Amagama abo awuphawu lwekhwalithi futhi ajwayelekile ngisho nakulabo abakude nezwe lobuciko. ngayinye ye Abadwebi abadumile Kwakuyisenzakalo esikhethekile ngesikhathi saso. Omunye unendima yobuphayona, omunye ukhanga imfihlakalo yayo, lokhu okunye kuyamangaza ngobunjalo obuhlukile.
Abadwebi abadumile
Amaciko ngabantu abakwazi ukukhuluma esidlangalaleni nomphakathi ngolimi lwezithombe namafomu abonwayo. Nokho, ukuduma nokuhambisana kwayo akubonakali kuncike nhlobo ethalenteni kuphela. Obani ababengabadwebi abadume kakhulu emlandweni?
Albrecht Dürer
Umdwebi waseJalimane u-Albrecht Dürer (Albrecht Dürer) ube ngomunye wabokuqala ukufika kumbono omaphakathi futhi wakhetha ukwakheka kwesithombe esinepulani eliphezulu nokumelwa okungokomfanekiso kwemidwebo yakhe, njengoMkhosi Werosari. Ukuzithwebula kwakhe kudume umhlaba wonke. Amajika acwebezelayo nendwangu ekhohlisayo yejazi lakhe kusamangaza izigidi zabantu namuhla.
Ngaphezu kokudweba, wenza imidwebo eminingi kanye nemibala yamanzi yemvelo, njenge-Young Hare. Nokho, ukweleta intuthuko yakhe njengomdwebi ngenxa yezithombe zakhe eziqoshwe ngokhuni nemifanekiso yethusi, eyasakazwa njengemifanekiso yezincwadi kulo lonke elaseYurophu.
Paul Gauguin
UPaul Gauguin wazalelwa eParis ngo-1848. Ungomunye wabadwebi abadumile baseFrance abangaziwa. Ngaphambi kokuthuthela eFrench Polynesia, lapho ahlala khona kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe, wayengomunye wabadwebi abakhulu besikole sasePont-Aven. Isitayela sakhe sigqugquzelwe yi-impressionism kanye nokwenziwa kokuphrinta kwaseJapan, futhi imidwebo yakhe emikhulu manje isikhonjiswa kumamnyuziyamu amakhulu njengeMusée d'Orsay. Umdwebi odumile wafela eziQhingini zaseMarquesas ngo-1903.
Michelangelo i-buonarrotti
UMichelangelo, noma empeleni uMichelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, wazalelwa eCaprese ngo-1475 futhi washonela eRoma ngo-1564. Ubhekwa njengengxenye yeNkathi Yokuvuselela Okuphakeme Yase-Italy, nakuba abumba le nkathi. Umdwebi waziwa kakhulu ngemisebenzi yakhe yezenkolo, ikakhulukazi, impela, ngomdwebo wakhe ophahleni lwe-Sistine Chapel. Kamuva, inqubo yakhe nesitayela kuthathwa futhi, ngaleyo ndlela kuqale ukuqala kokuziphatha.
Enkathini yeRenaissance, esikhundleni sokulahlwa kwaphakade, kwavela ubuhle bendalo. UMiguel Ángel Buonarroti, owaziwa ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, naye wazinikela kuwo. Wahlanganisa ulwazi lwe-anatomical nothando lokuphelela.
UPapa ngokwakhe wagunyaza umdwebo omkhulu wokwakhiwa komhlaba weSistine Chapel eRoma. Cishe i-motif edume kakhulu emhlabeni iNdalo ka-Adamu, lapho u-Adamu ephiliswa ngokuthinta iminwe kaNkulunkulu.
U-Michelangelo naye wakwazi ukwenza okufanayo njengomqophi, ekwazi ukuletha amabhlogo e-marble aqinile. NjengoDavide osemusha obukeka enesibindi, onikeza umdondoshiya uGoliyati isiphongo sakhe esigoqekile. Njengembangi kaLeonardo da Vinci, uMichelangelo wayebhekwa njengendoda yeRenaissance ngamakhono akhe ekuqopheni, ekudwebeni nasekubhaleni izinkondlo. Umthelela kanye negalelo lakhe ekuthuthukiseni ubuciko baseNtshonalanga alinakuqhathaniswa kuze kube manje.
Edward Manet
Umdwebo wakhe owaziwayo othi "Breakfast on the Grass" waziwa emhlabeni wonke namuhla. Empeleni uyise ka-Edouard Manet wayefuna afundele umthetho, kodwa uManet wenqaba futhi waqala ukufundela ukudweba noThomas Couture. Ubeka indinganiso kukunyakaza kwe-Impressionist, ngaphezu kwakho konke nge-motifs akhetha ukuyipenda: izithombe, izindawo, i-lifes noma impilo yaseParis.
Nakuba ayezungezwe izihlakaniphi (ezifana no-Émile Zola noma uCharles Baudelaire), abantu besikhathi sakhe bamgxeka isikhathi eside. Indlela yakhe yokudala, njengoba ifanele indlela yomdwebi wangempela, yayingeyona elula kunazo zonke: imidwebo yakhe yabangela impikiswano namahlazo, ngawo-1860 wabukiswa endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi iHholo Lokuxoshwa. Bekungomunye umbukiso wamaciko angamukelwanga eSalon esemthethweni eParis.
Kwaba kanjalo isiphetho somsebenzi wakhe i-Olympia, owashaqisa umphakathi. Babhala ukuthi i-protagonist ye-canvas ibheka umbukeli ngokudelela okunjalo futhi ibambe isandla sakhe sobunxele njengokungathi uphethe isikhwama kulesi sandla, futhi owesifazane ngokwakhe akanandaba ngokujulile ukuthi bacabangani ngaye. Isithombe sasibhekwa njengesicaba kakhulu nokuthi itulo laso laliyinhlamba. Ubani owayengacabanga ukuthi ngemva kweminyaka eyikhulu namashumi amahlanu le canvas izoba enye yezinto ezibonakalayo kakhulu emhlabeni.
UMichelangelo Merisi noCaravaggio
Umdwebi we-barocco wase-Italy u-Caravaggio ngokungangabazeki ungomunye wabadwebi abadume kunabo bonke. Imisebenzi yakhe yobuciko, njengobizo lukaMathewu oNgcwele, ibonakala ngokugqama okunamandla/okumnyama futhi imvamisa iveza izigcawu zezenkolo noma ezingokomfanekiso, ngesikhathi esifanayo ezinonya kakhulu: kusukela ekushayweni kukaKristu kuya kuJudith, owanquma ngokuzimisela ikhanda likaHolofernes. .
Wathola abalandelayo abaningi, njengomdwebi onekhono ngokulinganayo kodwa owaziwa kancane u-Artemisia Lomi Gentileschi. Wephula isiko labaculi beRenaissance ababeqondiswa ubuhle obuhle. Amamodeli akhe kwakungezona izimpelesi, kodwa ababhikishi nezidakwa ezinezinyawo ezingcolile. Lesi sitayela esisha sasivusa inkanuko futhi saqashelwa kakhulu.
Amaciko amaningi agqugquzelwe nguye (njengoba kushiwo, noRembrandt), ngakho isitayela sakhe esinegama lakhe siphuma kuye: I-Caravaggism. Imidwebo yakhe, ngezinye izikhathi engokoqobo kakhulu, iye yalolonga abantu besikhathi sakhe nezizukulwane ezizayo.
UPaul Cézanne
UPaul Cézanne (1839-1906) waziwa abaningi njengoyise wemidwebo yesimanje, nakuba empeleni waqala umsebenzi wakhe wokuba ngumabhange. Ekugcineni, eParis, ithalente lakhe njengomdwebi liyavela futhi ufuna indawo yakhe emhlabeni wobuciko. UPaul Cézanne waziwa kakhulu ngemidwebo yakhe yezwe yase-Aix-en-Provence, lapho achitha khona ubuntwana bakhe.
