Ngaphakathi kwezilwane eziningi kuneqembu lezilwane ezithize kodwa ezihlaba umxhwele ngokumangalisayo ezibizwa ngokuthi Izilwane Ezihuquzelayo esezikhona kudala ngaphambi kokufika komuntu, ezisebenza njengezimpawu zemibuso, izimfundiso, amamuvi, imisebenzi yemibhalo namafilosofi. Eqinisweni, enye yazo ivela ngaphakathi kombhalo weBhayibheli, ngamafuphi, asikho isikhala lesi silwane esingakasithathi kakade.
Zinjani Izilwane Ezihuquzelayo?
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zibizwa ngokuthi iqoqo elikhulu lezilwane ezinomgogodla ezinemilenze emine, ezinegazi elibandayo, okungavamile kwazo okuyinhloko ukuba nesikhumba esimbozwe amazenga esakhiwe i-keratin. Kuzo kunezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo ezimangalisayo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezifudumele, ezigama lazo liphefumulelwe indlela yazo yokuhamba; ngokwe-etymologically, livela ku-Latin reptile, okusho ukuthi "lokho kukhasa"
Lezi zilwane bezilokhu zinyakaza eMhlabeni iminyaka eyizigidi ezingamakhulu amathathu neshumi nesishiyagalombili, okuyizinto eziphilayo eziphila kanzima ngesikhathi seMesozoic, ehlanganisa iJurassic, Cretaceous kanye neTriassic, ngesikhathi esibizwa ngokuthi ama-dinosaurs. Ziyafana ngokombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo ezinyonini nasezilwandle ezihlala emanzini; ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo zavela kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezihuquzelayo.
Emiphakathini ethile namasiko abantu, izilwane ezihuquzelayo zinokubukeka okuhlaba umxhwele, kanye nokuthusa kancane, noma ngenxa yokubukeka kwazo okuhlukahlukene, okuyinganekwane kanye nesibindi, zikhuluma endaweni yabazingeli abakhulu njengezinyoka, izingwenya nezingwenya. . Inani elikhulu lalezi zidalwa eziphilayo, ngokwalokho okufundwayo nokutshelwayo, zinamandla obumnyama, athonywe umlingo omnyama, icala elifanele kakhulu inyoka eshiwo emibhalweni yeBhayibheli kuGenesise.
I-Reptile Evolution
Lezi zinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu zavela kuma-reptiliomorphs, okuyiqembu lama-tetrapods, abukeka kanye nekhono lezilwane ezihuquzelayo kanye nezilwane ezihlala emanzini, ekuthuthukisweni kwenkathi yeCarboniferous, nezinhlobo eziningi ezikhulayo ngesikhathi seMesozoic. Ukufika esiphethweni salesi sigaba, amaqembu amaningana awo ashabalala phakathi nenkathi yeCretaceous neTertiary, ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule.
Nansi ividiyo efundisa izingane mayelana nezilwane ezihuquzelayo:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wX5gL-sgr80
Izimpawu Zezilwane Ezihuquzelayo
Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlelo lwemibono, izilwane ezihuquzelayo ziye zakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nokuphila emhlabeni, nokho, ezinye zazo azizange ziwashiye amanzi noma zibuyele kuwo ukuze zizingele futhi zithole ukudla. Ngamanye amazwi, kusho ukuthi abanye babo banamaphaphu, inhliziyo kanye nesimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi esibanika ithuba lokugcina amanzi isikhathi eside ngesikhathi sokutshuza kwabo. Zinongqimba oluvikelayo lwezikali, ezinokwakheka okumaholo nokungazweli; bashisa ilanga.
Iningi lezilwane ezihuquzelayo namuhla zihamba ngezinyawo ezine, nokho, kukhona ezinye ezingakwenzi lokho, izinyoka ziyisimo esicacile, ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo ezinegobolondo eliqinile elinamathele kuhlaka lwamathambo, njengoba kunjalo nezimfudu. Kwenzeka ukuthi babe nomuzwa omuhle kakhulu wokuhogela kanye nomuzwa omkhulu ozwelayo wokuthinta (izinyoka) ezithwebula ngawo ukudlidliza kwendawo.
Zidlani Izilwane Ezihuquzelayo?
Ngenxa yokuthi inani elikhulu lezilwane ezihuquzelayo ziyizilwane ezidla ezinye, zibizwa ngokuthi ama-carnivores anesimiso esilula sokugaya inyama, ngokusho ukuthi inyama kulula ukuyihlukanisa futhi ihlanganise.
Inqubo yokugaya yenziwa kancane kancane kunezilwane ezincelisayo, ikakhulukazi ezithinta imetabolism yazo ngesikhathi sokuthola ukuphumula, zibe nobunzima bokuhlafuna ukudla okufakiwe, zikwazi ukulondoloza ukuphila kwazo izinyanga ngokuzingela usayizi omkhulu.
Endabeni yezinhlobo ze-herbivorous, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zinezinkinga ezifanayo ekuhlafuneni, ngokuphathelene nezilwane ezincelisayo ezidla uhlaza, nakuba, ngokwazi ukuthi lezi zamuva zinamazinyo nezilwane ezihuquzelayo azikho, zingadlula emadwaleni azo, okuthiwa i-gastroliths, okunikeza ukuthuthukiswa kokugayeka kokudla, ukuwasha lezi esiswini, kube lula ukuhlakazeka kwezindaba zemifino. Ezinye izinhlobo zisebenzisa le nqubo ukuze zicwiliswe futhi njenge-ballast (izimfudu zasolwandle, izinyoka, izingwenya).
Izinhlobo Zezilwane Ezihuquzelayo ezikhona emhlabeni
Kuze kube manje, yonke imininingwane echaziwe yezilwane ezihuquzelayo ibingakholeki, kanye nencazelo yokusebenza kwezinhlelo zabo zokugaya nokuphefumula, noma kunjalo, kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi ngohlobo ngalunye zingasebenza ngokuhlukile, ngokusho kwe-niche lapho zisebenza khona. , kanye nokudla elibanika kona. Ngalokhu, kubalulekile ukwazi izinhlobo ezine zezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezaziwayo, lezi okuyilezi:
I-Tortugas (Igama lesayensi izimbongolo): Ziyizinhlobo ezingaphila kokubili olwandle nasemhlabeni, ezinegobolondo eliqinile, elihlanganiswe ne-endoskeleton ngokwayo futhi lilondoloze i-torso yayo kunoma yikuphi ukuhlaselwa. Zinoqhwaku olunezimpondo emlonyeni kanye nomsila wosayizi oncishisiwe, okungama-quadrupeds.
izibankwa (Igama lesayensi i-squamata): Kuleli qembu kukhona izinyoka nezibankwa, ezingenamilenze noma ezinemilenze emine ngokulandelana, ezinemizimba emide embozwe amazenga aminyene kanye nokuthungwa okumahhadlahhadla, okubavikela ekushisweni yilanga futhi kuzisize zifihleke.
Izingwenya nezingwenya (Igama lesayensi ingwenya): Izilwane ezithola ukudla kwazo emanzini, kodwa ezihlala emhlabathini. Zibhekwa njengezinye zezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezesatshwa kakhulu ezitholakala emazwenikazi aseMelika nase-Afrika, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yomhlathi wazo omkhulu onamazinyo kanye nemizimba eqinile enemisipha.
i-tuataras (Igama lesayensi i-rhynchocephalia): Zihambisana neqoqo lezinsalela eziphilayo, okwamanje, ezineqembu elithile, elibizwa ngokuthi I-Sphenodon, okuyizinhlobo ezintathu zomdabu zase-Oceania, ncamashi ezivela eNew Zealand. Ziyizilwane ezihuquzelayo ezingaba amasentimitha angamashumi ayisikhombisa ubude, ziyizihlobo ezisondelene kakhulu nama-dinosaurs, ngokombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Zizalana kanjani Izilwane Ezihuquzelayo?
Indlela izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezizalana ngayo ezocansi, okusho ukuthi kufanele kube nokuvundiswa kowesilisa ngaphakathi kowesifazane ngokuhlangana, lapho ukuvundiswa kwenzeka ngama-gametes.
Ngenxa yalokho, kulokhu, insikazi izalela amaqanda ayo, ikakhulukazi esidlekeni esisinakekela kakhulu, noma futhi, ikwazi ukucasha ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye ogwini. Ngale ndlela, inzalo izalwa, efana nabazali bayo, kodwa encane.
Uhlelo lokuphefumula lwezilwane ezihuquzelayo
Imigodi yamaphaphu ezilwane ezihuquzelayo ine-spongy futhi inesikhala esiningi esitholakalayo sokujikeleza mahhala kwamagesi, ngokuphambene nezilwane ezihlala emanzini. Kuchazwa ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yezilwane ezihuquzelayo azikwazi ukugeleza phakathi kwamagesi esikhumbeni, njengoba izilwane ezihlala emanzini anesikhumba esimanzi zingenza. Izinhlobo eziningana zezilwane ezihuquzelayo zinemisipha ezungeze izimbambo, okuvumela indawo yesifuba eyandayo yokuhogela. Uma lokhu kungenzeki, lonke uhlelo luzowa ngesikhathi sokukhipha umoya.
Mayelana nalokhu, kuyaziwa ukuthi izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezingwenya nazo zinemiphetho esikhumbeni sazo, ezigcina umlomo uhlukene nemigodi yamakhala, ngaleyo ndlela zivumela ukuphefumula inqobo nje uma umlomo wayo uvulekile. Ekugelezeni kwamahhala kwamagesi azo nendawo ezungezile, lezi zinhlobo zinamaphaphu amabili alungile, nakuba kuvela ukuthi izinyoka ezinawo kuphela ngokuba khona kwazo..
Isistimu ye-circulatory ye-reptile
Lezi zinhlobo zinesistimu ye-circulatory enamandla esebenza kahle kabili noma ebizwa nangokuthi i-double circuit. Kuchazwa ukuthi enye yemigudu ithutha futhi ithathe igazi emigodini yamaphaphu, kuyilapho enye ithutha futhi igcine igazi elisuka kuwo wonke umzimba. Inhliziyo yalolu hlobo ine-atria emibili kanye ne-ventricle eyodwa noma amabili, nakuba iningi lawo line-ventricle eyodwa.
Lesi simiso sihlukanisa igazi eliqukethe umoya-mpilo egazini elingenawo umoya-mpilo kuyilapho inhliziyo ilimpompa. Izingwenya nezingwenya zinezinhliziyo ezithuthuke kakhulu nezisebenza kahle kakhulu eqenjini elikhona lezilwane ezihuquzelayo, namuhla, ngokusho kokuthi zenziwe ngama-atria amabili nama-ventricle amabili, ilungiselelo izilwane ezincelisayo nezinyoni nazo.
uhlelo lwe-excretory lwezilwane ezihuquzelayo
Umchamo uvela ezinso, nakuba kwezinye izimo zezilwane ezihuquzelayo, lolu ketshezi luthuthwa ngemibhobho eya ngokuqondile endaweni yokuphuma, njengaleyo yezilwane ezihlala emanzini. Kuyacaca ukuthi isinye siqoqa umchamo ngaphambi kokuxoshwa kwawo nge-cloaca. Lokhu kukhishwa kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo kune-ammonia noma i-uric acid, okuyilezo ezihlala emanzini, lezo ezibeka imfucuza yazo, ezibhekwa njengobuthi futhi ziyingozi, okuyisimo sezingwenya nezingwenya.
Lezi zilwane okukhulunywe ngazo ngenhla ziphuza amanzi amaningi, futhi lokhu kunciphisa i-ammonia equkethwe umchamo, okwenza ukuba ikhishwe kalula. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinhlobonhlobo zezilwane ezihuquzelayo, ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezihlala phansi, aziyifaki i-ammonia ngokuqondile, kodwa kunalokho ziyiguqula ibe inhlanganisela ebizwa ngokuthi i-uric acid. Lokhu kuvela ukuthi kunezinga eliphansi kakhulu lobuthi kune-compound yangaphambilini, enenzuzo kubo ngoba akunzima ukuyihlanza.
Ukushisa komzimba
Amandla abanawo okulawula izinga lokushisa lomzimba wabo wangaphakathi abonisa inzuzo enkulu ezilwaneni ezinyakazayo, ikakhulukazi ezihuquzelayo eziphuma emanzini. Lezi zidalwa eziphilayo zisizakala ngokuziphatha kwazo ukuze zibe nokulawula izinga lokushisa lomzimba wazo. Uma ezikufunayo kuwukuthola ukufudumala, zihlala isikhathi eside zichayeka elangeni, ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma zifuna ukufudumala zithuthela ezindaweni ezinomthunzi, zicashe emihumeni noma. bhukuda.
Sikumema futhi ukuthi ubuke izihloko ezilandelayo ozithakaselayo:
- Izilwane zasekhaya
- Izilwane zasehlathini
- Izilwane ezidla inyama