Yintoni iPangea?

Yintoni iPangea?

Ngamafutshane, iPangea yayiyi-supercontinent eyayinomhlaba wonke womhlaba. Igama elithi Pangea livela kumagama esiGrike ipani-Ithetha ukuthini "yonke into", kwaye -eyaIthetha ukuthini "Umhlaba".

Apha sikuxelela kancinci malunga nemvelaphi yayo, kwaye malunga UAlfred Wegener, owathethelela ubukho bayo; wafundisa ngokusekwa nokwahlulwa kwabo ngowe-1912.

I-Pangea kunye neempawu zayo

IPANGEA

IPangea ligama le Ilizwekazi lokuqala elikhulu emhlabeni. I-Pangea ibizwa ngokuba yi-phangea ngesiGrike kwaye iguqulela "kuyo yonke into" kunye "nomhlaba." Igama layo layilwa nguAlfred Wegener ngo-1912, owayengumgqugquzeli ophambili weqela. Ithiyori yokuhamba kwelizwekazi.

Ubume boqobo bePangea kukholelwa ukuba bubunzima bomhlaba obumilise 'U' okanye 'C' obubekwe kwi-ikhweyitha. Ngenxa yobukhulu bePangea, imimandla engaphakathi yomhlaba kwakucingelwa ukuba yomile ngenxa yokunqongophala kokufuma. Izilwanyana ezazihlala kwi-supercontinent zazikwazi ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo phakathi kwezinto ezigqithiseleyo ngaphandle kwemiqobo.

IPangea yayinendawo eyiconcave, ebizwa ngokuba Ulwandle lwaseTethys, eyayihlala ulwandle oluncinane. Ukwengeza kwi I-Panthalassa, ekuphela kolwandle olujikeleze iPangea, umhlaba omkhulu wawujikelezwe yintlango ngenxa yokungabikho kokufuma. Oku kwakungenxa yokuba uninzi lombindi welizwekazi lasePangea lwalungenakufikelela lula kubumanzi obusuka elwandle.

Yasekwa njani iPangea? Wahlulwa njani na?

UKWAHLUKANA KWAMAZWE

Yaqulunqwa yintshukumo edibeneyo yeetectonic plates I-335 yezigidi zeminyaka ngexesha Ixesha lePaleozoic. Ngelo xesha, ubukhulu bomhlaba weplanethi wawuqukwe ePangea. Yathi ke ngoko yaqhekeka kwiminyaka eyi-175 yezigidi emva koko, yaza yaqhekeka kwaza kwavela amazwekazi amatsha. Le nkqubo yaqhubeka de kwasekwa uninzi lwemimandla emikhulu yanamhlanje, inkqubo esaqhubeka nanamhlanje.

Ngokweerekhodi zejoloji, zebhayoloji nezenyama, uqweqwe lomhlaba lwaqina kwizigidi ezi-4 zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Ukususela ngoko, utshintsho oluninzi olubalulekileyo lwe-geological lwenzekile, luvumela imbono ebanzi yeziganeko ezenzekayo ukuya ekubunjweni kwePangea. Malunga nezigidi ezingama-700 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, ekupheleni kwexesha le-Precambrian, Kwakukho ii-paleocontinents ezimbini emhlabeni. kubizwe eBaikalia y Pan African. Ekugqibeleni, badibana benza ilizwekazi elinye iPangea malunga neminyaka engama-500 ngaphambi kukaKristu. Malunga neminyaka engama-400 ngaphambi kukaKristu, iYurophu kunye noMntla Merika zazidityaniswe njengelizwe elinye.

I-landmass eyaziwa ngokuba gondwana kwakheka phantse 230 million kwiminyaka eyadlulayo kwaye kuquka amazwe amaninzi aseAsia, eAfrika, eOstreliya, kuMzantsi Merika, naseIndiya. YayikwaneYurophu noMntla Merika ngelo xesha. Onke la mazwekazi adityaniswa ngendlela ephantse ifane. Olunye utshintsho oluncinci lwenziwe ukususela ngoko ngenxa yeenkqubo ze-orogenic zamva. I-Pangea yexesha le-Mesozoic yahlulahlulwe yaba zizigaba ezine kwiminyaka eyi-65 yezigidi eyadlulayo, ngokweembekiselo.

Kwenzeka ntoni kwisahlulo sePangea?