Odabuka e-Aix-en-Provence, u-Paul Cézanne ugqama njengomunye wabaculi besimanje abakhulu. Ubuciko bakhe benza ukuxhumana phakathi kwezitayela zendabuko ezengeziwe zekhulu le-XNUMX kanye nezitayela ze-avant-garde zekhulu lama-XNUMX. Ukuba yingxenye yokunyakaza kwe-post-impressionist, wahlakulela isitayela sakhe futhi wathonya, ngaphezu kwabaculi abaningi besikhathi samanje, ukuthuthukiswa kokunyakaza okwalandela.
Indlela yakhe yokumelwa kwezithombe isekelwe endleleni eyakhayo ehlanganisa ukuhlanganisa izindiza zezinto ukudala isethi yokugcwala okukhulu. Umbono wakhe uzothathwa kamuva nguPicasso noBraque. U-Cézanne ngokwakhe wagqugquzelwa abadwebi be-French Impressionist, efaka isicelo sokubona izinto njengeqoqo lezimo. Unamathela kokubili embonweni obonakalayo yomsebenzi wakhe nasesihlokweni esikhuluma ngaso.
Ngokudweba isihloko esifanayo izikhathi eziningana (ama-apula, amawolintshi, izintaba) umdwebi uyakwazi ukuphelelisa inqubo yakhe. Fundisisa imiphumela yokukhanya nendlela yokubuka izinto, ubheke ukuthi izici ezihlukene zezinto zigqama kanjani. Lezi zikhiqizwa kabusha izindiza ezinombala eziveza izingxenye zejometri zezinto.
Ngokuhlukanisa ifomu ngegeyimu yokukhipha, umdwebi uzama ukuthwebula inguquko etholwa yizinto ngokuhlobene nokucushwa kwazo emkhathini. Imibono kaCézanne eguquguqukayo ngendlela yokuphatha isihloko kanye nomxhumanisi oyingcweti izoba nomthelela kuma-expressionists, ama-cubists kanye nama-futurists.
UDiego Velazquez
I-Las Meninas ingesinye sezithombe ezidume kakhulu emlandweni wezobuciko kanye nomsebenzi wobuciko wobuciko kaVelázquez. U-Diego Velázquez wapenda indodakazi kaPhilip IV nezintombi zakhe futhi waphila njengomuntu ongafi onqenqemeni lomdwebo njengomdwebi wasenkantolo emndenini wasebukhosini baseSpain. Wethula uPapa futhi waze wanikeza isithunzi esithile kuma-dwarfs asenkantolo.
Naseshashalazini lakhe elithi The Surrender of Breda, ukhombise ikhono kwezokusebenzelana. Esikhundleni sokunqoba kwamasosha aseSpain phezu kweNetherlands, kukhombisa ukunikezela ngobungane kokhiye bedolobha. Ezingomeni zakhe kuyenzeka futhi ukuthi ingemuva lehhashi linwetshwe kubabukeli, kube sengathi ubezibonele ngawabo lesi sigameko.
Lokhu kungabonakala kahle kakhulu esifanekisweni sesondo elijikelezayo emdwebeni wakhe othi The Fable of Arachne, owaziwa kangcono ngokuthi The Spinners.
auguste renoir
U-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919), ogama lakhe eliphelele kwakunguPierre-Auguste Renoir, ungumdwebi obelokhu enconywa ngemisebenzi yakhe kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX. Ekuqaleni, inganikezwa ukunyakaza kwe-Impressionist, kodwa wasuka kuyo futhi wapenda izithombe eziningi ezingokoqobo.
Ubunqunu, ukuma ngobude, ukubukeka kwezwe noma ukuphila okusekhona: U-Renoir ungumdwebi ophumelele futhi owenza izinto ezihlukahlukene ongazivumeli ukuba aphumule. Ngisho naseminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, lapho ehlushwa isifo samathambo esinamandla futhi engasakwazi nokunyakaza izingxenye eziningi zomzimba wakhe, waqhubeka ependa ngokubophela amabhulashi akhe ezihlakaleni.
Umdwebi waseFrance waziwa kakhulu ngezithombe zakhe ezivusa inkanuko zesifazane kanye nenkolo yakhe yobuhle. Omunye wemisebenzi yakhe edume kakhulu i-Dance at the Moulin de la Galette (1876), okuthi, ngendlela ejwayelekile ye-Impressionist, ithwebule ingqikithi yephathi evulekile ngeSonto ebusuku eParis, lapho izakhamuzi zasedolobheni zazikwazi ukuphuza, ukudansa, ukuxoxa nokuxoxa. Kujabulele.
Imisebenzi yakhe yakamuva ivuna izingqikithi zendabuko, isithombe, noma izingoma ezingokomfanekiso. Ngaphandle kwalezi zinguquko, uRenoir usathembekile ekumeleleni abanqunu. Indlela yakhe evusa inkanuko yobufazi igqugquzelwe nguRubens. Ukuphela komsebenzi wakhe kuzobonakala ngokukhiqizwa kwabesifazane abanqunu. Ushintsho lwetimu luphendula ekushintsheni kwesitayela.
UJan Vermeer
Ekhulwini le-2003, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Golden Age, ukuhweba kwezobuciko kwachuma enyakatho yeNetherlands. Abadwebi abanjengoRembrandt, uVan Delft, noJan Vermeer (uJohannes Vermeer) baba abadwebi bezithombe abadumile. Owakamuva wakwazi ukumangaza ababukeli bakhe nentombazane yakhe ngecici leparele. Ngo-XNUMX, ifilimu esekelwe esithombeni sakhe esingaqondakali yaze yakhululwa.
Izithombe ezinjengamanene namanenekazi abaphuza iwayini noma umfanekiso okuxoxwa ngawo kakhulu wokudweba zingabonakala namuhla njengobufakazi bomlando mayelana nezingubo kanye nomhlaba wabantu. Akukhona nje ngemibala ekhanyayo nekhanyayo, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke mayelana neso ngemininingwane nokugxila ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Izenzakalo zomlando kwakudingeka zihlanganyele isithombe nabantu abavamile, izingcweti, izintombi, ngisho nezidakwa.
U-Jan Vermeer wayengomunye umdwebi waseDashi owayekhethekile ekuboniseni ingaphakathi lezindlu ezihola kancane kanye nempilo yezinga eliphakathi. Nakuba engazange aqashelwe phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, umsebenzi wakhe waphinde watholakala ngo-1860. Kamuva, eminye yemidwebo yakhe kwathiwa yenziwe ngokungafanele kwabanye abadwebi, kodwa umlobi weqiniso washeshe wabonakala ngenxa yomsebenzi onzima wabacwaningi bezobuciko nezazi-mlando.
Kuze kube manje, imisebenzi engamashumi amathathu nane eyaziwayo, eyebhulashi likaVermeer. Imidwebo yakhe edume kakhulu yi-"Girl with a Pearl Earring" (1665). Umdwebo uheha ukubukeka okuqaphile nokukhathazeka kwentombazane egqoke izingubo ezingavamile, kanye necici elikhulu elicwebezelayo, elivame ukubhekwa njengeparele.
Henri Matisse
UHenri Matisse wazalelwa eningizimu yeFrance ngo-1869. Empeleni, kwakufanele athathe ipulazi labazali, kodwa uMatisse wanquma ukufundela ubumeli eParis. Ngo-1889 wasebenza isikhashana njengomsizi wezomthetho futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ethatha amakilasi okudweba ekuseni e-École Quentin de la Cour.
