalokho waboshwa eSantiago Tlatelolco.
ikhefu lasejele
Ngesikhathi uPancho Villa ehlala eboshiwe, waba nethuba lokuhlangana noGildardo Magaña Cerda. Lo mlingiswa wayebaluleke kakhulu empilweni kaVilla, ngoba nguye owamsiza ukuthi azifundise, athuthukise imibono nezinjongo zakhe ngokusekelwe kwezolimo.
Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi kwakungo-1912 lapho iPancho Villa, ngenxa kaCarlos Jáuregui, yeqa ejele. Ngemuva kwesenzo sakhe, unquma ukuthuthela eGuadalajara naseManzanillo. Ngakho konke lokhu, uyakwazi ukufinyelela e-El Paso, eTexas.
Kufanele kukhulunywe ukuthi kwakunguMbusi uJosé María Maytorena owabambisana ukuze aqhubeke nokuphunyuka, enikeza imali kuPancho Villa. NgoFebruary nangoMarch 1913, uFrancisco I. Madero no-Abraham González babulawa, lokhu kwaholela ekubeni iPancho Villa iphinde ithathe izikhali. Konke lokhu ngenhloso yokuqeda uhulumeni kaVictoriano Huerta.
Ikhwelo elenziwe nguCoahuila Venustiano Carranza lalandela, ngenhloso yokuvukela uhulumeni. Kanjalo kwakha lokho okubizwa ngokuthi impi yasenyakatho. I-Pancho Villa yaphinde yasekelwa uMbusi uJosé María Maytorena
Kungenxa yalokhu ukuthi weqa umngcele phakathi kwe-United States neMexico ngaphandle kwezinkinga ezinkulu, ukuze afike futhi aphephele eChihuahua. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi iPancho Villa yaqala ukusebenzisana nayo enhlanganweni elwela amalungelo omthethosisekelo ngamadoda ayisishiyagalolunye kuphela avuna yona.
Isigaba sesibili
Kwakungobusuku bangoNovemba 15, 1913, lapho iPancho Villa kanye namabutho akhe banquma ukuhlasela amabutho amasosha asemthethweni, ayelele futhi ephumule ezindlini zokugembula.
Kungemva kwalesi senzo lapho u-Villa namadoda akhe bakwazi khona ukunqoba futhi bawine ama-barracks, amabhuloho amazwe ngamazwe, izinkundla zomjaho, izindlu zokudlala kanye nekomkhulu lezikhali. Amaqhinga okulwa amholela ekutheni aklonyeliswe nguMadero, amnikeze isikhundla sokuba nguColonel.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, wahlanganisa amasu futhi waqhubeka nokuhlasela iCasas Grandes kanye noCiudad Juárez, zombili ezingaphansi kwesifunda saseChihuahua. Konke lokhu futhi ngoNovemba wonyaka we-1913.
Kufanele kukhulunywe ukuthi ngemva kwakho konke lokhu, i-Northern Division ye-Constitutional Army Army yasungulwa. Lapho abalingiswa u-Toribio Ortega Ramírez, Rodolfo Fierro, Juan Medina, Maclovio Herrera, Tomás Urbina kanye noManuel Chao bagqama khona. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi leli qembu elisha liqoke iPancho Villa General in Chief.
NgoJanuwari 10, 1914, uyakwazi ukuthola amandla edolobha lase-Ojinaga. Konke lokhu kwavumela i-Villa ukuthi kube nguyena olawula yonke indawo eyayisenyakatho-ntshonalanga yesifunda saseChihuahua.
I-Villa njengoMbusi
Wathuthuka ngaphansi kwesikhathi esifushane kakhulu njengombusi wesikhashana weChihuahua. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi nguyena owayelawula imiyalo eyayishiwo umbusi kaManuel Chao. Laba bakamuva babeqokwe njengombusi nguVenustiano Carranza.
Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi ngenkathi esebenza njengombusi, uPancho Villa waqhubeka nokuphrinta izikweletu namashidi anezinhlangothi ezimbili. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, wahlela ukuzisingatha ngaphansi kwezingxenye zikahulumeni, lapho ayesingatha khona izindaba ezihlobene ne-telegraph nojantshi wesitimela.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, waqala ukujezisa abaseSpain ababevuna uVictoriano Huerta. Ngokufanayo, wayephethe ukuvula kabusha i-Scientific and Literary Institute. Wakha cishe izikole ezingamashumi amathathu futhi wasungula ibhange lombuso. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi ngesikhathi sakhe sokuphumula wayezifundisa ngokufunda nokubhala.
Isigaba sesithathu
Isigaba esisenyakatho sasiyingxenye yempi yaseZacatecas, eyavumela ukunqotshwa kukaGeneral Luis Medina Barrón. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi umehluko waba nesikhala sokuvala isivumelwano ngemuva kwesivumelwano saseTorreón, esenzelwe uJulayi 8, 1914.
Abalingiswa abakhulu balesi sivumelwano bekuyingxenye yenyakatho nebutho Lezempi laseNyakatho-ntshonalanga. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi iPancho Villa yenziwa samuntu ngabathile abanjengoManuel Bonilla noJosé Isabel Robles.
Ngenxa yenqubo, kwabekwa ukuthi iPancho Villa kumele ixolise kuVenustiano Carranza. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi wayesengumphathi wokuqala. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, iPancho Villa, yanikezwa isikhundla sokuba yi-Division General.
Konke lokhu kuholele ekutheni uVilla amukele uCarranza ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, okwamholela ekutheni abambe iNgqungquthela yojenene nababusi abaguquguqukayo. Le nqubo yokufuna ukubamba ukhetho bese sisebenzisa uhlelo lukahulumeni olungcono kakhulu.
Izivumelwano azamukelwanga ngokugcwele
Zonke izivumelwano ezishiwo azizange zemukelwe ngokugcwele yinoma yiliphi izinhlangothi zombili zezombusazwe. Ngenkathi lokhu kwenziwa ngamabutho enguquko u-Huerta wanqotshwa. Efinyelela lokho ngo-July 15, 1914, uHuerta wesula esikhundleni sakhe sikahulumeni.
Ukunqoba okuzuziwe akuzange kuvumele ubudlelwano phakathi kwePancho Villa kanye noVenustiano Carranza ukuthi bube buhle. Konke lokhu kwadalwa njengoba uCarranza ebheka isithunzi se-Villa njengesigebengu njengesidelelekile. Ngakho-ke, uCarranza akazange abheke isigaba esisenyakatho njengebaluleke ngempela, futhi akazange abone iPancho Villa njengojenene walolu phiko.
Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi u-Obregón wayefuna ukubamba ingqungquthela nePancho Villa, kodwa ngenkathi ecela lokhu, wafuna ukuhlasela amabutho akhe. U-Villa wathola izinhloso zika-Obregón. Ngakho-ke, umfelandawonye osolwayo awufikanga ndawo, okuholele ekutheni iPancho Villa iyale ukuthi u-Obregón adutshulwe.
Ebhekene nalesi simo, uSerrano noRaúl Madero bafuna ukungenelela no-Obregón, okuvumela izimo eziboniswe yi-Villa zamukelwe. Okukwazi ukumenza abaleke ephila eChihuahua.
Isivumelwano asizange samukelwe nguVenustiano Carranza, okwaholela uPancho Villa ukuba alawule ukuphishekela u-Obregón, kodwa akakwazanga ukufinyelela isisulu sakhe. Konke lokhu kwavumela izivumelwano noCarranza ukuba ziqedwe ngokuphelele.
I-Aguascalientes Convention
Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi ngo-1914, uVenustiano Carranza wafuna ukuhlela ucingo oluhlobene ngokuqondile namabutho enguquko. Konke lokhu ngenhloso yokuthuthukisa izimo phakathi kwezinhlangothi. Kodwa le nqubo ayizange yamukelwe njengoba bekulindelekile.
