Ababhali-mbali abangama-Arabhu baba ngabokuqala ukuthetha ngeeVikings eSpeyin. Ngomnyaka wama-844, phakathi kokuphela kukaJulayi nokuqala kuka-Agasti, i Peninsula yaseIberia, yabona ukufika kweenqanawa ezininzi, yayiyeyona nto ibalulekileyo kwimbali yabahambi ngeenqanawa zaseNordic. Esi siganeko saphawula ukuqala kwexesha lohlaselo nokuphangwa España ngabawoyikayo I-vikings.
Ubudala beViking kwi España
Phakathi kwenkulungwane yesithoba neyeshumi, iiViking zahlasela iSpeyin. Ngelo xesha, yayihlala kwi-Peninsula yase-Iberia UAl Andalus kunye nezikumkani zamandulo zamaKristu. Ekuqaleni, amaNorman afumana, endleleni yawo, izithsaba Pamplona y Asturias, kunye nenxalenye yommandla we Ubukhosi baseCarolingian, la uphawu lwe-hispanic.
Kamva, kuhambo olwalandelayo, babeza kufikelela Ubukumkani bukaLeon. Phakathi kohlaselo lokuqala nolokugqibela lweeVikings eSpeyin, kwakuza kudlula iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Ngeli xesha, akukho lutshintsho luphawulekayo lwenzeka kwiPeninsula, ngenxa yokuba uBukumkani baseGranada, i-bastion yokugqibela yamaSilamsi, buya kuhlala kude kube yiminyaka yokugqibela yekhulu leshumi elinesihlanu.
Ukugqogqa kuqhubeke España
IiVikings zahamba ukuze zihlasele España ngamaxesha amathathu embali: elokuqala, okanye "ukungena ngokungathanga ngqo" apho bazinikele ekufuneni ulwazi kunye nokurhweba ngamakhoboka; emva koku kwabakho uhlaselo izihlandlo ezibini ezilandelelanayo kwinkulungwane yesithoba, kumaSilamsi eSpeyin, nakwinkulungwane yeshumi, kuhlaselo lwamaKristu eSpeyin, lwalandelwa linqanaba lesithathu ekucingelwa ukuba kwakuhlala kulo.
Umda wonxweme lweAtlantiki
Abakhenkethi baseScandinavia benza uhambo lwabo lokuqala ukuya España ngonyaka 844. Yayiluhlaselo kwi Peninsula yaseIberia Ukufika kunxweme lwayo lweAtlantiki, emva koko bemka besiya kumlambo iGuadalquivir.
Iqela elikhulu leenqanawa zeViking, ezangena emazantsi eFransi kuMlambo iGaronne, zakwazi ukufikelela kunxweme lwaseCantabria emva kwesaqhwithi esiyingozi.
Ikhulu leenqanawa zeViking ezenza inqanawa ezoyikekayo zabonwa ngo-Agasti XNUMX kunxweme lwaseGijón. IiVikings zazaliswa ngamanzi zaza zahamba, ngaphandle kokubangela nasiphi na isiganeko esibi.
Kwiintsuku ezithile kamva, abantu baseScandinavia babeza kuzinikela ekuphangeni kwiindawo ezingqongileyo La Coruña. Ekugqibeleni, olu hlaselo lufikelela kuvuthondaba ngenxa yokuba umkhosi we URamiro I wase-Asturias boyisa iiVikings, ezinyanzelwa ukuba zibuyele kwiinqanawa zazo kwaye zihambe.
Eli libali elibonakala libaliswa kwi “Castilian Annals Imizuzwana”, ekwabizwa ngokuba Annals Complutense, le mibhalo yingqokelela yamabali, kwaye babhala olu hlaselo njengoko babeluqonda ngeXesha leViking kwi. España.
Injongo yohlaselo lweViking
Emva kokruthakruthwano olufutshane phakathi La Coruña, abahloli bamazwe bafumana oko babekufuna Lisboa. Sisixeko esikhulu, yaye basingqinga kangangeentsuku ezilishumi elinesithathu phakathi kuka-Agasti noSeptemba, oku kwaqhubeka de kwafika imikhosi yamaSilamsi ukuza kubagxotha. Ngelo xesha iiVikings zaya kuwela unxweme lwaseIberia ukuya ngasemazantsi, zifika kwiGulf of Cádiz.
ikwazile ukoyisa CádizBenyuka ngomlambo i-guadalquivir, bephanga zonke iidolophu ababezifumana endleleni yabo, yaye bebulala bonke abantu basekuhlaleni ukuze bangabalumkisi ubukho babo. Emva koku, kwidabi le cabtalBawoyisa amaSilamsi.
