Imo engqongileyo ingumxholo wengxoxo rhoqo, ikakhulu kuba ingowona mthombo wemithombo yophuhliso lobomi njengoko yaziwa namhlanje. Ngenxa yokusetyenziswa okukhulu kobutyebi kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwabo ngokugqithisileyo, i-ikhosistim iye yafumana ukuwohloka okuphawuleka kakhulu, yiyo loo nto inkcazo evumela ukuhlelwa komonakalo owaziwa ngokuba Semngciphekweni kokusiNgqongileyo kuzalwe, masazise kancinci ngayo kunye nefuthe layo kwindalo.
Ukuba sesichengeni kokusingqongileyo
Igama elithi "vulnerability" livela kwigama lesiLatini elithi "vulnerabilis", ligama elibunjwe "vulnus" elithetha isilonda kunye no "abilis" elimele ukwenzeka. Ukuthatha njengentsingiselo umngcipheko wokuba umntu okanye into enayo ekubandezelekeni kokwenzakala, kunye nokuvezwa kweengozi ezahlukeneyo ezikhokelela ekungazinzini kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ngoko ke, inxulumene nokuchaphazeleka, isongelo kunye nobuthathaka obuchaphazela inkqubo.
Inkcazo yokuba sesichengeni ibanzi kakhulu, ixoxwa ngokubanzi kwinqanaba lomntu njengabantu abasengozini kakhulu kwizifo, iintsholongwane, iimvakalelo, phakathi kwabanye; ebhekisa kwabo bantu banengxaki yokuchasana neentsholongwane okanye kwi-pathogen ethile, ngenxa yoko babuthathaka kwaye basengozini ngakumbi kuyo. Olu hlobo lwenkcazo lusetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kwimfundo, inkcubeko, uqoqosho, uluntu kunye nokusingqongileyo.
Kule meko, umngcipheko wokusingqongileyo ugxininiswe njengeqondo lokuchasana kwenkqubo kunye namacandelo ayo ahlukeneyo kubunzima bokusingqongileyo obuvela ngeenxa zonke; ukuphembelela izinto ezahlukeneyo ezichaphazela iplanethi yomhlaba efana nobushushu behlabathi (ukwanda okubonakalayo kobushushu emhlabeni) kunye nelahleko enkulu yeentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo (iintlobo zezilwanyana nezityalo). Kukho iimeko ezahlukeneyo ezibonisa imo engqongileyo kwimeko esengozini njengeentlekele zendalo ngenxa yenkanyamba, intlupheko kwezinye iindawo, isomiso, phakathi kwabanye.
Zonke ezi meko zibangelwa ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo yimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo eyenziwa ngumntu ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, apho uye wakwazi ukuxhamla kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo yendalo yokutya, izindlu, iimpahla, amayeza kunye nentuthuzelo yokuphila engcono, ngenxa yoku kufezekiswa indaleko. zoluntu kwizinto ezininzi. Ukubangela ukuwohloka okukhulu kokusingqongileyo ngenxa yokusetyenziswa okukhulu kwemithombo ngaphandle kokhathalelo lothintelo.
Ikwabizwa ngokuba sesichengeni sokusingqongileyo ukuya kwinqanaba lokuchasa okusingqongileyo ngokuchasene nezinto ezahlukeneyo zendalo, ezinje ngeenyikima, iitsunami, phakathi kwezinye. Ke ngoko, le nkcazo ibandakanya izinto ezimbini eziphambili, ezichazwe ngezantsi:
- Ukuboniswa
Ibandakanya kwinqanaba lendalo ekuvezweni kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo, umzekelo iintlobo zezilwanyana ezifumaneka kwindawo yazo yendalo apho ukuzingela kungekho mthethweni, zisengozini kakhulu kunezo ntlobo ezihlala kwindawo yendalo apho ukuzingela kungenakho. ulawulo.
- amandla okuziqhelanisa
Ibandakanya isakhono esinaso indalo sokuziqhelanisa notshintsho oluye lwanyanzeliswa kwindawo yayo. Omnye wemizekelo ephambili kule meko utshintsho lobushushu olwenziwayo kodwa ukufudumala kwehlabathi, le nkqubo ilawulwa yi-ecosystems ngokusebenzisa i-acclimatization.