Konke lokhu kungenxa yokuthi iPancho Villa ithole amandla amakhulu ngemuva kweNgqungquthela ye-Aguascalientes. Ukubangela ukuthi u-Carranza no-Obregón baqede ngokuphelele inqubo umhlangano ofike nayo.
Ngemuva kwalokhu, iPancho Villa ikwazi ukuthatha iMexico City, ngokusekelwa yiNgqungquthela futhi ihlangene no-Emiliano Zapata. Lonke lolu hlelo lwenziwa ngenyanga kaZibandlela wonyaka ka-1914.
Ingqungquthela isungulwa eDolobheni laseMexico, ukuze kamuva ifinyelele e-Aguascalientes. Ukuvumela ukuthi kwenziwe isivumelwano se-Xochimilco, esikwazile ukusho futhi samukele i-Pan de Ayala.
Yilwa noVenustiano Carranza kanye no-Álvaro Obregón
UVenustiano Carranza akazange avumelane nezinkambiso ezishiwo yiPancho Villa namadoda akhe, okwamholela ekubeni angakwamukeli okwasungulwa yiNgqungquthela. Konke lokhu kwamenza wabalekela eVeracruz, ngenhloso yokuhlasela uVilla nabalandeli bakhe.
Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi omunye wabalingani bakhe abakhulu kwakungu-Álvaro Obregón. Kufanele kukhulunywe ukuthi iPancho Villa yanqotshwa u-Obregón ngo-1915. Lokhu kwenziwa empini yaseCelaya.
Kufanele kukhulunywe ukuthi amandla amahhashi abekwe yiPancho Villa awazange aphumelele ngokwanele ukucekela phansi imisele kanye nezikhali nezikhali zebutho ezazivuna u-Obregón.
Lesi simo siqhubekile nokuba sibi kakhulu kuPancho Villa njengoba naye ehluliwe empini yaseTrinidad, impi yaseLeón nase-Aguascalientes. Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni i-Villa iye enyakatho yezwe.
Ekupheleni konyaka ka-1915, wayesephethe ukuhlasela izwe laseSonora. Naphezu kwamasu abo, abasekeli bomthethosisekelo bayakwazi ukubeka eceleni izinhlelo zabo. Isimo esiholela ekutheni iPancho Villa iphinde ihlulwe empini e-Agua Prieta. Konke lokhu ngegunya likaPlutarco Elías Calles, ngaphansi komyalo kaJenene Manuel Diéguez.
Ukuhlasela kanye neMpi yaseColumbus
Ngemva kokunqotshwa iPancho Villa, unquma ukuya eChihuahua, kulapho ahlela khona ukuketula umbuso wezempi ngenhloso yokuhlasela i-United States. Konke lokhu ngenxa yokuthi iNyakatho Melika yayinqume ukweseka uVenustiano Carranza.
Ukuhlasela kugxile kuWoodrow Wilson, njengoba lokhu bekuyisisekelo samandla, i-elekthronikhi nokudla. Ngo-January 1916, kwahlaselwa isitimela saseMexico North Western Railway. Lokhu kwenziwa eSanta Isabel esifundazweni saseChihuahua. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uzinikele ekubulaleni abasebenzi abayishumi nesishiyagalombili bomdabu waseMelika ababeyingxenye yenkampani yezimayini i-Asarco.
NgoMashi 9, 1916, ibutho lePancho Villa liphethe ukuhlasela idolobha laseColumbus eNew Mexico. Lawa ayengaphansi komyalo kaRamón Banda Quesada. Yonke le nqubo yenziwa njengesijeziso sokusekelwa i-United States eyakunikeza amaCarrancistas.
Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi ukuhlasela okwenziwa yiPancho Villa eNew Mexico yikhona kuphela okwakuhlelelwe i-United States, kusukela ngeMpi yamaNgisi namaMelika eyenzeka ngo-1812.
