I-Victory Orchard Ungumlinganiswa onenqanaba eliqinileyo lobuqhophololo, wazalelwa eMexico, kunye nenqanaba lomkhosi weNjengele, kwaye wayeziqhelanisa nezopolitiko, waba ngumongameli waseMexico. Iqondwa ngabalandeli abaninzi kwaye ithiywe ngabanye.
Ubomi bukaVictoriano Huerta
UJosé Victoriano Huerta Márquez wazalwa nge-22 kaDisemba, 1850 kumasipala waseColotlán, ekummandla osemantla welizwe laseJalisco, eMexico. Abazali bakhe yayinguJesús Huerta Córdoba kunye noMaría Lázara baseMárquez Villalobos Shelter.
Watshata ngoNovemba 21, 1880, kwisiXeko saseMexico, noEmilia Águila Moya, awaba nabantwana abaliqela: uCelia, uJorge, uElena, uDagoberto, uLuz, uMaría del Carmen, uEva, uMaría Elisa, uVíctor.
UVictoriano Huerta wayeyinjineli yasemkhosini yaseMexico kunye nomongameli waseMexico phakathi kuka-1913 no-1914 ngenxa yobhukuqo-mbuso. Ugqatso lwamaIndiya lwaqukuqela kwiimfuza zakhe, kungesosizathu esamthintelayo ekubeni afunde kwiKholeji yaseMkhosini yaseChapultepec, ephumelele isidanga ngo-1876, njengommeli.
Emva kokufumana isidanga, wabelwa kwiCorps yeeNjineli zeKomishoni yeCartography yaseMexico, apho wayeqhuba khona imisebenzi kwindawo yokuchwetheza kwintsimi yasePueblo nakwiState of Veracruz, ngelo xesha igcinelwe oiminyaka esibhozo enikezelwe kolu lawulo.
Kwiminyaka elandelayo yobomi bakhe wabamba izikhundla ezahlukeneyo ngaphakathi kwendawo yaBasebenzi Jikelele, kweyokugqibela phantsi komyalelo kaPorfirio Díaz. Wayeyindoda eyafumana amava amakhulu ekunyanisekeni, ukungcatsha kunye nokungaziwa okujikeleze ubomi bezopolitiko. Kulo nyaka ka-1902, wonyuselwa kwisikhundla sokuba ngubrigadier jikelele kurhulumente wasePorfirio Díaz.
UVictoriano Huerta, ephantsi komyalelo kaNjengele Ignacio A. Bravo, ngowe-1903, waba nenxaxheba ekuziphindezeleleni kumaIndiya angamaMaya, yaye kamva noko wakubulalayo kangangeminyaka eliqela ekungenisweni kwamaIndiya aseYankee akwiLizwekazi laseSonora.
Ebudeni bonyaka we-1910 wayebambe ngqo kumyalelo wokucinezela ugonyamelo lwamaZapatista eMorelos naseGuerrero. Indibaniselwano yobundlobongela, inkohlakalo kunye nokungcatsha ezisetyenziswa kukhuphiswano ngokuchasene nemveli ukunika umlinganiswa igunya kunye nosizi kwikamva elixhaphazayo kubongameli Mexico, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba igazi Indian kumpompoza emithanjeni yakhe. Ekuqapheliseni umsebenzi wakhe, uVictoriano Huerta wawongwa ngenqanaba likaBrigadier General.
Urhulumente kaPorfirio Díaz ebudeni beminyaka yowe-1876 ukusa kowe-1911, wagxeka ulawulo lwakhe lobuzwilakhe, ekwathi ngenxa yalo ukufa komfuyi nosomashishini, ogama linguFrancisco I. Madero, kwaba khona kwiPhulo lokuNqanda unyulo, kwamenza ukuba athathe inxaxheba kwiyelenqe. ngokuchasene nolawulo, kodwa, ngaphambi koko, wafaka isicelo kumkhosi wokukhutshwa, okwanqatshwa.
Ukudutyulwa kweMvukelo yaseMexico, isiganeko esenzeka ngoNovemba 20, 1910, sakhokelela ekubeni umkhosi wozwilakhe woyiswe ngokukhawuleza. Kodwa ngenxa yesimo sakhe, isimo sengqondo kunye nokucinga, u-Huerta waba ngumntu ophambili kwikhomishini eyayiza kufuneka ahambe noPorfirio Díaz elubhacweni.
Ngexesha lokusebenza okwethutyana kwi-ofisi kaFrancisco León de la Barra, kwaye de kwamiselwa uFrancisco I. Madero, owasetyenziswa ukusuka ngo-1911 ukuya ku-1913, uVictoriano Huerta, wayezinikezele ngokupheleleyo ekulweni noburhalarhume kunye nokuqina ngokuchasene nabalandeli boguquko lwezolimo u-Emiliano Zapata. .
NgoNovemba 1911, emva kokuba uFrancisco I. Madero ebambe umongameli weRiphabhlikhi, uGeneral Huerta wagqiba ekubeni awushiye umsebenzi wasemkhosini, nangona kunjalo, kamva waqinisekiswa ukuba aqhubeke nedabi elichasene neenkokheli zezolimo: uPascual Orozco noEmiliano Zapata, waba ngowokugqibela. kwaba, abalungiselela iSicwangciso se-Ayala, ibe yinkqubo yezopolitiko enomxholo ofuna inguqu ekhawulezileyo yemihlaba yemveli, eyayihluthwe kubo phantsi komyalelo kaPorfirio Díaz.
UVictoriano Huerta wasekwa eTorreón, isixeko esikwilizwe laseCoahuila, esikuMntla-mpuma weMexico, ebizwa ngokuba liCandelo loMntla, ekwazile ukoyisa iOrozquistas eConejos, eRellano, eLa Cruz naseBachimba, ibe ngomnye wabathathu abasuka ekubulaleni. edumileyo IPancho Villa.
Kungekudala emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa, emva kokutshatyalaliswa kwe-Pascual Orozco, uGeneral Huerta, kunye nomkhosi, waba sisiseko esisisiseko sokuba umongameli kaMadero aqhubeke esebenza, ngenxa yobudlelwane bakhe obungaguqukiyo kunye nokungenelela kwi-blockade supply yezixhobo. ngenxa ye-antimaderistas, ebekwe ngurhulumente waseMntla Melika. Ngenyanga kaSeptemba, uMadero wammisela njengoNobhala weMfazwe kwikomkhulu lesizwe kwaye wakwazi ukulawula uvukelo olutsha.
Ishumi Elilusizi: iziganeko zobundlobongela
Njengomphumo weziganeko zamagqabantshintshi ezenzekayo ngelo xesha libizwa ngokuba liShumi Leminyaka Elilusizi, elaphuhliswa ukususela ngoFebruwari 9 ukusa kowe-13, 1913, ikhondo lelizwe lama-Aztec lifanele litshintshwe ngokuqinisekileyo.
NgoFebruwari 9, 1913, kwaqhambuka imvukelo yesibini echasene nemvukelo, phantsi komyalelo kaNjengele Reyes noMonragón. Emva kokuthatha indawo yentolongo kunye nokukhulula uGeneral Félix Díaz, uVictoriano Huerta onengqondo, ezenza ngathi uthanda uMongameli uMadero womgaqo-siseko, wonyulwa nguye njengoMlawuli womkhosi waseMexico City, ethatha indawo kaGeneral Laura Villar, owasweleka ngexesha ledabi.
Okwangoku, u-Huerta, kwisikhundla sakhe njengesikhundla sakhe, wacwangcisa ukungcatsha, isiganeko esimphawula kwimbali yesizwe. Udibana ngokuyimfihlo kunye nabaqulunqi kwaye kamva kunye no-ambassador wase-United States, uHenry Lane Wilson, u-Huerta wenza isicwangciso sokuthintela ukuqinisa kukaFelipe Ángeles ekufikeni kwisixeko-dolophu kwaye siqalise ukukhwabanisa.
Esebenzisa njengesizathu esiya kubakhusela, u-Huerta wabamba uMadero kunye no-vice-president wakhe, ogama linguPino Suárez, owamqinisekisa ukuba ashiye izikhundla zabo, ebanika isiqinisekiso sokuba baya kuyishiya i-capital ingenzakalanga.
Xa ukurhoxa kwakhe kwenziwa esidlangalaleni kumalungu eNkongolo, bakhawuleza bamisela uPedro Lascuráin umongameli wethutyana, urhulumente wakhe wathatha ixesha elifutshane lemizuzu engamashumi amane anesihlanu, okuyimfuneko ukuba alahle umongameli, ngelixa uGeneral Victoriano Huerta warhoxa. yobumongameli bomgaqo-siseko.
Ukususela kuloo mzuzu, kuMadero kunye noPino Suárez, iintsuku zibaliwe. Emva koko, ngoFebruwari 22, ababulali bakaHuerta babanyamekela abapolitiki babini, nangona bengekude nentolongo yeSithili sase-Capital, batshatyalaliswa ngompu.
Ngenxa yenyani, ukuze kuthetheleleke ukubulala, banikela njengenguqulelo esemthethweni, umthetho wokubaleka, eqinisekisa ukuba aba babini bezopolitiko bafile ngenxa yokudutyulwa kwemikhosi yomkhosi kunye nezigebenga ezazizama ukubakhulula.
Umongameli weVictoriano Huerta -1913-1914
U-Ccleverly Victoriano Huerta, ngokuthe ngcembe utyhalela ecaleni abona bakhuphisana nabo babalulekileyo, efuna ukuqhekeza inkcaso kwaye wacela umngeni kwiGunya lamaSekela, egqibezela ukuseka kwiRiphabhlikhi urhulumente womkhosi ngokuchukumisa igazi, owathi ekuqaleni waba nentsebenziswano uninzi lwamaqela aphakathi. .
Nangona kunjalo, kamva kwafunyaniswa ukuba yahluke kakhulu kunomgaqo-siseko, ilawulwa nguVenustiano Carranza, owayenentsebenziswano ye-agrarians Pancho Villa kunye no-Emiliano Zapata, efumana uloyiso oluphindaphindiweyo emkhosini.
Ngokucacileyo, imeko yakhe yezopolitiko yayisekelwe ekuzimiseni ngonaphakade egunyeni, kungakhathaliseki ixabiso eliya kubiza kuye, elalizele ziimpazamo, kwaye emva kokudelela omnye wabantu bezopolitiko abamnike inkxaso yakhe, uGeneral Félix Díaz, kunye nokunyamalala kwi-congress. .
Abakhuphisana abatsha basekwa kunye nemisitho efana ne "levas", okuthetha ukuqeshwa ngokunyanzeliswa kwabantu ukuba basebenze emkhosini, kubemi abanoxolo, ukubathatha njengokutya kwenkanunu, kunye nokufa kwamasekela: Rendón, Domínguez. kunye noGurrón, kunye nezinye iingcali, abanini bamashishini kunye nabasebenzi bakarhulumente.
KuVictoriano Huerta, eyona mpazamo yakhe inzima yayikukuhlasela umdla wase-US ngokwenza isigqibo sokwamkela izibonelelo zaseBritane ezidityaniswe nemvumelwano yeoli. Ngelo xesha, umongameli weDemokhrasi yaseMntla Melika, uWoodrow Wilson, wakhetha ukurhoxisa inkxaso kaHuerta kwaye athathe ithuba elivulekileyo kubavukeli bomgaqo-siseko.
Ke, ngaphambi kokuhlala kweVeracruz, ngenxa yobukho bamaMarines ase-US, nangaphambi kokuphelelwa kwemikhosi yase-Huerta e-Zacatecas, phantsi kolawulo lwePancho Villa, uMongameli uVictoriano Huerta wanikezela ngokurhoxa kwakhe kwiofisi. ezandleni zegqwetha uFrancisco S. Carvajal, waza waqala ngokugxothwa kwakhe, owaqala waya eLondon waza kamva waya eSpeyin.