Ngo-1890 waqala ngempela ukudweba futhi wayefuna ukulungiselela ukuhlolwa kokungena e-École des Beaux-Arts, kodwa akazange ayiphumelele. UMatisse uchithe ihlobo lika-1905 no-André Derain futhi bendawonye bakha isitayela esisha esasizongena emlandweni wezobuciko njengeFauvism.
Frida Kahlo
Abesifazane abebesebenza njengamaciko iningi labo liyizibalo ezingasho lutho ezincwadini zakudala. Omunye ongene esizindeni sabesilisa nguFrida Kahlo. OwaseMexico waziwa ngezithombe zakhe ezicacile nezimibalabala.
Izithombe zakhe zikhuluma ngentshiseko nangokomzwelo ngobuhlungu namandla. Wacubungula okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe okubuhlungu emidwebeni yakhe, ingozi embi yebhasi yakhe (El pilar roto), ukuphuphunyelwa yizisu nobuhlungu benhliziyo (Las dos Fridas) nomyeni wakhe u-Diego Rivera.
Abesimame bayababungaza ngokuveza okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo kwabesifazane. Ezweni azalelwa kulo, uyisithombe esilethe isiko lendawo eYurophu. Lapho wathola ukutuseka okukhulu phakathi kweqembu lama-surrealist azungeze u-André Breton. Eminye yemisebenzi yakhe edume kakhulu i-Self-Portrait with a Necklace of Thorns and a Hummingbird (1940). Ziphawuleka kakhulu njengesibonelo sokusebenzisa kwakhe umfuziselo mahhala. Ikhola enameva kanye nenyoni engaphili kungenzeka yayifanekisela ubuhlungu bakhe obungaphakathi.
Edvard Munch
U-Edvard Munch wazalelwa eLoten, e-Hedmark, eNorway ngo-1863 futhi washonela e-Oslo ngo-1944. Ungomunye wabadwebi besimanje abadumile futhi uthathwa njengephayona lesiqondiso sokubonisa ukudweba enkathini yobuciko yesimanje. Waziwa ngezindikimba zakhe ezingokwengqondo nama-nuances, athonywe kakhulu yizimpawu zekhulu le-XNUMX. Umsebenzi wakhe waba nomthelela omkhulu kwi-German Expressionism ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX.
Umdwebi u-Edvard Munch waziwa ngaphandle kwezwe lobuciko ikakhulukazi ngomdwebo wakhe othi "The Scream." Nokho, empeleni uchungechunge lwezithombe ezahlukene ezibonisa i-motif efanayo. I-Scream (1893-1910) inezinguqulo ezine ezihlukene ezinguqulweni ezimbili ezihlukene: amafutha kanye ne-pastel.
Umdwebo ubuhlungu ngendlela emangalisayo futhi ugqamile, kodwa nokho unambitheka ngombala, futhi uvezwa ebusweni obulula nomuzwa odabukile obubhekene nengemuva eliwolintshi elikhanyayo. I-Scream yapendwe ngemva kokuba u-Munch egoduke ngobunye ubusuku futhi waphenduka: ukushona kwelanga okubomvu wakwenza. wabona wamangala.
Indlela ebuyayo kaMunch idlula esilaheni nasesibhedlela sabagula ngengqondo, lapho bekuhlala khona udadewabo walo mculi. Abantu ababephila ngaleso sikhathi babhala ukuthi ukububula kweziguli nokukhala kwezilwane ezifile kwakungabekezeleleki. I-Scream kukholakala ukuthi isiphenduke uhlobo lwesiprofetho sobuciko bekhulu lama-XNUMX, obugcwele izisusa zesizungu, ukuphelelwa ithemba, kanye namaphupho amabi akhona.
Isithombe noma i-motif ethi "The Scream" ka-Edvard Munch sathathwa izikhathi eziningi, isibonelo futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi senzelwe imaski yochungechunge lwefilimu oludumile "Scream". Ngakho-ke, kukhona nezinto zokuthengisa ezahlukahlukene ezaziwa kangcono namuhla kunomculi uqobo.
Claude Monet
URenoir, uDegas, uCezanne, uManet, uPissarro futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke iMonet baphakathi kwabadwebi abadumile emhlabeni. Isitayela sobuciko esihlaba umxhwele sikaMonet sinikeza igama layo emnyangweni omusha wobuciko wasekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, okuthiwa "Impressionism". Izindawo zemvelo, umbala kanye nokuvela kokukhanya kwakuhlale kuphambili emisebenzini yakhe. Lokhu kuphinde kube nomthelela esitayelani sokupenda esingalindelekile kanye nesicelo sikapende ofana nokuthinta.
UClaude Monet, ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi ngomunye wabasunguli be-Impressionism, wayengumdwebi ongumFulentshi futhi engomunye wamaphayona ahlakaniphile nanekhono enhlangano yesiFulentshi Impressionist. Eqinisweni, lona kanye igama elithi “impressionism” lamukelwa ngemva kokwethula incwadi ethi Impression, ilanga eliphumayo.
I-Monet ibhekwa njengommeleli ovelele we-Impressionism. Wazinikela kulesi sitayela kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe, lapho abalingiswa abakhulu belula nombala, imigqa iyanyamalala futhi izithunzi zingaba okwesibhakabhaka. I-Rouen Cathedral yakhe ibonisa indlela into eshintsha ngayo uma uyibuka ngemisebe yelanga. I-cathedral iyathuthumela, ihlala emisebeni.
U-Monet wazama kakhulu ngemivimbo ukuze angadluliseli okuningi imvelo njengombono wayo futhi kwaba kulokhu lapho abona khona iqiniso Umsebenzi wakhe odume kakhulu uthi Les nymphéas (The Water Lilies) uchungechunge lwemidwebo engamakhulu amabili namashumi amahlanu. ezimele ingadi endlini yomdwebi waseFrance eGiverny, eFrance. Lolu chungechunge lwaluyisiqondiso esiyinhloko somsebenzi womculi iminyaka engamashumi amathathu yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe.
Ungabona kuphela izithombe eziningi, njengeminduze yamanzi edumile, ukudla kwasekuseni ezweni noma ukubuka kwe-Rouen Cathedral ukude, lapho umbala ngamunye ukhomba esweni lakho umphumela wesithombe. Wazalelwa eParis ngo-1840 futhi washona eGiverny ngo-1926.
URené Magritte
URené Magritte wayengumdwebi we-surrealist waseBelgium owaziwa ngokusebenzisa izinto zasendlini ukuze adlulisele umbono wakhe owubukhazikhazi ngomhlaba wansuku zonke. Wayaziwa futhi ngokwenza imisebenzi eyenza umbukeli acabange, ebakhuthaza ukuba bahlukane nemibono ecatshangwayo yeqiniso.
Enye yezincwadi zakhe ezidumile enamathela kulesi simiso ithi, Ukukhohlisa Kwezithombe (928-1929), okuyipayipi elishunqayo elinombhalo othi “Ceci n'est pas une pipe” (Leli akulona ipayipi). Futhi akulona ipayipi ngempela ngoba nje isithombe salo. Le nqubo kanye nesitayela sokushintsha lokho esikwaziyo ukuthi kungokoqobo kwakujwayelekile kuyo yonke imisebenzi yakhe nemibono.
U-Edgar usiza
U-Edgar Degas (1834 - 1917) ekuqaleni wafunda umthetho ngesifiso sikayise, kodwa kamuva wabuyela othandweni lwakhe olukhulu: ukudweba. Akazange afunde ukudweba esifundweni sokudweba esikoleni sobuciko, kodwa ngokukopisha imisebenzi emikhulu yaseLouvre.