Ummandla ngamnye wehlabathi wenziwe zintlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo, iintlobo zezityalo, iintlobo ngeentlobo zezilwanyana kunye nobutyebi bendalo obuninzi; ngoko amanqanaba abo okuba sesichengeni aya kwahluka ngokupheleleyo. Ezona ndawo zinovakalelo kakhulu zezo zinokunika impendulo encinci kwiinguqu, zikwaye zibonakaliswe ngakumbi, zinyusa umonakalo kwaye zifuna ixesha elingakumbi lokubuyisela.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, loo macandelo angenamngcipheko omncinci yilawo anamandla amakhulu okuphendula phambi kweemeko zokusingqongileyo, oku kubangelwa ukuba bangabonakali kakhulu kwaye ngoko ke ixesha labo lokubuyisela lifutshane kakhulu.
Imizekeliso yokuba sesichengeni kokusiNgqongileyo
Ukuba semngciphekweni kokusingqongileyo kunxulumene nokuvezwa okukhulu okanye okuncinci okukhoyo kummandla.Kukho imimandla enokuthi ibe nokunyamezela okukhulu kwimpembelelo yendalo efana neenyikima, izikhukula, ugqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo okanye iinkanyamba, ngelixa phakathi kwamanye amacandelo zinokuthi zithathwe njengentlekele epheleleyo; ukuza kuba nobudlelwane phakathi kokuwohloka kwendalo kunye neengozi zendalo.
Eminye yeyona mizekelo ibalaseleyo yokuba sesichengeni kokusingqongileyo iya kucaciswa apha ngezantsi, kuzanywa ukunxulumanisa i-ikhosistim kunye neentlobo ezitshabalalayo:
Izinto zeBenthic
Eyaziwa ngokuba yi-marine benthos, isebenzisana nazo zonke ezo zidalwa zaselwandle ezihlala kwi-ecosystems yasemanzini, ngokukodwa phezu okanye emazantsi olwandle; Iquka isethi yeentlobo zezidalwa eziqubhayo, ezikhasayo, ii-burrowers okanye ezihlala elwandle, kubandakanywa i-starfish, i-sea cucumbers, i-clams, i-oyster, phakathi kwezinye.
Ijongene nezo ntlobo zezilwanyana ezihlala kwindawo yaselwandle yase-Antarctica, indawo yokuhlala ekhethwayo yezi zinto ziphilayo ukuba zivelise ngokukhawuleza, ngenxa yokuba emanzini ashushu ukukhula kwazo kuhamba kancinci; ukumela umba obanika ukungonakali, ngenxa yendlela yokuziloba, ukuvelisa iziphumo eziyingozi kakhulu kwezi nkqubo zendalo. Ukongezelela, luhlobo lweentlobo ezinokuthi, zibe nokukhula okucothayo, kubangela ukuba ukubuyiswa kwabo kucothise kakhulu kwaye ngoko kubenza babe luhlobo olusengozini.
Amazon
Ihlathi laseAmazon likummandla osemantla woMzantsi Merika, ligubungela ummandla omkhulu welizwekazi, eliquka amazwe anjengeVenezuela neBrazil; imele indawo enkulu yehlathi elityebileyo ngeentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo zezityalo nezilwanyana, uphawu lokuba lelona hlathi likhulu emhlabeni, lidlulela kuMlambo i-Amazon kwaye libizwa ngokuba yimiphunga yehlabathi, ngenxa yeentlobo-ntlobo zezityalo zivelisa ioksijini efunekayo kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo zize zifunxe ikharbon diokside emoyeni.
Ithathwa njengeyona nkqubo ityebileyo yendalo emhlabeni wonke, egubungela ummandla weAndes ukuya kunxweme lweAtlantiki, imalunga ne-7 yezigidi zeekhilomitha. Okwangoku ithathwa njengommandla wobuthathaka obukhulu kwaye oku kubalelwa ekuxhatshazweni kwemithombo eyahlukeneyo yendalo, njengokufunyanwa ngokugqithisileyo kweenkuni, okukhokelela ekugawulweni kwamahlathi, imigodi ebangela ukungcoliseka kwamanzi angabamelwane, ulimo olunzima oluye lwabangela ukuwohloka komhlaba, phakathi kwabanye.
Imfuno engaguqukiyo yemithombo yendalo efana neenkuni, izimbiwa, iintlobo zezityalo, phakathi kwezinye, zonke ngenjongo yokwanelisa iimfuno zoluntu kwindaleko yoluntu, ukongeza ekukhuleni kwabemi kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yehlabathi, kuye kwaphumela ekubeni kubekho uqoqosho oluphangaleleyo. ukuba sesichengeni kwesi sixokelelwano sendalo esibalulekileyo esichaphazela ulungelelwaniso kunye nokuzinza kwendalo, ngoko ke, ukuguqula iimeko zokuphila kwiplanethi yomhlaba ezingabonwa ngoku kodwa izizukulwana ezizayo ziya kuba zezona zichaphazeleka kakhulu.
Iingqaqa zekorale
Iingqaqa zekorale zibandakanya ulwakhiwo olungaphantsi kwamanzi oluqulunqwe ikakhulu yi-calcium carbonate ekhutshwa ziikorali de yenze intaba engaphantsi kwamanzi eyakhiwe ngamathambo e-coral. Zinokuphinda zenziwe nge-algae kunye ne-molluscs. Ithathwa njengeyona ndawo intle kunye neyodwa ecosystem, ikhona ngemibala eyahlukeneyo, imilo kunye nobukhulu; iikholoni zezandiso ezinkulu zaziwa njengeingqaqa. Bakwajongene nokuthatha yonke i-calcium elwandle kwaye bayiguqule ibe yi-limestone ukwenza isakhiwo sayo.
Ziyi-ikhosistim echatshazelwa ngamandla kukufudumala kwehlabathi, apho ziye zaphantsi kotshintsho lwemo engqongileyo, ziguqula ubushushu bazo kunye nokuguqula imeko yendalo yolwalwa, ukongezelela ekuchatshazweni zizenzo zokuloba ngokungakhethiyo kunye nokungcoliswa kwamanzi. Ukwenza kube yindawo esengozini kakhulu yokufudumala kwehlabathi, ngenxa yokuchacha okucothayo kunye nokuchasana okuncinci kwiinguqu zendalo.
Ziluhlobo lwe-ecosystem ehlelwe njengeNgqwalasela eNgancinci, oko kukuthi, banomngcipheko ophezulu wokusingqongileyo, xa ujonga kuqala ayizizo zonke iingxaki zokusingqongileyo ezivelisa kuzo kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwezixhobo zolu tshintsho zibonwa, kodwa ziyaqwalaselwa. ukuba ikamva luhlobo lwemo engqongileyo inokuyeka ukubakho ngenxa yezenzo zomntu kunye neempendulo zokusingqongileyo ezithe zawohloka le ndawo yokuhlala yendalo.
Gratiola Linifolia
Luhlobo lwesityalo esiqhekezayo sonyaka, siphenjelelwa ngamaxesha onyaka, ngoko sithathwa njengesityalo sonyaka, sixhaphake kakhulu kwimimandla yeMeditera; Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo izoyikiso zavezwa mhlawumbi yimbalela, ukuxhatshazwa kwezolimo nemfuyo, okuza kubonakala kusongelwa. Okwangoku, abemi bayo bahlala bezinzile kwaye bekhuselwe ngokufanelekileyo ukuqinisekisa iisampulu zexesha elizayo.
Patagonian Opossum (Lestodelphys Hallí)
I Patagonian Opossum ikwabizwa ngokuba yi weasel yase Argentine, iqulathe uhlobo losapho lwe Didelphidae, ifumaneka eArgentina; Ngokuqhelekileyo ihlala kwindawo ezibandayo kunye nezomileyo ezifana nePatagonia kunye neSubantarctic Forests. Sisilwanyana esanyisayo esinombala omnyama ongwevu, inxalenye emhlophe ye-ventral kunye nesese esimnyama kwi-iris yeliso; luhlobo olusemhlabeni ngokupheleleyo kwaye aluyiyo i-arboreal, ihlala ihlala kumathafa kunye neentlango.