NGAPHAMBI NAMVA KOKWAHLUKANA KWE-PANGEA

Ulwandle lweAtlantiki lwenziwa phakathi kweAfrika noMntla Melika xa umhlaba wahlukana phakathi kweLaurasia neGondwana.. Ukwahlukana okwalandelayo phakathi koMntla Melika kunye noMzantsi Melika kubangele ukwanda kolwandle. Ukwahlulwa kweAfrika, iAntarctica, iOstreliya, noMzantsi Melika ukusuka eIndiya kwenzeka xa iGondwana inkulu yelizwekazi yaqhekeka. Kwangaxeshanye, uMntla weIndiya wawuphuma kuMzantsi Indiya. Oku kwakubangelwa kukuqhekeka kunye neentshukumo ezahlukeneyo kumazwekazi akwaGondwana.

Njengoko iAfrika yayisiya emantla, uLwandle lweMeditera lwenziwa. Oku kwabangela ukuvalwa kwesiphelo sempuma yoLwandle lwaseTethys. Kwangaxeshanye, uMzantsi Merika neAfrika zaqhekeka, zanciphisa ubukhulu boLwandle lwaseTethys. Ekupheleni kwelo xesha, iGreenland yahlukaniswa neYurophu yaza yaba ngumhlaba owahlukileyo. IAfrika noMzantsi Merika zaye zaqhekeka, njengoko kwakunjalo eOstreliya naseAntarctica. IIndiya yayiphantse yafika embindini weikhweyitha; yayizahlule kuMzantsi Merika. UMntla Merika nawo wahlukana neYurophu.

Ngubani owangqina ukuba ikho?

UAlfred Wegener

UAlfred Wegener ibiyi iMeteorologist yaseJamani owaqokelela idata kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi ukuxhasa ithiyori yakhe ye-continental drift. Upapashe iziphumo zakhe kwincwadi 1915, ebangela i-jolt efana nenyikima kwiziseko zenzululwazi yoMhlaba. Abantu abaninzi babecinga ukuba ingcamango yakhe yayiphikisana kakhulu ngelo xesha.

Ejonga iatlasi ngowe-1910, uWegener wacinga ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba imilo yamazwekazi idibane ngempazamo. Kamva bagqiba kwelokuba bayadibana ukuze benze ilizwekazi elinye lamandulo elaziwa ngokuba yiPangea, eliligama lesiGrike elithetha ‘umhlaba wonke’. Kucingelwa ukuba, ummandla oqinileyo wePangea waqhekeka waba ngamazwekazi anamhlanje malunga I-250 ukuya kwi-200 yezigidi zeminyaka.

Ingcinga esemva kwethisisi inxulumene neenkalo ezintathu zenzululwazi: ibhayoloji, i-paleontology kunye nejoloji. Wachaza unxulumano phakathi kwezidalwa ezikumazwekazi ahlulwe ziilwandlekazi; iphinde yahambelana neefosili ze-mesosaur ezifunyenwe eMzantsi Afrika naseBrazil. Ithisisi kwakhona yangqina ukumila kokwakheka komhlaba okufanayo okufunyenwe kumazwekazi awohlukeneyo, icebisa ukuba iCape Fold Belt yaseNtshona Koloni yaseMzantsi Afrika yayikhe yadityaniswa ngaphambili neSierra de la Ventana eArgentina.
Izazinzulu eziphambili zayichasa ngamandla ithiyori kaWegener kuba ayizange ichaze ukuba ngawaphi amandla abangela ukuba amazwekazi akhukuliswe.. U-Wegener wavuma ukuba ezi zigxeko zifanelekile; wabhala ngowe-1929 ukuba 'ingcamango kaNewton ye-continental drift' yayingekaveli. Kwathatha enye iminyaka engama-30 emva kokufa kuka-Wegener, eneminyaka engama-50, ukuba ingcamango yakhe ibe semthethweni. Lo ngunyaka apho uluntu lwe-geophysical luqinisekisile ukukhukuliseka kwamazwekazi ngokusebenzisa iiplate tectonics.

Babunjani ubomi ePangea?

i-allokotosaurus

Imozulu yayifudumele kwaye ubomi bahluke ngokupheleleyo kwinto esiyaziyo namhlanje.  ezirhubuluzayo ezifana Shringasaurus indicus, eyaziwa ngokuba yi i-allokotosaurus, yayihlala kwindawo ngoku eyiIndiya kwaye yayiphawulwa ngokuba neempondo ezimbini ezingaphambili kunye nobude bomzimba obuphakathi kwe-3 kunye ne-4 yeemitha. Ooqongqothwane bokuqala kunye ne-cicadas nazo zavela, kwaye ezininzi izilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo zahluma kwi-Triassic yokuqala. Kukwakholelwa ukuba zazikho idayinaso ePangea, kusenokwenzeka ukuba yayingabokuqala ukuhamba emhlabeni.

Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi malunga nePangea lube luncedo kuwe.


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