Eqhubeka nendlela yawo esihla ngomlambo, iiViking ezingamawaka amane okanye ngaphezulu ziyafika Isbiliya, Sevilla, ngemihla yokugqibela kaSeptemba. Abemi base SevillaBabaleka besoyika UCarmona, le ngxelo ingenxa yombhali wengxelo waseAndalusi Ibn al-Qutiyya, ebonisa oko kumbhalo-ngqangi wakhe "Imbali yokoyiswa kwe-al-Andalus".
Emva kweeveki ezimbalwa, kwafika umkhosi ovela ECórdoba, ingamadoda amalunga neshumi elinesithandathu lamawaka, awathunyelwa ngamajoni Abderraman II. Lo ibiyi Emir ka ECórdoba, yaye wawuyalela lo mkhosi UMusa ibn Musa al-Qasi, owayedume kakhulu yaye ehlonelwa ngelo xesha.
Ukuphendula UAl Andalus
iiVikings kwi España Bazinza enkampini iqonga, yaye bahlulwa bangamaqela amane. Iqela, elibunjwe ngamadoda angama-200, lahlasela Moroni; okwesibini, wabethwa eBenilaiz; owalandelayo wahlaselwa Umthombo Oculayo; waza owokugqibela wahlasela ECórdoba.
Umkhosi omkhulu we Musa ibn Musa, yatshabalalisa iqela lokuqala kuhlaselo lwe Moroni wayithimba inqaba iqonga, abantu baseScandinavia abaliwaka bafela apho. AmaSilamsi abamba aza abulala amanye amakhulu amane eVikings emva kwale milo.
Uninzi lwanqunyulwa iintloko, kwaye "iintloko zabo zijinga kwimithi yesundu yaseSeville". Elinye iqela langcwatywa liphila, iintloko zalo zibhentsisiwe, ukuze linyathelwe ngamahashe de lafa. Kwelinye icala, batshisa iinqanawa zeViking ezingamashumi amathathu.
Abantu baseScandinavia abakwaziyo ukusaba, bavuma iimpahla, ukutya kunye nokukwazi ukuhlehla elunxwemeni, ngokutshintshiselana nokubuyisela abathunjwa kunye nokuphanga ababekuthathile. Bephethwe kakubi ngolo hlobo, aba basindi babaleka benqumla iMeditera, betshabalalisa amazwe aseByzantium de baya kufika eAleksandriya.
Amanye amabanjwa akazange abulawe, abaguqukela inkolo yamaSilamsi, kwaye ezi Vikings in España kucingelwa ukuba bahlala ezifama. Emva kohlaselo, Abderraman II, yahlaziywa kwaye yaqiniswa iSeville, ukuphucula ukhuseleko, kwaye yakha iinqanawa zokukhusela unxweme UAl Andalus.
Kwafakelwa nenkqubo yonxibelelwano yokukhwela amahashe ukuze ikwazi ukulumkisa xa kufika abahlaseli. Ukuba unomdla wokufunda ngeenkolelo zentsomi zezinye iinkcubeko, siyakumema ukuba ufunde iinkuni zomthi.
Uhambo lukaBjörn Ragnarsson
Kwisihlandlo sesibini iiVikings zabonwa España, olo hambo lwayalelwa UBjorn Ragnarsson, eyayisaziwa ngokuba Icala le-Iron. Unyana ka URagnar Lothbrok, owathabatha malunga nekhulu leenqanawa, waza ngalo mkhosi wasinga kuSingasiqithi weIberia.
Yayingunyaka wama-858, iinqanawa ze Mtsha wehla ngechweba UArosa, ndiya e Santiago de Compostela, ekufikeni kwabo basingqinga esi sixeko sibiyelweyo. Phezu kwako nje ukuba amaKristu anikela imbeko kuwo ukuba ahambe, iiViking zaqhubeka nolungqingo.
Ukusuka Asturias, ikumkani Ordono I, wathumela imikhosi, eyalelwa ngokubala Peter Theon, oku koyisa abahlaseli, kunye neenqanawa zeViking ezenziwe ngeenqanawa ezilikhulu, zingama-62 kuphela ezikwaziyo ukusaba.