Iqulathe uhlobo oluthathwa njengolusesichengeni olwalusesichengeni sokuphela ngenxa yokuzingela ngokungekho mthethweni, embindini wonyaka wama-2008 lwahlelwa njengeNgxaki eNcinci kancinci ngenxa yokwanda kwabemi. Okwangoku ayifaki isoyikiso esikhulu nangona igcina inani elingazinzanga phakathi kwabo, oku kubalelwa kulondolozo lweentlobo.
I-Allium Feinbergii
Iquka uhlobo lwesityalo esihlala kwimimandla enamatye kwaye esiye sagqama ngokuchatshazelwa lutshintsho lwemozulu, sinyamalala kweminye imimandla; Ngaphandle koku, inani labemi bayo lisazinzile kwaye ngoko ke ayinalo uluhlu oluphezulu lokuba sesichengeni.
Umahluko phakathi koMngcipheko kunye nokuba sesichengeni kokusiNgqongileyo
Igama elithi ingozi libandakanya inyani engathandekiyo okanye ukubakho kwento eyenza ukungonwabi, ikwanxulumene nokuvezwa kobungozi. Ukubandakanya zonke ezo zinto zibandakanya ukwandisa amathuba okuba ngamanqaku asemngciphekweni kwinkqubo, esongela uxolo noxolo. Kwimeko yokusingqongileyo, ibhekisa kuyo yonke into ekwaziyo ukonakalisa imo engqongileyo, ivelise utshintsho oluguqula ulungelelwaniso lwendalo lwemekobume.
Imingcipheko yokusingqongileyo inxulumene nazo zonke izenzo zomntu okanye iziphumo zento ethile yendalo eyenza utshintsho kwi-ecosystems, nayo yonke into emele ingozi okanye isoyikiso kwiintlobo ezihlala kuyo, ezichaphazela ukuba sesichengeni kokusingqongileyo kunye nokubangela uvakalelo olukhulu kwii-arhente zangaphandle. ehlala iwohloka.
Ukuba yingozi yokusingqongileyo, imele zonke ezo ziganeko zentlekele ezinokuguqula imo engqongileyo ngexesha elithile, zinokuba zezo ziganeko ezivelisa utshintsho oluphawulekayo kwindawo yokuhlala efana neenyikima, izikhukula, imbalela, phakathi kwabanye. Yahluke ngokupheleleyo kumngcipheko wokusingqongileyo, imele isiphumo esinobungozi kwinqanaba lokuba sesichengeni ngaphakathi kwendalo.
Okwangoku, iingxaki zokusingqongileyo ziye zabonisa inkxalabo enkulu kuluntu, zibalaselisa iziganeko ezinjengokuphela kweentlobo, ukuthotywa komhlaba, imbalela enkulu, ukulahleka kwenkqubo yezinto eziphilayo nendalo, kodwa ikwaphembelela impembelelo kubomi babantu. Ukugxininisa ukuba ubunzima obuphambili bokusingqongileyo bubangelwa yimisebenzi yabantu kunye neziganeko zendalo ezichaphazela indalo.
Ukuba sesichengeni kokusingqongileyo kuxhomekeke ngokuthe ngqo ekutyhilekeni okuthe gqolo kokuba izinto eziphilayo kufuneka zibe kwiimeko ezimandundu kunye namandla okuziqhelanisa nobutyebi bendalo ukuze buphinde bubuyele emva kokuvezwa kwimekobume eyingozi.. Ngoko ke, iingcali zicebisa le fomula ilandelayo ngokubhekisele kule nyaniso:
Umngcipheko = Usongelo + Ukuba sesichengeni
Ngoko ke, owona mahluko ophambili phakathi komngcipheko wokusingqongileyo kunye nokuba sesichengeni kukuba umngcipheko unxulunyaniswa nesoyikiso esichaphazela iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezenza i-ecosystems, ngelixa ubuthathaka bunoxanduva lokukwazi ukulinganisa ilahleko kunye nomonakalo kwindalo esingqongileyo.
Siyathemba ukuba eli nqaku libe luncedo, sikushiyela abanye abaya kuba nomdla kuwe ngokuqinisekileyo: