Intaba-mlilo yintanda kuqweqwe lomhlaba oludityaniswe negumbi elizaliswe yimagma.. Ngolu qhekeko, izixhobo zokukhenkceza ezikwimo ye-magma enje ngodaka, igesi kunye nolunye ulwelo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu ngaphakathi kwesi sijikelezi-langa ziphuma zize ziqokelelane kumphezulu wentaba-mlilo. Iintaba-mlilo zisasazeke kuwo wonke umhlaba weplanethi, zizifumana kumazwe ahlukeneyo.
Ezi ziganeko zendalo zezona ziyingozi kakhulu ebantwini, kwizilwanyana nakwizityalo, kuba zinokugqabhuka nangaliphi na ixesha kwanasemva kweminyaka emininzi yokuzola. Kodwa ngaba ngokwenene siyazi ukuba zeziphi ezona ntaba-mlilo zininzi ehlabathini?. Kolu papasho asiyi kukubonisa kuphela imephu yendawo ezikuyo, kodwa siza kuthetha ngezinye zazo, sikunika iinkcukacha zendlela ezi zakhiwo zinkulu zejoloji yomlilo eziziphatha ngayo.
El I-US Geological Survey, i-USGS, kuqikelelwa ukuba ngaphezulu kwewaka leentaba-mlilo ezisaqhumayo ehlabathini. Ukugqabhuka kwezi ziganeko zendalo kunokuhlala iintsuku ukuya kwiinyanga, iminyaka okanye amashumi eminyaka. Ukusukela ngo-1750, kuye kwarekhodwa ugqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo ezili-101 ezathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwemihlanu. Igqalwa nini intaba-mlilo? Zingaphi esinazo eSpain? Sisombulula zonke ezi ntandabuzo nangaphezulu ngezantsi.
Igqalwa nini intaba-mlilo?
Ngokusekwe kwidatha enikwe yiNkqubo yeGlobal Volcanism ephuhliswe kwiSmithsonian Institution, ejolise ekufundeni nasekubhaleni iintaba-mlilo ezifumaneka emhlabeni, Intaba-mlilo igqalwa njengenamandla xa ibonakalisa iimpawu zogqabhuko-dubulo ebudeni beminyaka engamawaka alishumi edluleyo.
Omnye umba onokubonisa ukuba iyasebenza yi ubukho be-fumaroles, umxube weegesi kunye nomphunga ophuma kwiintanda zentaba-mlilo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu.. Ukongeza koku, i-deformation inokuphinda ibonakale kumphezulu womhlaba, ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu okanye iirekhodi zeentshukumo zenyikima.
xa intaba-mlilo ayibonisi umsebenzi ixesha elide, ithathwa njengento engasebenziyo, nangona ukuqhuma okunokwenzeka akukaze kukhutshwe. Olu gqabhuko-dubulo lungenzeka kwixesha elizayo, yiyo loo nto lugqalwa njengeentaba-mlilo ezileleyo.
Olunye uhlobo lwentaba-mlilo olunokufumaneka iphelile, kweli qela kuhlelwe ezo ntaba-mlilo zabonisayo umsebenzi kwixesha elidlulileyo kodwa ngoku balahlekelwe ngumthombo wabo we-magma, oko kukuthi, iphelile.
Iingcali ze-Geologists kunye nee-volcanologists zifumana olu luhlu luyimpikiswano kuba, kwixesha elide, lihlala libhekisela kwi-geological kwaye kungekhona isikali somntu, Imeko yolu kwakheka komhlaba ayinakuqinisekiswa ngokuqinisekileyo.
Zingaphi iintaba-mlilo ezikhoyo ehlabathini?
Ngokusekelwe kwidatha elawulwa yi-United States Geological Survey, Kukho iintaba-mlilo ezili-1350 ehlabathini namhlanje.Kwesi sixa, angama-500 ebesebenza ebudeni beminyaka eyi-12000 161 edluleyo. EUnited States baqikelela ukuba kukho iintaba-mlilo ezili-XNUMX ezinempahla.
Kwilizwe lethu, ESpeyin, kukho iintaba-mlilo ezingaphezu kwekhulu ezithe saa kwimephu. Sonke siya kukhumbula indlela kunyaka ophelileyo intaba-mlilo ebekwe eCumbre Vieja Natural Park yavulwa ngayo, idala iikhilomitha zemilambo yelava kwaye itshabalalisa yonke into ewela indlela yayo.