Njengomthetho ojwayelekile, kubalwa njengengxenye ye-Impressionist art movement, kodwa lokhu kuhlukaniswa kusalokhu kuyimpikiswano. Ayilandeli zonke izici zalesi samanje, kodwa izivumela inkululeko ethile ye-avant-garde. Umdwebi waziwa kakhulu ngezithombe zakhe nezigcawu zokudansa.
Pablo Picasso
"Akuwona wonke umuntu ongapenda njengo-Picasso" isisho esaziwayo. Umdwebi, owazalelwa eSpain, waya eParis esemncane futhi waqala ukuthanda uFauvism ngobudlelwano bakhe noMatisse. Lokhu kwakusho ukuhoxiswa komumo nemibala emsulwa futhi eqinile. Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala onjalo, i-Les Demoiselles d'Avignon idume umhlaba wonke namuhla. Ekuqaleni, ngisho nabangane bakhe babengayiqondi incazelo ejulile yalo.
Umdwebi waseSpain waphila impilo yokudala, kamuva waba omunye wabadwebi abanethonya elikhulu bekhulu lama-XNUMX. Akagcinanga ngokupenda izithombe, kodwa futhi wayengumqophi, imbongi, umbhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi. Futhi konke lokhu phezu kwenqwaba yeminye imisebenzi.
Le nkosi edumile yabesifazane ayizange idume ngokushintsha njalo ama-muses, kodwa futhi ngokushintsha njalo kwezinkomba zobuciko. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, wadala imisebenzi eminingi "ngesitayela sase-Afrika", lapho esikhundleni sobuso ependa imaski yezizwe ezingavamile, khona-ke kwakukhona i-cubism, kanye ne-abstractionism kanye ne-surrealism.
Isiqongo somsebenzi wakhe singabizwa ngokuthi iGuernica, esizinikezele edolobheni elibhujiswe yimpi, uphawu lokuhlupheka nobuqaba. Kwakungu-Picasso owaqhamuka nombono wokuhlanganisa ubuso obugcwele nephrofayili ezithombeni, ukuhlukanisa izinto zibe izibalo ezilula, ukuzihlanganisa ngobumo obumangalisayo.
Washintsha yonke indawo yobuciko obuhle, wayicebisa ngemibono yenguquko.” NjengoCézanne, waqala ukusebenzisa umbala njengesakhiwo (cubism), kuhlanganise nasemifanekisweni yakhe evusa amadlingozi yempi yombango yaseSpain eGuernica.
Ngo-1970, umsebenzi wasetshenziselwa ukubhikisha ngokumelene neMpi YaseVietnam futhi, njengejuba lika-Picasso lokuthula, aliklama iNgqungquthela Yokuthula Yomhlaba eParis ngo-1949, yashiya ingunaphakade. Umdwebi owaziwayo wayedume emhlabeni wonke ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, nokho akazange akuthole ukuqashelwa ngemva kokufa okwakumfanele.
Anders Zorn
U-Anders Zorn ungumdwebi nomdwebi waseSweden owazalelwa eMora. Wafunda eRoyal Swedish Academy of Arts eStockholm, eSweden, kusukela ngo-1875 kuya ku-1880. Ngo-1880, u-Anders Zorn wembula isithombe somfana ososizini phakathi nombukiso, owaqala umsebenzi wakhe futhi waholela kumakhomishini amaningi. Waqhubeka nokujabulela impumelelo yamazwe ngamazwe futhi waba omunye wabadwebi bezithombe abahlonishwa kakhulu ngesikhathi sakhe.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, impumelelo ka-Anders Zorn yayilingana neyabaculi abadumile besikhathi sakhe, kuhlanganise noJohn Singer Sargent. Phakathi kwamamodeli akhe kukhona omongameli abathathu base-US: uGrover Cleveland, uWilliam Taft (isithombe esiseWhite House namuhla), futhi ekugcineni u-Theodore Roosevelt osesimweni sokuphrinta. U-Anders Zorn naye udume ngemidwebo yakhe enqunu etholakala emoyeni kanye nezithombe ezicacile zamanzi.
Eminye yemisebenzi yakhe ebaluleke kakhulu ingabonwa kumnyuziyamu kaZwelonke (National Museum of Fine Arts) eStockholm. Phakathi kwayo kukhona uMdanso kaSaint John (1897), odlalwa abadansi ekukhanyeni kwakusihlwa komgubho wasemaphandleni woSuku Luka-Saint John. Yingakho ephakathi kwabadwebi abadumile baseMelika.
Rembrandt van Rijn
U-Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (1606 - 1669) ungumculi waseDashi wenkathi yeBaroque. Umsebenzi wakhe ekhulwini le-XNUMX wehla phakathi neNkathi Yegolide Emazweni Aphansi. Ulolonge izwe lezobuciko ikakhulukazi ngochungechunge lwakhe lokuzithwebula. Wagqugquzelwa ikakhulukazi umdwebo okhanyayo nomnyama weCaravaggio, onikeza umdwebo wakhe umehluko okhethekile. Ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kwakhe, uthathwa kabanzi njengeciko elibonakalayo elikhulu kunawo wonke emlandweni wobuciko.
Ukusebenziseka kwakhe ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene kwamvumela ukuba apende yonke into kusukela kumhlaba kanye nezithombe kuya ezenzakalweni zomlando nezigcawu zeBhayibheli. Omunye wemisebenzi yakhe edume kakhulu, i-The Night Watch (1642), manje useMnyuziyamu Wombuso e-Amsterdam. Umdwebo unezimfanelo ezikhethekile ezenza uvelele: ubukhulu bawo, umdlalo wokunyakaza ojwayelekile kithi esithombeni sezempi, nokusetshenziswa kokukhanya nesithunzi, lapho umdwebi odumile wayenekhono ngokukhethekile.
U-Rembrandt uveze umhlaba njengoba unjalo, ngaphandle kokuhlotshiswa noma ukuvanisha, kodwa wakwenza ngokwengqondo kakhulu. Emakhanvasi kaRembrandt kukhona ukuhwalala okuphuma kuwo izibalo ezikhanyiswa ukukhanya okusagolide. Kuhle ngemvelo yayo, njengoba kungabonakala kubalingiswa emdwebeni wakhe othi "The Jewish Bride".
Isiphetho somdwebi omkhulu wamaDashi sifana nesisekelo: ukusuka ekungabonakali kuya ekukhuphukeni engcebweni nasekudumeni, kuphela ukuwa nokufa ngobumpofu. Abantu besikhathi sakhe abazange bamqonde; U-Rembrandt wayemelela imizwa yomuntu kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho, okwakungeyona neze imfashini, kodwa namuhla ungomunye wabadwebi abadumile emhlabeni.
ULeonardo da Vinci
Lapho uLeonardo Da Vinci eqanjwa, umuntu ucabanga ngokuqondile ngeMona Lisa. Namuhla cishe isithombe esidume kakhulu emhlabeni. Intokazi emamatheka ngendlela engaqondakali, ehlonzwe njengo-Lisa del Giocondo (umka-Giocondo), ivusa izingxoxo eziphindaphindiwe futhi ikhuthaze abenzi bamafilimu.
Ngezifundo zakhe ze-anatomical kanye nemidwebo yobuchwepheshe bezikhali, wakwazi ngisho nokukhuthaza indoda enamandla kakhulu ngesikhathi sakhe, uDuke Ludovico Sforza waseMilan, futhi amzuze njengomvikeli. Imidwebo efana neNcasakazi Yamadwala noma Inenekazi Ene-Ermine ibonisa ukukhetha kwakhe ukubheka ngokuqapha kwabesifazane kanye nokuphatha kwakhe umbala ngekhono.