Uhambo lokujezisa
Ngemuva kokuhlasela okwenziwe yiPancho Villa eMpini yaseColumbus, uMongameli wase-United States uWoodrow Wilson unquma ukuthumela ngoMashi 14, 1916, amasosha ayengaphansi komyalo kaBlack Jack Pershing, owayezoyala i-US ngokuzayo. Amasosha eMpini Yezwe I. Konke ukuze abambe iPancho Villa.
Lokhu kushushiswa kwaholela amabutho ase-United States ukuba asebenze ngaphakathi kwensimu yaseMexico, afinyelele edolobheni laseParral, lapho u-Elisa Griensen kanye nezingane zakule ndawo babebalindile. Lesi simo sabangela ukuba iButho Lase-United States lihlehle futhi, ngaleyo ndlela lizitholele enyakatho yomngcele waseMexico.
Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi ibutho elingaphansi komyalo ka-Pershing lahlala endaweni yase-Mexican, ikakhulukazi e-Chihuahua izinyanga eziyishumi nanye. Phakathi kwemiphumela emihle kaPershing, wakwazi ukulwa futhi wanqoba amabutho aseMexico ayeyingxenye yalabo abahlasela uColumbus.
Kodwa-ke, uPershing wehlulekile ukuqeda iPancho Villa selokhu aphunyula ababemsukela, eshiya indawo yaseMexico. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi le ndaba yaba inganekwane, njengoba i-Villa yakwazi ukuhlula indoda yezempi ephakeme.
I-Villa kanye nabezindaba
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi iPancho Villa yayijabulela ukuba nezintatheli ezinkulu, okwathi, ezimweni eziningi, zazibhekwa njengezihlakaniphi. Phakathi kwabalingiswa abavelele kwakukhona umbhali waseMelika uJohn Reed ngisho noMartín Luis Guzmán, umlingiswa owabhala i-La sombra del caudillo. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, uMartín Luis Guzmán ngesinye isikhathi wayengunobhala wakhe.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Villa yayinemisebenzi eyahlukene nabezindaba, inikeze izingxoxo eziningi. Ngokulandelayo, wakwazi ukwenza izinkontileka neHollywood, ngenhloso yokubamba izimpi namasosha ayenawo. Ngenxa yezenzo zabo, banikelelwe ngemifaniswano enethezekile ngenhloso yokuthi izithombe ezithwetshuliwe zibe sezingeni elingcono.
Ngokufanayo, iPancho Villa inquma ukusayina inkontileka neMutual Film Company, okwakungeye-DW Griffih, ngoJanuwari 5, 1914. Phakathi kwabalingiswa abazimisele ukuthwebula izenzo zabo kulo lonke elase-United States naseMexico nguHarry E. .Aitken.
Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi I-Life of General Villa yakhululwa ngoMeyi 14, 1914 eNew York. Kufanele kukhulunywe ukuthi lesi senzo siholele empumelelweni. Kodwa-ke, wasuswa kumagridi njengoba i-United States iyeka ukusekela i-Villa ngasekupheleni kwalowo nyaka.
Ukubulawa kuka-Villa
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iPancho Villa yaqala ukwenza izenzo zabashokobezi futhi, okwaholela ekubeni abe nezikhali ezimbalwa nsuku zonke. Le nqubo yaqhubeka kusukela ngo-1917 kuya ku-1920. Nokho, phakathi naleyo nkathi waba nesikhathi esihle ngenxa kaFelipe Ángeles, owanquma ukulwa naye ngemva kokubuyela ensimini yaseMexico.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho u-Adolfo de la Huerta ekwazi ukuthola isikhundla sikamongameli waseMexico, ngemva kwezinqubo ezenziwa e-Agua Prieta, ukuhlengwa kwePancho Villa kufinyelelwa. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi ngo-June 26, 1920, iVilla yayiyingxenye futhi yasayina isivumelwano nomhlangano waseSabinas.