Ngeli xesha, iMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala yayisebenza ngokupheleleyo, kunye noonozakuzaku baseJamani: uFranz von Rintelen kunye noFranz von Papen, bacebise nayiphi na imali yoncedo lwezoqoqosho kunye nemfazwe, ukuze abuyele eMexico, ngaphezu kokuthatha inzuzo yenkcaso yangaphakathi. umgaqo-siseko, kwaye uya kubuyela emandleni kwakhona, ngokutshintshiselana nokubhengeza imfazwe echasene ne-United States.
Emva koko, uVictoriano Huerta, wagqiba ekubeni aqalise ukuqalisa kwisixeko saseCádiz esisingise eNew York apho wabanjwa khona ekunye noPascual Orozco, ngoxa babekwisikhululo sikaloliwe saseNewman eNew Mexico, betyholwa ngokwenza intsebenziswano exhasa iJamani.
Kodwa, ngenxa yempilo yakhe ebuthathaka, wakhululwa kwifama awayenayo e-El Paso, eTexas, kodwa emva kokuba u-Orozco ebalekile, uVictoriano Huerta wayevalelwe kwintolongo yasemkhosini yaseFort Bliss, apho wancwina khona okokugqibela ngenxa yesifo sokudumba kwesibindi. , ngoJanuwari 13, 1916.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umlinganiswa Victoriano Huerta, akukho lula ukuba anyamalale kumnyama kumxholo zembali iziganeko zobundlobongela eyashukumisa Mexico kunye nabemi bayo ngenkulungwane yama-XNUMX ephawula imbali yayo.
Umlingiswa kaVictoriano Huerto wabanjwa kwimbali yaseMexico njengombhali wokungcatsha okukhulu okwaphelisa ubukho bukaMadero, kunye nethemba elalibanjwe ngezo mini ukonwabela inkqubo yangoku.
U-Victoriano Huerta, wayenandipha ubuchule obukhulu kunye nobuqili, obukhokelela ekubeni enze ngeqhinga, ukunyaniseka kwakhe okufanisiweyo kunye nokunyaniseka kunye nomnqweno wokuseka amandla amatsha, ukukwazi kwakhe ukuhlala kwindawo efanelekileyo kunye nexesha elifanelekileyo.
Ngento eyaveliswa kukufa kwezopolitiko ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo ukuba kufakwe ngokukhawuleza ulawulo lwegazi kunye notyalo-mali olucacileyo, ngendlela esemthethweni, baye bamguqula waba ngumkhosi obawayo wasemkhosini, utywala ngokungekho sikweni, okwaziyo ukuxhela isizwe ngenxa yeminqweno yakhe elusizi.
Ilifa likaVictoriano Huerta
Ngokuphathelele lo mba, kunokwenziwa izimvo ezintle malunga nomlingiswa kaHuerta. Kwanangaphambi kweziganeko zovukelo-mbuso, wayeyindoda eyayingafunwa ngabantu ngenxa yokukhalimela kwakhe abantu bomthonyama kulo lonke ilizwe lama-Aztec.
Wahlala ethatha indlela engalunganga, wakhusela ubuzwilakhe obukhohlakeleyo bukaPorfirio Díaz, ngaphambi kokwenza iyelenqe lokoyisa uMadero, engomnye wababoni abanqabileyo nabanyanisekileyo be-revolution.
Wayengumthetheli onobuchule, njengoko kungqinwa luloyiso lwakhe lwasemkhosini, nangona kunjalo, abalandeli bakhe abazange bamthande, ngoxa abachasi bakhe bamgxotha ngokupheleleyo.
Wakwazi ukufezekisa into engazange yenziwe mntu wumbi: wenza uZapata, iVilla, uObregón noCarranza basebenze kunye. Ngelixa aba balawuli babavukeli bavuma kuphela ukuba: U-Huerta wayengafanelekanga ukuba ngumongameli. Enyanisweni, uHuerta uthiywa ngabantu baseMexico.
Izinto ezinomdla ebomini bakhe
UVictoriano Huerta, wayengumntu ozinikele ekunxileni, owathi waba linxila. Uphawu olwalungengomqobo ukugcina isimo sakhe sengqondo sobuqhophololo. Abahlobo bakhe bathi okukhona wayesela, kwabonakala ukuba ingqondo yakhe iya isiba ngcono kwaye yacaca ngakumbi.