Kuphela ngeSidlo Sakusihlwa Sokugcina kufanele ngabe upendiwe kusimende esimanzi. Imibala yezithombe zasezindongeni ngabe iphaphatheka ngemva kokumiswa, kodwa izinze kakhulu. Sesikushilo lokho, kuwubufakazi obumangalisayo bokusebenzisa kwakhe ngobuchule umbono omaphakathi.
ULeonardo da Vinci wayengumdwebi, umqophi, isazi sezibalo, nomsunguli owayephinde enze ucwaningo ngezokwakha, isayensi, umculo, ubunjiniyela, isayensi yezinkanyezi, isayensi yokwakheka komhlaba, kanye neminye imikhakha eminingi. Yingakho athola igama elithi "Renaissance Man", njengoba ayenolwazi cishe kuzo zonke izindawo ezazikhona ngaleso sikhathi.
Ngenxa yemidwebo yakhe, ukudweba komhlaba sekufinyelele izinga elisha lekhwalithi. Waqhubekela kumaqiniso, eqonda imithetho yokubuka izinto kanye nokuqonda ukwakheka kwe-anatomical yomuntu. Wayemelela izilinganiso ezifanele emdwebeni othi "Vitruvian Man". Namuhla kubhekwa kokubili umsebenzi wobuciko wobuciko kanye nomsebenzi wesayensi. Uphakathi kwabadwebi abadumile beRenaissance.
Sandro Botticelli
USandro Di Mariano Filipepi, noma obizwa nje ngokuthi uBotticelli, wayengumdwebi wase-Italy owazalwa ngo-1445 futhi washona ngo-1510. U-Botticelli ekuqaleni wayeyipani legolide, kodwa kamuva wafunda ukudweba ezitudiyo ezihlukahlukene zamaciko ase-Italy.
Ngo-1481 wathunywa uPapa Sixtus IV ukuba ahlobise iSistine Chapel. Ehlangene noCosimo Rosselli, uDomenico Ghirlandaio kanye noPerugino, uBotticelli wabe esebumba umlando womdwebo wase-Italy. Imisebenzi yakhe isathakaselwa izinkulungwane zezivakashi nsuku zonke.
U-Joaquin Sorolla no-Bastida
U-Joaquín Sorolla y Bastida ungumdwebi waseSpain, owazalelwa e-Valencia, ogqama ezithombeni zokudweba, kanye nezindawo zezwe lakubo, ikakhulukazi ugu, ukukhanya kwakhe kanye nokuba khona komuntu kudlala indima enkulu. Uhambo oluya eParis ngo-1894 lwamxhumanisa nomdwebo we-Impressionist futhi lwaletha uguquko endleleni yakhe.
Ngesitayela esijwayeleke kakhulu se-Sorolla, umklamo wobuchwepheshe ube u-impressionistic, futhi umakwa ukuba khona kwesibalo somuntu, izingane, abesifazane abagqoke izingubo, ngokumelene nolwandle noma isizinda sezwe, lapho ukubonakaliswa, izithunzi, obala, ukuqina kolwandle. ukukhanya nombala wesithombe kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezifundo. U-Joaquín Sorolla ungumculi okhuthele kakhulu, ophinde wapenda izithombe eziningi zabantu baseSpain.
Isitayela sakhe esimnandi nesilula simvumela ukuthi athole izicelo ezingapheli, ngakho ujabulela isikhundla somphakathi esinethezekile. Udumo lwakhe lweqa imingcele yaseSpain futhi lwasakazekela kulo lonke elaseYurophu nase-United States, lapho abukisa khona izikhathi eziningana.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, i-Sorolla yaqashelwa njengomunye wabadwebi abadumile abaphilayo emhlabeni waseNtshonalanga, ethola izindondo zegolide eziningi emibukisweni eminingana emikhulu yamazwe ngamazwe. Umsebenzi wakhe omningi ukhonjiswa eSorolla Museum eMadrid lapho kunikezelwe khona umbukiso.
Andy Warhol
U-Andy Warhol ubeyiciko elibonakalayo laseMelika elaziwa kakhulu ngesitayela salo esibizwa nge-Pop Art. Emisebenzini yakhe, uhlole ubudlelwano phakathi kwemboni yefilimu ewubukhazikhazi, ukukhangisa, isiko elidumile, nokuveza ubuciko. I-Warhol inhloko yabadwebi abadumile kwezamasiko amaningi.
Umsebenzi wakhe odume kakhulu i-Campbell's Soup Cans (1962), equkethe izingcezu ezingu-32, ngayinye ingamasentimitha angu-51 ukuphakama namasentimitha angu-41 ububanzi. Isici ngasinye singabhekwa njengesithombe esihlukile. Izingcezu ezizimele zenziwe kusetshenziswa ukuphrinta kwesikrini okuzenzakalelayo, okubambe iqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kobuciko be-pop kanye nokuhlangana kwesiko elidumile ngobuciko obubonakalayo njengoba sibazi namuhla.
U-Andy Warhol udale inqwaba yemisebenzi futhi wayengomunye wabathengisi bezamasiko abahamba phambili ngawo-50. Kodwa-ke, ekuqapheliseni okukhulu, cishe uzohlala engumbhali wezingubo ezinezinto ezifanayo eziphinde zenziwe kabusha: kwesinye isikhathi into enjalo kwakuyikani lesobho likatamatisi ekheniwe, kanti kwelinye, uphawu lobulili lweminyaka engu-XNUMX kanye uphawu lwenkathi yobulili yaseHollywood, uMarilyn Monroe.
Vincent van Gogh
UVincent Van Gogh ungomunye wabadwebi abadume kakhulu, okuyinto emangalisayo, njengoba indlela yakhe yokudweba evezayo nengokomzwelo yathola isasasa elincane ngesikhathi sakhe. Amabhulashi aluhlaza we-Post-Impressionist kanye nokusetshenziswa kopende we-impasto, kanye nokukhetha kwakhe okuhlala kumibalabala kodwa okusahlakaniphile, kuphinde kwaziswa kakhulu namuhla futhi kudayiswa ezindlini zendali ezibiza kakhulu emhlabeni.
Ukukhetha kwakhe ama-motif kwakungabukeki, ifenisha, izimbali, indawo, kanye nenqwaba yezithombe zakhe. Kodwa-ke, kungenxa yokumakethwa kwabathandi bobuciko baseMelika ukuthi uthanda uchungechunge lwakhe lukabhekilanga ophuzi, umbono wakhe weCafe Terrace at Night, The Starry Night kanye negumbi lakhe lokulala ukuthi atholakala kumaphosta, amakhadi eposi kanye namaphosta, ngisho namaketango okhiye.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isithombe sakhe esicacile noma imfihlakalo yokunqunywa kwendlebe yakhe nokufa okubikwa ukuthi kube umphumela womzamo wokuzibulala okuxoxwe ngakho kakhulu, igama lakhe liphezulu ohlwini lwabadwebi abadumile besikhathi sonke.
Ekuqaleni, imidwebo kaVan Gogh yayinzima. Kuzo, wabonisa uzwela olungenamkhawulo ngabampofu. Futhi umsebenzi wakhe wobuciko wokuqala wawuwumsebenzi onjalo: "I-Potato Eaters." Kuyo sibona abantu bekhathele wumsebenzi onzima noyisicefe. Bakhathala baze baphenduka njengamazambane. UVan Gogh wayengelona iqiniso futhi wenza ihaba ngezici zabantu ukuveza ingqikithi.
Kodwa ababukeli bayamthanda u-Van Gogh ngenxa yemibala yakhe ekhanyayo nekhanyayo. Imidwebo yakhe yaba nemibala ngemva kokuhlangana nama-Impressionists, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, uye wapenda ama-bouquets amaningi, amasimu ehlobo nezihlahla eziqhakazayo.