Yonke inqubo e-Sabinas iphoqa i-Pancho Villa ukuthi inikeze izikhali zayo bese yona iye eCanutillo hacienda eDurango. Lokhu kulandela ukuklonyeliswa kwazo zonke izigigaba ezenzelwe izwe.
I-Álvaro Obregón
Lapho u-Álvaro Obregón eba umongameli waseMexico, ngokungagodli unquma ukuqala ngezinhlelo ezizomvumela ukuthi aqedele impilo yePancho Villa. Ngemuva kwenqubo eyenziwa ekuvukeleni kukaHuertista ngenhloso yokuqeda ukubekwa kukaPlutarco Elías Calles, abaningi njengesinyathelo sokuzivikela baphakamisa ukubulala i-Villa ngaphambi kokuba athathe izikhali.
U-Plutarco uphethe ukukhuluma noColonel Lara efuna ukuhlela icebo elingcono kakhulu lokubulala i-Villa futhi waze wanikezwa ama-peso ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amahlanu kanye nokukhushulwa kwezempi uma i-Villa ingase ibulawe.
Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi ngokubulawa kwePancho Villa kwakukhona ukwesekwa okuvela e-United States. Ngemva kwazo zonke lezi zenzakalo, bayakwazi ukuqamekela uVilla futhi bambulale ngoJulayi 10, 1923. Kuthiwa wayesendleleni eya emcimbini womndeni eChihuahua.
Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi umzimba wakhe unqunywe. Abantu abaningi basendaweni baseMexico nabakwaHandal, ababedabuka eMelika futhi ababekhokhelwe amadola ayizinkulungwane ezinhlanu nguWilliam Randolp Hearst, babambe iqhaza kulesi senzo. Lokhu okuthunyelwe bekufune inhloko yePancho Villa njengomklomelo.
i-villa nabesifazane
Abukho ngempela ubufakazi bokuthi bangaki amakhosikazi uPancho Villa. Kodwa-ke, izindaba zezinganekwane zibonisa ukuthi indoda yayishade izikhathi ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa nanhlanu. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi ngemva kokufa abambalwa kwakunabesifazane ababonisa ukuthi babengabafazi babo:
Paula Alamillo
Kanye noPaula, uVilla washada eTorreón futhi ephuma kule nyunyana bakwazi ukuba nendodakazi ebizwa ngokuthi u-Evangelina.
UMary Barraza
Laba bobabili banquma ukushada eParral, ngaphezu kwalokho banendodana abayibiza ngokuthi uMiguel. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi le ngane yatholwa nguSoledad Seáñez owabuye waba unkosikazi kaVilla. Ngemva kwalolu hlelo ingane iba Miguel Villa Seáñez.
Mary Elizabeth Campa
Ushada noMaría eDurango futhi unendodakazi ebizwa ngokuthi uRamoncita ngakho. Futhi funda mayelana nezindatshana ezifana I-Biography kaMartin Blasco.
U-Esther Cardona
Uthola ukushada no-Esther Cardona eTorreón futhi ukwazi ukuba namadodana amabili angamawele. Nokho, lezi zingane ziyafa esikhathini esifushane kakhulu ngemva kokuzalwa.
UFrancisca Carrillo de Matamoros
Naye, wayenendodana engaziwa igama layo. Laba bashadele eCoahuila.
Manuela Casas
Igama lendodana enoManuela alaziwa futhi. Laba bashadelwe eParral Chihuahua.
Corral Light
Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi uLuz uyena kuphela owaba nethuba lokushada noVilla ngebandla futhi ngasikhathi sinye ngomthetho womphakathi. Umshado wabo wenziwa eSan Andrés, eChihuahua ngo-October 24, 1911. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, banendodana kodwa iyafa ngaphambi kokuba ifinyelele eminyakeni yayo emibili.
Peter Espinoza
EnoPetra ushada eSanta Bárbara eChihuahua. Bakwazi ukuthola indodakazi ebizwa ngokuthi uMicaela.
Guadalupe Coss
Naye ushada epulazini laseSantiguo, ngaphezu kwalokho, unendodana embiza ngokuthi u-Octavio.