Emva kolu loyiso olwabangelwa ziiVikings kumazwe obuKristu, iinqanawa zaseScandinavia zasinga emazantsi. Bazama ukumisa kunxweme lwamaPhuthukezi, kodwa boyisakala, baphulukana neenqanawa ezimbini apho, zafika ezinye ezingamashumi amathandathu. Algeciras. Kwesi sixeko baphanga, kwaye batshabalalisa i-mosque.
Baye baphuma ke bangena Emantla Afrika, oku ngaphambi kokuhlasela iziqithi Baleares y Orihuela, efika ngasemlanjeni Segura. Babuyela kunxweme lwaseFransi ebusika, emva koko baya Italia.
Ukubanjwa kokumkani wase Pamplona
Emva kwexesha elithile, unyana ka iragnar wayeza kubuyela kumazwe aseSpeyin. Iinqanawa ze bjon ragnarsson benyuka ngomlambo Ebro, ukufikelela phezulu Pamplona. Bafika apho bambamba ukumkani UGarcia Iniguez wasePamplona, ekwakufuneka ahlawule intlawulelo yeengqekembe zegolide ezingama-70000 XNUMX ukuze akhululeke.
iiVikings kwi España, wayengafane asebenzise imali ebizwa ngokuba yirhafu yaseDenmark, eyayiquka ukuhlawulisa imali ukuze adlule aze angaphangi edolophini. Elinye lamatyala abhaliweyo kukuhlangula ukumkani wasePamplona. Esi senzo ekuhambeni kwexesha saqheleka kwezinye izikumkani nazo zatshatyalaliswa yimikhosi yeeViking.
Emva kwale mpumelelo, eliza lesibini leVikings kwi ESpain, wafumana ubunzima obukhulu. Ukuwela iStrait yaseGibraltar ukubuyela ekhaya, Mtsha wadibana nomkhosi weenqanawa zaseCordovan.
Kolu ngquzulwano, iiVikings zilahlekelwa ziinqanawa ezimalunga nama-40. Iinqanawa ezibalekile zafika ekhaya ngo-862, zinobutyebi obuninzi. Ukuze ufunde ngakumbi ngezinye iinkcubeko zamaqhawe anomdla, landela ikhonkco elingezantsi Iintsomi zamaya.
inqanaba lokugqibela
Uhlaselo olulandelayo kunye nolokugqibela lweeVikings España, iqalisa ngonyaka wama-966. Oku kwakwahlukile kwezo zangaphambili, kwesi sihlandlo ngasinye kwenziwa amalinge okuhlasela aliqela. Inqanawa encinci yeViking ibonakala kuyo I-Alcácer do Sal, emacaleni ka Lisboa, yayineenqanawa ezingamashumi amabini anesibhozo kuphela.
Bangquzulana nemikhosi yasekuhlaleni kwaye amaScandinavians aphumelela, abamba inani elikhulu lamabanjwa. Ngoko nangoko, bazingelwa elwandle ukusuka eSeville yaye amanye amabanjwa afunyanwa. Le mpumelelo iye yanempembelelo enkulu kwisimilo seViking.
Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, inkokeli Gundraed inyuka ichweba ngeenqanawa ezili-100 zokuhlasela ISantiago de Compostela. Imikhosi yokhuselo ibikhokelwa nguBhishophu sisnando, boyisiwe phakathi iifolokhwe kwaye balahlekelwa ngumlawuli wabo. Iminyaka emithathu eyalandelayo yachithwa kuphangwa ziiVikings, ngaphandle kwenkcaso.
Ngo-971, ubukumkani be Asturias ejongene nawo. Amajoni ayekhokelwa nguBhishophu rudesindo kunye nokubala UGonzalo Sanchez, Lo mkhosi uyoyisa phezu kweeVikings kwidabi elikhulu, ukubulala Gundraed.
Emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa, inqanawa enkulu yasinga ngakwicala lazo Lisboa, ngenjongo yokuhlasela befuna ubutyebi. Into abangazange bayithembele kuyo kukuba iminyaka yokuphanga kunye nokuhlasela yayishiye ukuqeqeshwa kakuhle kwi-Andalusians, eyajoyina imikhosi yemikhosi. IAtlantic kunye IMeditera waphuma waya kuhlangabeza iiVikings.