Hayi kuphela kwiZiqithi zaseCanary unokufumana ezi ziganeko zendalo, kodwa naseGirona apho unokubona enye yezona ndawo zibukekayo kule ndawo malunga ne-40 ye-volcanic pussies. Enye yezona ntaba-mlilo zidumileyo yiTeide, engeyontaba-mlilo nje kuphela kodwa eyona ntaba iphakamileyo yaseSpeyin.
Icandelo lentaba-mlilo
Umthombo: https://ar.pinterest.com/
Ngombulelo kwizifundo eziqhutywe kwi-volcanology, sinako Yazi iindawo ezahlukeneyo ezenziwe ngayo intaba-mlilo. Zonke, nangona zahlukile ngokwemilo okanye ubungakanani, izinto ezifanayo zinokubonwa.
La i-magma chamber, yenye yezona ndawo zibalulekileyo zentaba-mlilo. Eli gumbi lilitye elikhulu elinyibilikisiweyo, elikwabizwa ngokuba yi<em>magma, eliphantsi koqweqwe lomhlaba nalapho kubakho uxinzelelo oluphezulu. Olu xinzelelo lulo olubangela ukuqhekeka kwamatye ayirhangqileyo. Ukuba olu qhekeko sithetha ngalo lujoliswe kumphezulu womhlaba, luya kubangela ugqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo. Ukuba, kwelinye icala, obu bunzima bemagma buyaphola ngaphambi kokuba bufike phezulu, buya kudala ilitye elikhulu.
Enye into efanayo ukuba zonke iintaba-mlilo zine imingxuma yentaba-mlilo. Ezi tshimini zi a umjelo othe nkqo odibanisa igumbi lemagma nomphezulu. Le magma inokuhamba ukuya kwiikhilomitha ezingama-200 kwaye idlule kwezona ndawo zibuthathaka zoqweqwe ukuze ize phezulu.
La Ukuvulwa kweentaba-mlilo, yinto esiyaziyo njenge crater. Yindawo yetshimini edibana nomphezulu kwaye apho i-magma ikhutshwa ngaphakathi ngaphakathi kwentaba-mlilo ukuya kwindawo esemhlabeni.
Xa kuqhuma intaba-mlilo, umlinganiselo othile izixhobo ziqokelelana emacaleni ecrater, oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-volcanic cone. Abaqokeleli kuphela i-lava, kodwa kunye nomlotha kunye ne-pyroclasts.
El izinto ezikhutshwa ngaphakathi kwentaba-mlilo ludaka, iliwa elingamanzi ngenxa yobushushu obuphezulu. Emva kokugxothwa kwalo, olu daka lwenza imilambo eyaziwa ngokuba yilava.
Las ukuxinana kwemisinga, zezinye zezinto ezifanayo kwiintaba-mlilo ezininzi. Ngaba ukuhamba kwegesi kunye nezinye izinto eziqinileyo ezibekwe kumgangatho ophantsi kwaye bahamba ngesantya esiphezulu nakumaqondo obushushu anokufikelela kwiwaka leedegrees. Le misinga ibeka isoyikiso esikhulu kuba inamandla aphezulu okutshabalalisa.
Ukuba kuqhuma intaba-mlilo, eyona nto iqhelekileyo kukuba ziyavela uthuthu okanye amafu entaba-mlilo. La mafu enziwe ngawo amaqhekeza amancinci amatye, iigesi ezidubulayo, kunye neglasi yentaba-mlilo.
Ekugqibeleni, enye yezinto ezibonakala ngogqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo iibhombu zentaba-mlilo. Amaqhekeza angaphezulu kwama-64 eemilimitha, ashiya intaba-mlilo ikwimeko ebonakala ngathi yintaba-mlilo kodwa xa iphole yaye ngaphambi kokuba ifike emhlabeni inokubhabha umgama weekhilomitha eziliqela.
ezona ntaba-mlilo zininzi ehlabathini
Okulandelayo, siza kukubonisa ukuba yintoni na ezinye zezona ntaba-mlilo zininzi ehlabathini nalapho bakhoyo.
Erta Ale Volcano - Ethiopia
Umthombo: https://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/
Ichibi lodaka olukhutshiweyo kwincopho yentaba-mlilo i-Erta Ale e-Ethiopia. Yeyona ntaba-mlilo iqhumayo kulo mmandla.
Intaba-mlilo yaseEtna - eSicily
Umthombo: https://www.nationalgeographic.es/
Amadangatye, umsi kunye nothuthu zizinto eziphuma kule ntaba-mlilo esemazantsi eItali, kunxweme olusempuma yeSicily. Ingaba u eyona volcano isebenzayo eYurophu.
Intaba-mlilo yaseFagradalsfjall – eIceland
Umthombo: https://www.rtve.es/
Ugqabhuko-dubulo lokugqibela lwale ntaba-mlilo beluphantsi kakhulu, kodwa kwanyanzeleka ukuba kuvalwe iindlela ezikufutshane. Abemi bacetyiswa ukuba bangasondeli kuloo ndawo ukuze baphephe ityhefu yegesi okanye iingxaki ezingakumbi.
Intaba-mlilo iNyiragongo – iiNtaba zeVirunga
Umthombo: https://www.elconfidencial.com/
Ifumaneka kwiDemocratic Republic of the Congo. le volcano, ibamba elinye lamachibi amakhulu e-lava malunga neemitha ezingama-200 ububanzi kunye neekhilomitha ubunzulu.
Ingqungquthela endala - iLa Palma
Umthombo: https://es.wikipedia.org/
Iintanda ezimbini, ezinemilomo emininzi ekhuphe i-lava ukuya kwi-400 yeemitha ukuphakama. Intaba-mlilo enobundlobongela nto leyo eyabangela ilahleko enkulu kwezoqoqosho.
Intaba-mlilo yasePopocatepetl - eMexico
Umthombo: https://www.elsoldemexico.com.mx/
Waphinda wavuka ngonyaka ka-2018 nge ikholamu engaphezulu kweekhilomitha ezi-3 zokuphakama kogqabhuko-dubulo. Ukugxothwa kwemathiriyeli ngaphakathi kwayo kwafikelela kumgama weekhilomitha ezimbini, kwada kwafikelela koomasipala abaliqela.
I-Rabaul Volcano - I-Gazelle Peninsula
Umthombo: https://es.m.wikipedia.org/
Efumaneka ePapua New Guinea, ukuqhuma kokugqibela okwaziwayo kwale ntaba-mlilo kwakukho kwi-2014 kunye nobude beenyanga ze-3. Enye yarekhodwa ugqabhuko-dubulo olukhulu kunye nokudubula kwelava kunye nothuthu.
Intaba-mlilo yaseAnak Krakatoa-Indonesia
Umthombo: https://www.20mintos.es/
Ugqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo yase-Indonesia lwenzeka ngoJulayi 2018 kwaye lwahlala kwada kwangoAprili 2020. Iminyaka emibini yomsebenzi onzima ekudubuleni kwawo. kubangele ukunyuka kwamaza phantse i-100 yeemitha ukuphakama, obunokubangela umonakalo ongenakulungiseka.
Intaba-mlilo yaseKilauea - eHawaii
Umthombo: https://elpais.com/
Ukusukela ngoDisemba ka-2020 ukuya kuMeyi ka-2021, ixesha logqabhuko-dubulo lwale ntaba-mlilo eHawaii lahlala. Emva kwenyikima enamandla, le ntlekele inkulu yendalo yaqhambuka eshiya imilambo yodaka emva kwayo namafu omsi obomvu.
Intaba-mlilo yaseMasaya - eNicaragua
Umthombo: https://www.elconfidencial.com/
ENicaragua, le ntaba-mlilo iphakame kangangeemitha ezingama-594, ekugqitywe kuyo ugqabhuko-dubulo ngo-Oktobha 2015 kwaza kwaqhubeka de kwangoAgasti 2021. Yenye yezona ntaba-mlilo ezisixhenxe eziqhumayo kweli lizwe.
Ezi zezinye zezona zisebenzayo, kodwa kule mephu unokubona zonke iintaba-mlilo kwiplanethi. Siye sakhankanya ezona ntaba-mlilo zikhoyo ngoku nezibalulekileyo, kodwa njengoko sibonisile kumacandelo angaphambili kukho iintaba-mlilo ezisaqhushumbayo ezili-1350 ngoku emhlabeni.
Umthombo: Imephu eSebenzayo
Zimbalwa izinto zendalo ezinokuba yingozi kwizinto eziphilayo njengeentaba-mlilo. Babonakala bekwimeko yokuzola, de amandla endalo enze ukubonakala kunye nemilambo ye-lava iphuma kwiitshimini zabo, ezibonisa umboniso kodwa zinemiphumo emibi kakhulu kuluntu kunye nendalo.