UMaria Hernandez
Ushada noMaría ngo-1920 e-El Parral futhi ngaphezu kwalokho banendodana engaziwa igama layo.
Librada Pena
EnoLibrada washada eSanta Bárbara Chihuahua, ngakolunye uhlangothi indodakazi yakhe yayibizwa ngokuthi uCelia.
I-Austreberta Renteria
Ngo-1921 wamshada futhi wamnikeza amadodana amabili, awabiza ngokuthi uFrancisco noHipólito.
UMaria Reyes
Washada naye eRosario Durango futhi bathola indodana abayibiza ngokuthi uSamuweli.
USoledad Seanez Holguin
Ngo-May 1919, XNUMX, bashada eValle de Allende eChihuahua. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babenezingane ezimbili.
UJuana Torres
UJuana noVilla bashada eTorreón futhi ngaphezu kwalokho baqamba indodakazi yabo ngokuthi uJuana María.
UCristina Vazquez
UCristina washada eSanta Bárbara, ngakolunye uhlangothi, baba nendodana engaziwa igama layo.
I-Asuncion Villaescusa
Yayiyinhle intokazi ayishadela eDurango futhi ngaphandle kwalokho baba nendodana.
Ubuye waba nobuhlobo noGuadalupe Peral, uMaría Leocadia, uMaría Izaac, uGuadalupe Balderrama, naye owayenendodana, ngaphezu kwalokho, noMaría Arreola noMargarita Núñez. Ungase ube nesithakazelo esihlokweni Iqhawe eligqoke izikhali ezigqwalile.
Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi iCongress yaseMexico inquma ukubona uSoledad Seáñez Holguín, ongowesifazane amshada ngo-1919, njengonkosikazi osemthethweni wePancho Villa.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, uLuz Corral, uManuela Casas kanye no-Austreberta Rentería nabo babaziwa njengamakhosikazi asemthethweni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi le ndoda ihlukaniswa njengomuntu wesifazane, ngakho-ke akazange abe nenhlonipho engaka ngabesifazane.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaningi babo basho ukuthi ngaphezu kokuthanda abantu besifazane, empeleni wayengumhlukumezi wabesifazane, njengoba abaningi babewumphumela wokudlwengulwa. Kulezi zenzo, idolobha laseNamiquipa livelele, elisendaweni enezintaba entshonalanga yeChihuahua naseSonora.
I-Pancho Villa kuthiwa yatshela amadoda akhe eNamiquipa ukuthi afake abesifazane e-corral futhi aqhubeke nokubadlwengula. Ngemva kwalesi simo esesabekayo, abesifazane abaningi bafa ngenxa yokuphathwa kabi okwabangelwa.
Izimpikiswano
Abantu abaningi baseMexico bakhomba iPancho Villa njengeqhawe elaliyingxenye yabasunguli beMexico yamanje. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yentuthuko yomuntu, nsuku zonke izindaba nophenyo olwenziwa lapho i-Villa igqama khona kuyabuzwa kakhulu.
Zonke izici ezingezinhle zamanje zibangelwa ukuthi amacala amakhulu enziwa umuntu atholakele. Phakathi kwalokhu, okunye kungabonakala ku-The Crimes of Pancho Villa, ebhalwe nguReidezel Mendoza Soriano. Lokhu kugqamisa amacala angamashumi amathathu nesishiyagalolunye, ngaphezu kwalokho, inamacala okubulala ayi-1350 enziwa kusukela ngo-1915 kuya ku-1920.
Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi incwadi ethi The Crimes of Pancho Villa yethulwa ohlelweni lwamashumi amathathu nesishiyagalolunye lwe-Palacio de Minería International Fair. Ukubulala okwenziwa eSan Pedro de la Cueva kugqama kuwo, njengoba lapha i-Villa yayala ukubulawa kwabalingiswa abanjengompristi u-Avelino Flores kanye nabalimi abayikhulu.
Ngokwesiko elidumile
Kubalulekile ukuthi ucabangele lokhu okulandelayo:
I-National Autonomous University yaseMexico
Le nyuvesi, ngocwaningo olwenziwe ngonyaka wezi-2017, iyakwazi ukuthola inhlanzi enoshukela evela esifundeni sase-Oaxaca futhi yaqanjwa ngokuthi iPancho Villa ngokuhlonishwa kwayo ngesimo sayo semvelaphi.
Mexico City Subway
Kumetro weDolobha laseMexico kunesiteshi esaqanjwa ngokuthi i-División del Norte. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi leli qembu laliyiqembu lamasosha elaliqondiswa yiPancho Villa.
Ngalesi sizathu, isithombe esimele lesi siteshi isithombe esibaziwe sePancho Villa. Laliphakathi nendawo ezungezayo. Okuphinde kubonakale eduze kwe-Division del Norte Avenue.
Zacatecas
Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi edolobheni laseZacatecas inkundla enkulu kunazo zonke futhi evelele kakhulu ibizwa ngePancho Villa.
UVictor Jara
Ngo-1970, u-Víctor Jara wayephethe ukushicilela i-albhamu ebizwa ngokuthi i-Canto libre ene-corrido enikezelwe i-Pancho Villa.
I-Northern Division
Ngo-1971, iqembu le-rock lazalwa ngokuhlonishwa kwe-Northern Division.
UPaul Muldoon
UPaul Muldoon wase-Ireland ngo-1977, unquma ukufaka iPancho Villa enkondlweni yakhe, ezinikele ekubhaleni ngesidlo sasemini somlingisi.
Umagazini 60
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iqembu le-French origin Magazine 60 lanquma ngo-1987 ukwenza ingoma eyayinikezelwe emisebenzini eyenziwa yiPancho Villa.
USteve Earl
USteve Earle, owayengumculi womculo wezwe, unquma ukufaka umlingiswa wePancho Villa kwenye yezingoma zakhe ezikwi-albhamu ethi Train a comin. Indikimba ikhuluma ngamadoda amabili adabuka esifundazweni saseGeorgia, alungiselela ukuvakashela eMexico ngenhloso yokubamba iqhaza ezimpini ezigqugquzelwa yiVilla.
Ubuthakathi
Ngonyaka ka-2000, ibhendi yaseBrujería yayiphethe ingoma enikezelwe eNorthern Division. Ingoma ihloniphe imisebenzi eyenziwa yiPancho Villa ngesigaba sakhe.
Ingane Frost
Unquma ukwenza ingoma ezinikele ngokuphelele kuPancho Villa. Yenziwe noMellow Man Ace.
Thalía
Ngonyaka ka-2004, uThalía unquma ukwenza ingoma ebizwa nge-Action and Reaction, ekhuluma ngokuqondile ngezenzo ezihlelwe yi-Pancho Villa ngenkathi ehlala emngceleni ophakathi kweMexico ne-United States.
Indiana Jones
Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi umlingisi wethelevishini u-Indiana Jones ukhombisa iPancho Villa kwesinye seziqephu zakhe zochungechunge oluthi The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones. Ngenhloso yokuchaza izici ezithile ezihlobene neNguquko yaseMexico.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, efilimini eyenziwe ngo-2008 ebizwa ngokuthi i-Indiana Jones kanye ne-The Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, kuphinde kubhekiselwe kulo mlingiswa obalulekile womlando nokuthuthukiswa kweMexico.
Ama-Simpsons
Futhi ochungechungeni oludumile lwe-Simpsons, kunenkulumo esiqeshini esisakazwa ngo-2017, mayelana nomlingiswa wePancho Villa. Ngokukhethekile ekhanda lakhe, kwakungumMelika owacela ukunqunywa kwakhe ikhanda.
Imibono ehlobene nePancho Villa
Lo mlingiswa obalulekile wemvelaphi yaseMexico, unezici ezivelele ezihlobene nobuntu bakhe:
Umthetho Wabalimi
Kuthiwa isikhathi esiningi sempilo yakhe, iPancho Villa yaqhubeka nokuvikela amalungelo abantu abalimi. Ngenhloso yokubeka eceleni konke ukuhlukumeza okwenziwa ngabanikazi bomhlaba abakhulu nabasebenzi babo. Ngakho-ke, waze wanakekela nokuvikela abaswele kakhulu emikhakheni ethile eyakha amandla omphakathi waseMexico.
Izingane zabo
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, kuthiwa iPancho Villa ibiphethe ukuqaphela izingane ezingama-26. Kuthiwa ubephethe imfundo yabo namathuba ezomnotho abebewadinga. Kuthiwa abanye babo wabathuma ukuthi bayofunda e-United States ngethemba lokuthi bazothola imfundo ayengenayo.
imfundo
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lo mlingiswa obalulekile waseMexico wayengafundile. Njengoba engazange alithole ithuba lokuya esikoleni. Ngokusho kwezindaba, wafunda ngisho nokufunda lapho esekhulile.
Ngiyabuzonda utshwala
KuPancho Villa, utshwala bekuyisiphuzo esingadingekile nhlobo. Umbono owamenza wacabanga ukuthi utshwala buyimbangela yamashwa amaningi. Kungemva kwalokhu lapho eseyinduna ethatha isinqumo sokusho umthetho owomile, okuholele ekutheni asabise ngokudubula noma ngubani ongawuthobelanga umyalelo wakhe.
Isiphuzo esiyintandokazi
I-Pancho Villa yayithanda i-Strawberry Merengada, ishiya ezinye iziphuzo ezifana nophuzo oludakayo namanzi. Ukufakazela abaningi ukuthi lesi bekuyisiphuzo sakhe asithanda kakhulu ngaphezu kwazo zonke izinto.
Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi lapho ngijabulele kakhulu ukunambitheka kwalesi siphuzo kuse-United States, ikakhulukazi eTexas. Ngakho-ke uPancho Villa kwesinye isikhathi wayebeka impilo yakhe engcupheni ewela umngcele efuna isiphuzo asithandayo.
obalekela umthetho
Ngokusemthethweni, icala lakhe lokuqala kuthiwa lihlobene nomdlalo wamakhadi. I-Pancho Villa ngaleso sikhathi yayineminyaka engu-14 ubudala futhi ngemva kokulahlekelwa wanquma ukweba iminyuzi yakhe ukuze aziphindiselele. Ehlaziya isimo kangcono, unquma ukuthenga izilwane ezintsha futhi azihambise, ngenhloso yokubeka eceleni uhlobo oluthile lokuziphindiselela.
Okwaholela ekutheni abe ngumbaleki ebulungiswa kwadalwa ngemuva kokubulala umdlwenguli kadadewabo omncane. Ngemva kokubona ubuhlungu bukadadewabo, wanquma ukuthi indlela engcono kakhulu yokubuyisela isithunzi sikadadewabo kwakuwukubulala umhlaseli wakhe.
isikhali somhlaseli
Lapho engumbusi waseChihuahua, wanquma ukuthi kufanele kwakhiwe isitimela esiphefumulelwe ihhashi leThrojani. Wayefuna amasosha aphephele kuleyo ndawo futhi anakekele nempahla.
ukuhlasela kwe-United States
I-Pancho Villa yayingumhlaseli wokuqala futhi ukuphela kwendawo yaseNyakatho Melika. Wangena endaweni yaseColumbus efuna umthengisi owayeyintshontshile. Nokho, ayizange iphumelele.
Umsebenzi wakhe wokuzilibazisa
Umsebenzi kaPancho Villa bekuwukulwa nezinkunzi, nokho akazange azinikele kulo msebenzi wokuzijabulisa. Izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ngaba nokwesaba njengoba ngangingenalo ulwazi oluningi. Naphezu kwalokhu, waqhubeka nokuzilolonga ngenxa yothando lwakhe.