Akekho ngaphambi kukaVan Gogh owaveza imizwelo nemizwa yakhe ngosizo lombala, kodwa emva kwakhe - abaningi. Phela, ungumgqugquzeli oyinhloko wabo bonke abashicileli. Kuyamangaza nokuthi uthisha, osecindezeleke kakhulu, okuzoholela ekutheni azibulale eminyakeni edlule, adwebe kanjani umsebenzi omnandi njengokuthi “Ubhekilanga”.
I-Starry Night (1889) ingenye yemisebenzi yakhe edume kakhulu, eyadwetshwa ngesikhathi ehlala esibhedlela sabagula ngengqondo eFrance. Ibonisa iwindi ledolobha eliqanjiwe, lapho kuphuma ilanga eliphuzi elikhanyayo.
Lona omunye wemidwebo ebonakala kakhulu hhayi kuphela emhlabeni wobuciko, kodwa emhlabeni wonke. Kodwa udumo lwangempela lwafika kumdwebi ngemva kokufa kwakhe, ngasekupheleni kwawo-1890. Manje umsebenzi wakhe ubhekwa njengenye yezinto ezibiza kakhulu emhlabeni futhi uphakathi kwabadwebi abadumile kakhulu.
UJheronimus van Aken – Hieronymus Bosch
Omunye wabaculi abahamba phambili eNyakatho Yurophu U-Jheronimus van Aken, owaziwa ngeSpanishi ngokuthi u-El Bosco. Ifomu lomdwebo wakhe liyabonakala ngokuqinisekile, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kusele ishumi nambili kuphela kuwo wonke umzimba wemidwebo. Ubeyingcweti yeqiniso yeRenaissance, enezici eziningi futhi egcwele izimpawu nezinkomba.
Imidwebo yakhe yakhuluma kakhulu kubantu besikhathi sika-Bosch kunabantu bekhulunyaka lama-XNUMX, njengoba ayesebenzisa kakhulu i-folk motifs yeBhayibheli nenkathi ephakathi. Akudingekile ukuba ube umhlaziyi wezobuciko ukuze uqonde ukuthi lo mdwebo we-Bosch.
Ngokwesibonelo, encwadini kaHieronymus Bosch edume kakhulu, i- triptych ethi, “The Garden of Earthly Delights,” iqukethe imininingwane eminingi: ichaza izono eziyisikhombisa ezibulalayo, ezivezwa kaninginingi, isitshela ngokuningiliziwe mayelana nobuhlungu obungapheli obulindele izoni. kwesokudla). Lapha inkosi yaqala ukwesabisa umlimi kanye nenkolo yangaleso sikhathi ngemibono ecindezelayo eyayilindelwe ngemva kokufa.
Kwesokunxele ifasitela libonisa ukuwa kuka-Adamu no-Eva. Ingxenye yomuntu, isigamu esishintshashintshayo, izinyoni ezinkulu nezinhlanzi, izitshalo ezingakaze zibe khona kanye nenqwaba yezoni ezinqunu. Konke lokhu kuxutshwe futhi kuhlanganiswe ekwakhiweni kwezibalo eziningi. I-whimsy yezibalo, inombolo enkulu yemininingwane encane kanye nomcabango othize womdwebi akushiyi ukungabaza ukuthi ubani umbhali we-canvas. Ngokungangabazeki omunye wabadwebi abadumile besikhathi sonke.
Alikho elinye iciko elisebenzisa imininingwane eminingi kangaka ukuveza imibono. Imiphi imibono? Akukho ukuvumelana ngalolu daba. Banikela ama-dissertations nezincwadi ku-El Bosco, bafuna izincazelo zabalingiswa bakhe, kodwa abafinyelelanga esiphethweni.
Kepha uBosch wavela kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe. Futhi ekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe, imisebenzi emikhulu, yezibalo eziningi yathathelwa indawo indlela eseduze kakhulu yabalingiswa. Ngakho-ke azingeni kahle ohlakeni. Yilokhu okubonakala kuKristu ngesiphambano emhlane wakhe. Noma ngabe uBosch uyabahlola abalingiswa bakhe ekude noma eduzane, umyalezo wakhe uyefana. Ubonisa ububi babantu futhi ngokububonisa uzama ukusisiza sisindise imiphefumulo yethu.
UPaul Rubens
Umdwebi waseFlemish uPieter Paul Rubens (1577-1640) ungomunye wabadwebi abakhulu besikhathi sakhe. Njengoba abadwebi abaningi babefuna ukumsebenzela, uRubens wayenesinye sezitudiyo ezinkulu zokudweba zesikhathi sakhe. Upende inqwaba yezithombe nemidwebo yezenkolo efana nethi "Descent from the Cross" futhi wagqugquzela abanye abadwebi emhlabeni jikelele. Ubhekwa njengengcweti yomdwebo we-Flemish Baroque futhi ufanelekile phakathi kwabadwebi abadumile baseNetherlands.
Raphael Sanzio
Ummeleli odume kakhulu wenkathi yeRenaissance uyamangala ngezingoma ezihambisanayo kanye nezingoma. Ukudweba abantu abakhangayo akunzima njengokubeka ngendlela efanele ku-canvas. Yilapho u-Raphael ayeyi-virtuoso. Mhlawumbe akekho omunye uthisha emhlabeni owathonya ozakwabo njengoRaphael.
Isitayela sakho sokudweba sizosetshenziswa ngokungaphezi. Abalingiswa bakhe bayazulazula besuka kwelinye ikhulu baye kwelinye futhi bazolahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwabo kuphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX. Esikhathini sesimanjemanje kanye nokukhumbula u-Raphael Sanzio, siqala ukucabanga ngamadonna akhe amahle.
Phakathi nokuphila kwakhe okufushane (iminyaka engu-38), wadala imidwebo engamashumi amabili ngesithombe sakhe, lokhu bekungavamile. Okudume kakhulu yiSistine Madonna (Madonna di San Sisto). Asiboni i-iconographic virgin eyomile, kodwa umama omnene, ogcwele isithunzi nokuhlanzeka ngokomoya. Izingelosi ezinonya ziwumfanekiso othembekile wokuzenzakalela okufana nowomntwana, ogcwele ubuhle.
Umsebenzi ka-Raphael Sanzio obiza kakhulu wawuyi-sketchy emangazayo ethi "Inhloko Yomphostoli Omusha." Idayiswe oSuthwini ngezigidi ezingamashumi amane nesishiyagalombili zamarandi. Umdwebi wase-Italy, owaziswa abantu besikhathi sakhe ngenxa yokuthamba nokuba ngokwemvelo kwakhe, uyigugu namuhla futhi ungomunye wabadwebi abahlonishwa kakhulu.
Francisco de Goya
UFrancisco de Goya (1746-1828) ungumdwebi omkhulu waseSpain wenkathi yeRococo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo omunye wamaphayona emkhakheni wokudweba kwesimanje eYurophu. Kuyaziwa ukuthi uGoya wapenda iSpain njengoba yayinjalo ngesikhathi sakhe, njengofakazi bangempela besikhathi samanje. Izindikimba azithandayo ziyizithombe ezibucayi zempi nokungabi nabulungisa, kanye nemifanekiso yokuphila kwansuku zonke eSpain.
UGoya waqala umsebenzi wakhe ngentshiseko yobusha kanye nemibono emihle. Waze waba umdwebi enkantolo yaseSpain. Kodwa ngokushesha wacikwa yileyo mpilo, ebona ubugovu bezwe, ubuwula, ukucwasa. Bheka nje iqembu lakhe elithi Portrait of the Royal Family, lapho uGoya engazange azame ukuthambisa izinkulumo ezingenalutho kanye nokuzikhukhumeza okunyanyekayo komndeni wasebukhosini.
U-Goya udale ama-canvases amaningi abonisa isikhundla sakhe somphakathi nesomuntu. Futhi umhlaba umazi ngaphezu kwakho konke njengeciko elinesibindi, umthandi weqiniso. Ubufakazi bumane buwumsebenzi omangalisayo "uSaturn ushwabadela indodana yakhe". Lena incazelo engenagazi futhi eneqiniso ngokwedlulele yesakhiwo senganekwane. Kwakufanele ngabe unjani uKronos ohlanyayo, ethuswa ukuthi amadodana akhe azomketula.
Giotto di Bondone
U-Giotto di Bondone, uthathwa njengomunye wezingcweti zokuqala ngaphambi kweRenaissance, wayeyithalente lomhlaba wonke: umdwebi, umdwebi wezakhiwo kanye nomqophi. Umfundi waseCimabue kanye nomngane kaDante, owayethandwa uMichelangelo, uGiotto wasiza ekwenzeni isithombe sabangcwele sibe sesimanje ngokusuka esikweni laseByzantium. Ukuhlanganisa ukubuyela ku-Antiquity, umuzwa wemvelo futhi ozuzwe kusukela ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, ubuciko bakhe buqondiswe ngokuyisisekelo kumuntu.
UGiotto kuthiwa ungumbhali wemifanekiso eqoshiwe edumile e-Upper Church of Assisi enikezelwe empilweni kaSaint Francis, nakuba ungekho umbhalo okufakazela lokho. Futhi kusemsuka wenye yezimpumelelo ezinhle kakhulu ze-Trecento: i-Scrovegni Chapel e-Padua.
Ubuciko buka-Giotto bufanekisela ukunqoba kwe-fresco, ubuciko obusalokhu buhlehla ku-mosaic. Umdwebo ohlanganiswe kakhulu futhi omile wesitayela saseByzantine uyagqama. U-Giotto wenza izinto ezintsha ngokumela abalingiswa ngamaqiniso, hhayi ngokwezinga le-anatomical kodwa ngokwezinga lemizwa. Umbono wakhe wobuNkulunkulu awuwona ongaqondakali noma ongaphezu kwemvelo njengokaFra Angelico, kodwa uphendukela kumuntu kanye nobulula bempilo yasemhlabeni.
Gustave Courbet
UGustave Courbet wayengumdwebi wamaqiniso waseFrance. Ngesikhathi enza umsebenzi wakhe lo mculi wazama ukumela izwe langesikhathi sakhe kanye nabantu besikhathi sakhe waze waze wagqashula ama-tabos washaqisa abantu.
Isibonelo, ngomsebenzi wakhe othi "The Origin of the World", obonisa izitho zangasese zabesifazane futhi manje uboniswa e-Musée d'Orsay. Wahlukana ngokushesha nemisebenzi yothando futhi waguqula umhlaba wobuciko, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi iqembu elikhethiwe labadwebi abadumile.
USalvador Dalí
U-Salvador Dalí (noma u-Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech), owaziwa ngokusobala ngesitayela sakhe sokudweba kwengqondo, wazalwa ngo-1904 futhi wafa ngo-1989. Umdwebi omkhulu waseSpain wayenga umhlaba wobuciko ngesikhathi esifushane futhi waba ummeleli we-surreal yamanje yamanje. . Imidwebo yakhe ikhombisa amaphupho ahlukahlukene kakhulu, ngalinye lididekile kakhulu kunomunye. UDalí ngokungangabazeki ungomunye wabadwebi abadumile bekhulu lama-XNUMX.
UDalí waziwa kakhulu ngobuhle bakhe obungenangqondo. Ubuciko bakhe bekuwukunwetshwa kwakhe, kodwa ngenxa yokukhuluma kwakhe iSpanishi nothando lokunaka, wabungazwa ngokufanayo ngokuziphatha kwakhe okuhlukile. Umsebenzi wakhe odume kakhulu yiThe Persistence of Memory (1931).
Enye yezincazelo zesithombe ukuthi isikhathi siqala kanjani ukuncibilika, lapho nje umuntu elala. Lapho ebuzwa ukuthi yini ngempela eyaphefumulela uSalvador Dalí ukuba apende lo mdwebo, waphendula ngokuthi ukuma kwewashi elincibilikayo kugqugquzelwe ushizi weCamembert oncibilika elangeni.
U-Ivan Aivazovsky
U-Aivazovsky ubalwa ngokufanelekile phakathi kwabadwebi abadumile bomhlaba. I-"Ninth Wave" yakhe iyamangalisa esikalini sayo. Ubukhulu bezakhi, ukungabi nathemba. Ingabe idlanzana labasinde esivunguvungwini lizokwazi ukuphunyuka? Ilanga lasekuseni elinemisebe yalo efudumele libonakala linikeza ithemba elicashile.U-Aivazovsky angabizwa ngomdwebi wasolwandle obaluleke kakhulu kunabo bonke.
Akekho odwebe imvelo yento yasolwandle ngendlela ehluke kangaka, akekho oveze izimpi eziningi kangaka zasolwandle nokuphahlazeka kwemikhumbi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, u-Aivazovsky naye wayengumdwebi wefilimu, echaza kahle imishini yomkhumbi. Futhi iphupho elincane, empeleni, ngamabomu, i-Ninth Wave idwetshwe ngokungalungile: olwandle oluvulekile, igagasi aliguquki njenge-apron. Kodwa ngenxa yedrama eyengeziwe, u-Aivazovsky wamdweba kanje.
UHenri de Toulouse-Lautrec
UHenri de Toulouse-Lautrec, owazalwa eningizimu yeFrance ngo-1864 futhi washona ngo-1901 eneminyaka engu-36 kuphela, uyingcweti enkulu eyakha impilo eParis ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX. Umdwebi nomdwebi wekhathuni uhlala endaweni edumile yaseParis yase-Montmartre, isifunda sobuciko senhloko-dolobha yaseFrance i-par excellence. Ukuphila kwansuku zonke e-Paris kungenye yezithombe zakhe ezidume kakhulu, kungaba yi-cabaret yaseParis noma izigcawu zesifunda esinokukhanya okubomvu ezizungeze i-Moulin Rouge.
Marc Chagall
UMarc Chagall wazalelwa eBelarus ngo-1887 ngaphansi kwegama elithi Moïche Zakharovich Shagalov, kodwa wathola ubuzwe baseFrance ngo-1937. Washona ngo-1985. U-Chagall akahambisani neze nokuthambekela kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, kodwa usebenzisa izici ze-surrealism kanye ne-primitivism. Namuhla, uMarc Chagall uyingxenye yemibukiso eminingi yabadwebi abakhulu bekhulu lama-XNUMX.
UPaul Klee
Umdwebi odumile uPaul Ernst Klee wazalelwa esigodini saseBern ngo-1879 futhi wafa ngo-1940 engxenyeni ekhuluma isiNtaliyane yaseSwitzerland, eTicino. Uyise wayengumJalimane nonina waseSwitzerland. Umdwebi nomdwebi wezithombe akazange nje akhiqize kakhulu phakathi nezinsuku zakhe zokudala, kodwa futhi wayehluke kakhulu kwezobuciko kanye nemidwebo.
Ngakho-ke imisebenzi yakhe inganikezwa ukunyakaza okuhluke ngokuphelele kwezobuciko: i-expressionism, i-constructivism, i-cubism, i-primitivism kanye ne-surrealism. Ngendlela, uPaul Klee wayengumngane kaWassily Kandinsky futhi njengaye, uKlee wafundisa eBauhaus e-Weimar kusukela ngo-1921 futhi kamuva eDessau. Ngemva kokuba amaNazi ethathe izintambo, waxoshwa futhi wabuyiselwa eBern.