Ngale ndlela umzamo wokugqibela weeVikings ukuqhubeka nokutshabalalisa usingasiqithi weIberia, ngaloo ndlela kwavala ixesha logonyamelo olungalawulekiyo nokuphangwa okwashiya iimpawu ezinzulu kuzo zombini izithethe.
Iindawo zokuhlala zeViking ngaphakathi España
Nangona yonke into, iiVikings zahluleka ukubetha España kubukhulu obufanayo ENgilani o EFransi. Abazange bakwazi ukuseka amathanga, yaye abazange bakwazi ukungena kwizithethe zaseSpeyin.
Kukho ithiyori eziqinisekisa ukuba bekungekho ndawo zokuhlala zeViking España. Nangona kunjalo, kwindawo Galicia, bafumana iintsalela ze-archaeological ezifana neenkampu ezidlulayo, apho amaScandinavians afake ngexesha lokungena kwabo kumazwe angaphandle.
Le ndawo yokuhlala yaseScandinavia inokubakho IiMountillos, kufuphi nonxweme ISan Román, kwi Vicedo Lugo. Abaphandi basagrumba kwaye bahlalutye indawo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku yiyo yodwa efunyenweyo, kodwa oku akukhuphi ukuba kukho ezinye.
Ekuqaleni kolu kufumanisa, kwakucingelwa ukuba le ndawo ingaba yinqaba, kodwa yonke into ibonakala ibonisa ukuba isihlalo se-Norman sesikhashana, esifana nezo zifunyenwe eNgilani. Ebandakanya induli ephakanyisiweyo enodonga kunye nomjelo.
Eyona njongo iphambili yeehambo zeViking yayikukuphanga nokubamba amakhoboka, xa ayehamba yayingeyonjongo yokuzinza, ngakumbi ukuba ngabalimi. Esi mhlawumbi sesona sizathu sokuba kungakhange kufumaneke iisampulu zinkulu zokuhamba kweeVikings España.
Njengoko isiko lalikukufika, ukutshisa kunye nokuphanga, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba iiVikings zingene España, baya kuxakeka besakha izakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo nezihlala ixesha elide.
Ubungqina beendawo zokuhlala VIikings eSpain
Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba ubukho bezinye iindawo zeViking España. Kuyo yonke i-peninsula, ngokuqinisekileyo, kunokubakho uninzi lwazo.
Kukho iindaba zezinye iindawo ekusenokwenzeka ukuba zahlala kuzo, kodwa ekubeni zazizizakhiwo eziyilelwe ukuba zihlale ixeshana elifutshane, ukuhlala kwazo ngokusisigxina kunye nokulondolozwa kwazo ekuhambeni kwexesha akunakwenzeka, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba zaziqhele ukwakha indawo yokuhlala ngeentsuku ezine okanye ezintlanu.
Enye into ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo yi-onomastics yejografi, kufanelekile ukufunda i-etymology yamagama afanelekileyo aloo ndawo. Kwingingqi yephondo le Lugo, kukho iinduli ezininzi emhlabeni, kwaye zibizwa "amabala", eli gama liyaziwa ukuba livela kulwimi lwaseNordic, kulo ungabona ukufana negama Motte & Bailey, esetyenziselwa ukubhekisela kwiinqaba ezikwiinduli.
Ngokubanzi, yonke ireferensi yebhayibhilografi ekhoyo kwiiVikings kwi España, kwaye ngakumbi ngokuchanekileyo Galicia, yenziwe yimisebenzi emidala kakhulu, enendlela encinci, egcwele ukuphikisana, kunye nokubhekisela kumandla angaphezu kwawemvelo.
Oku kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukudlula kweScandinavians kwiPeninsula yase-Iberia, kuba idatha ayinayo inkxaso eyaneleyo yembali yokuqinisekiswa kwayo. Ziyimisebenzi evela kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX, leyo ngendlela yemveli kakhulu thaca izibakala ngombono ochasene neengcamango ezibonelelwa luphando lwamva nje kwihlabathi leViking kumantla eeViking. Europe.
Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, babonisa idatha yomdla omkhulu kunye nokubaluleka kokukwazi ukujikeleza ibali, kwenzeka njani ukuba ubukho beeVikings kwi España, kwaye ekugqibeleni inokunceda ekufumaneni ezinye iindawo zokuhlala. Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi malunga neeVikings, siyakumema ukuba ufunde iisimboli ze-viking.