UWassily Kandinsky
Phakathi kwabadwebi abadumile okufanele kukhulunywe ngakho nguWassily Kandinsky. Wazalelwa eMoscow ngo-1866 futhi washonela e-Neuilly-sur-Seine France ngo-1944. Ekanye nabanye abadwebi abadumile abanjengoPaul Klee noFranz Marc wayeyingxenye yeqembu lamaciko elithi "Blauer Reiter", futhi wayeze walisungula ndawonye. no-Franz Marc, njengenhlangano ephikisayo noma esuselwe ku-Neue Künstlervereinigung München, (Inhlangano Yabaculi Entsha yaseMunich).
Ngakho-ke, isitayela sakhe singabelwa ku-expressionism. Uphinde waba ngomunye wamavulandlela kwezobuciko obungacacile kanye nabanye abadwebi abadumile. Njengoba sekushiwo, waphinde wasebenza njengothisha e-Bauhaus e-Weimar nase-Dessau, lapho yena no-Paul Klee babengabanye bezakhamuzi zase-Bauhaus Teachers' Houses. Ngemva kokuba iNational Socialists ivale iBauhaus (1933), uKandinsky wathuthela eFrance nomkakhe.
Eugène Delacroix
Umdwebi ongumFulentshi u-Eugène Delacroix wabona ukukhanya ngo-1798 futhi wafa ngo-1863. Wathonya ikakhulukazi uthando lwezothando lwekhulu le-XNUMX. Phakathi kokunye, umbuso waseFrance wagunyaza umdwebi ukuthi enze inqwaba yezithombe, kodwa wabuye waphathiswa imisebenzi yezakhiwo neyokuhlobisa. Umdwebo wakhe othi "Liberty Leads the People" ungomunye odume kakhulu emlandweni waseFrance futhi manje unganconywa eLouvre eParis.
UJackson Pollock
UJackson Pollock wayengumdwebi waseMelika kanye nomholi we-abstract impressionism. Uphakathi kwabadwebi abadume ngamasu akhe angavamile okudweba ama-drip, lapho upende uthelwa noma uconselwa kuseyili. UPollock wayaziwa ngokuba yisigqila sotshwala, okwaholela engozini yemoto eyathatha impilo yakhe ngo-1956.
Omunye wemidwebo yakhe edume kakhulu, inombolo yesi-5, 1948, ungomunye wemidwebo ebiza kakhulu emhlabeni. UJackson Pollock ubonise ukulawula okukhulu kanye nesiyalo sensimbi ngendlela yakhe ephithizelayo. Lo mdwebo usuyaziwa kangcono ngegama elithi "Isidleke Sezinyoni", ngenxa yemibala empunga, ensundu, ephuzi, emhlophe, ehlangene.
Gustav Klimt
Wayengumdwebi we-Symbolist wase-Austrian owaziwa kakhulu ngomsebenzi wakhe wokuvusa inkanuko, imidwebo yasezindongeni ehlukahlukene, imidwebo, kanye nezimpilo ezisekhona. Ngokungeziwe ekuboniseni umzimba wesifazane, u-Klimt uphinde wapenda izindawo nezigcawu, ezithonywe ubuciko baseJapane ngokwengxenye.
Omunye wemisebenzi yakhe edume kakhulu ithi The Kiss, omunye wemisebenzi emikhulu yenkathi yakhe yegolide. Lesi sikhathi somsebenzi wakhe waphawuleka ngokusebenzisa kwakhe okumangalisayo amathoni egolide emidwebeni yakhe emangalisa kakhulu, evame ukusebenzisa iqabunga legolide langempela.
UKazimir Malevich
Ngokuthakazelisayo, umculi odumile waseRussia angabizwa ngokuthi Kazimir Malevich. Naphezu kokuthi isikole saseRussia sokudweba sanikeza inqwaba yamagama obuciko (Repin, Aivazovsky, Vereshchagin nabanye abaningi) enkumbulweni yombukeli omkhulu, kwasala umuntu oyedwa owayengumakhi wemidwebo yakudala kunomlandeli wamasiko akhe. omunye wabadwebi abadumile bendlela yakhe.
U-Kazimir Malevich wayengumsunguli we-Suprematism, okusho ukuthi, ngandlela-thile, uyise wabo bonke ubuciko besimanje. Umsebenzi wakhe iBlack Square wabukiswa ngo-1915 futhi waba uhlelo. Kodwa uMalevich akayena phakathi kwabadwebi abadumile hhayi nje ngenxa yeBlack Square: wasebenza njengomklami wokukhiqiza ezenzweni ezimbi zikaMeyerhold, ephethe isitudiyo sobuciko eVitebsk, lapho omunye umculi omkhulu, uMarc Chagall, eqala khona ukusebenza.
UJean Francois Millet
Umsebenzi womdwebi ongumFulentshi uJean-François Millet uyingxenye yenhlangano yamaqiniso. Imidwebo yakhe namakhanvasi akhombisa impilo yansuku zonke, ikakhulukazi izigcawu zasemaphandleni ezivela eNyakatho Yurophu. Isizinda sakhe sobumpofu simnikeza ithuba lokuthi aveze ubukhona basemaphandleni njengendlela yokuphila yomhlaba wonke kanye nokwenza ubuntu bube buhle. Kubonisa abalimi baseFrance bekhazimula izikhulu zangaphakathi.
Imidwebo yakhe, ethathwa ngokungafanele njengesikhundla sezombusazwe esivuna abantu, ibonisa kuphela ulwazi lwakhe siqu kanye nokunamathela kwakhe emhlabeni wasemaphandleni.Intshisekelo yomdwebi kubantu abavamile izobahlaba umxhwele abaculi abafana noPissarro, uMonet noVan Gogh.
Isitayela sakhe, ikakhulukazi i-palette yakhe ekhanyayo, i-stroke enamandla, nokuthanda ama-pastels, kwaba nomthelela omkhulu kwi-Impressionism. UJean-François Millet wayehlala ebumpofu futhi wayeziphilisa ngokupenda izithombe. Indodana yakhe nomzukulu bangabaklami bendawo.
UJohn Singer Sargent
U-John Singer Sargent wazenza waba ngomunye wabadwebi bezithombe baseMelika abakhulu kakhulu besikhathi sakhe, obuye aqashelwe njengomdwebi wezwe onethalente kanye nomdwebi omkhulu wamanzi. USargent wazalelwa eFlorence, e-Italy, wabazali baseMelika futhi wafunda e-Italy naseJalimane, wabe eseParis, ngaphansi kwethonya lomdwebi wezithombe u-Emile Auguste Carolus-Duran, ithonya lakhe liyoba eliyisisekelo. Useduze nabaculi abakhulu besikhathi abafana noClaude Monet noma uPaul Helleu.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, u-John Singer Sargent wayengumdwebi wezithombe wababusi kanye nesigaba esiphezulu eYurophu nase-United States of America. Imifanekiso yakhe, yobuqiniso obuthophayo, ibuyisela isithunzi somphakathi. Izithombe ezimele kakhulu zikaSargent zibonisa ubunye nobuntu bezifundo zakhe. Isitayela sakhe sigqame ngokufana kobuhle obumangaza ngisho nabamgxekayo.
Ngo-1907 wamemezela ukuthi uzoyeka ukuthatha izithombe wabe esegxila ezindaweni nezigcawu zempilo yezempi phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Phakathi nomsebenzi wakhe wadala cishe amaseyili angamakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye kanye nemibala yamanzi engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili, kanye nemidwebo nemidwebo engenakubalwa.
Nazi ezinye izixhumanisi onentshisekelo kuzo: