Ilizwe laseAsiya ukususela kumaxesha amandulo elandulelwa ludumo ehlabathini lonke ngokuba lelona lizwe livelisa eyona silika ihonjisiweyo neethe-ethe, ilaphu elenziwa Impahla yaseTshayina umfuziselo wenkcubeko yabo yemveli. Funda konke malunga newodrophu yesigebenga saseAsia!
Impahla yase China
I-China yaba lilizwe lokuqala ehlabathini ukuvelisa iintshulube zesilika kunye nokwenza amalaphu ngezinto eziyivelisayo. Iisampulu zakudala kunye nophononongo lubonisa ukuba amaTshayina avelisa amalaphu ukusukela kwi-Neolithic, kwiminyaka engamawaka amahlanu okanye amathandathu eyadlulayo.
Kuqikelelwa ukuba malunga namawaka amathathu eminyaka eyadlulayo, i-sericulture kunye nokuluka isilika kwaphuhliswa kakhulu kwiTshayina yamandulo.
Impahla yaseTshayina ineentlobo ezininzi kunye nezitayela zeesuti ngokwamaxesha kunye namaxesha. Kukho iimpahla zemveli ezivela eZhongshan, Cheongsam kunye nezinye ezininzi ezenziwe zasetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga asasazeke kulo mmandla mkhulu.
Uhlobo ngalunye lwempahla e-China lwenziwa ngendlela ekhethekileyo, iipateni ezikhethekileyo kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuthunga, ezingazange zigqitywe ngokuhamba kwexesha, kodwa kwezinye iimeko zatshintshwa ngendlela ephawulekayo kunye neyoyikekayo, ngokufika kobukhosi obutsha. imimiselo yobukhosi engabonakaliyo ye-regent entsha.
Kwibutho elidala le-feudal, i-rank kunye nentlalo yoluntu inokuthi ikwaziwa ngokubonga kwimpahla yabo, okwenza ukuba ukungafani phakathi kweeklasi zentlalo kucace kakhulu, ekubeni isambatho semihla ngemihla sabantu abaqhelekileyo asinakuze sifane nesodidi oluphezulu.
Phakathi kweeklasi eziphezulu ezilawulayo, kukho iiyantlukwano, ngokomzekelo, ngexesha elithile uMlawuli wayenxibe umbala otyheli kunye nomqondiso wenamba kwisinxibo sakhe, isinxibo sakhe sobukhosi esikhethekileyo sasiqinisekisa amandla akhe.
Ngokuphathelele lonke iqela lakhe, abaphathiswa, iinjengele, ooceba nabafazi babo, iiyunifomu zabo nazo zazinemimiselo, eyayibandeza imiqathango imibala, ukuyila kunye nenani lamanani afanele asetyenziswe.
Akukho sinxibo siqhelekileyo saseTshayina okanye isuti, nangona ezinye izitayile zempahla zihlala zibonisa inkcubeko yaseTshayina kwihlabathi, umzekelo, iCheongsam, iQipao, njl.
I-Cheongsam kunye neQipao zamkelwa kwihlabathi liphela, zikhuthaza iiyantlukwano ezininzi zangaphandle, ngenxa yesitayile sazo esilula kodwa esingaqhelekanga. Ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa emantla eTshayina, njengempahla yomtshato eqhelekileyo yesiko leli lizwe, kwi-embroidery ebomvu, igolide kunye nesilivere.
Emazantsi eTshayina, abatshakazi banxiba iQipao okanye ilokhwe eneziqwenga ezibini ebizwa ngokuba yiQungua okanye Kwa, ehonjiswe ngenamba yegolide kunye noyilo lwephoenix, esi sinxibo somtshato esithandwa kakhulu phakathi kwamanenekazi anqwenela ukutshata namhlanje.
Imbali yeMpahla yaseTshayina
I-China inamaqela amaninzi eentlanga anembali ende kunye nesithethe, nangona kunjalo, amaqela athile alawula amaxesha athile embali.
Kangangamawaka eminyaka, izizukulwana zabayili bempahla ziye zazinikela ekuyileni nasekwenzeni impahla, zenza iimpahla ezigquma umzimba womntu zibe yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkcubeko yamaTshayina, nto leyo ekwasebenza ekumiseleni inkqubela yesizwe ngokutshintsha kwabo izimbo.
Ukwenziwa kwempahla eTshayina kuqale kumaxesha angaphambili, ubuncinci kwiminyaka engamawaka asixhenxe eyadlulayo. Ukufunyanwa kwezinto zakudala zokuthunga ezisusela kwiminyaka elishumi elinesibhozo lamawaka ubudala, ezinje ngeenaliti zokuthunga kunye neziqwenga emathanjeni, amaso amatye kunye namaqokobhe anemingxuma, bungqina ubukho bokuhonjiswa kwangaphambili kunye neziqwenga zokuthunga kwimpucuko yaseTshayina.
Ifashoni yaseTshayina yayinokutshintsha, kuxhomekeke kumaxesha onyaka, iinguqulelo zezopolitiko, iimfazwe zemfazwe, njl. Xa kwaqhambuka iimfazwe, ezazisenzeka rhoqo, iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokunxiba zazibonisa izikhundla zabantu kunye namazwe abasuka kuwo.
Ngexesha le-Qin kunye ne-Han Dynasties (221 BC - 220 AD)
Ubukhosi bakwaQin noHan babona ukudityaniswa kommandla kunye nolwimi olubhalwayo. UQin Shihuang, wayengumlawuli wokuqala wobukhosi bukaQin waza waseka utshintsho oluninzi kunye neenkqubo zentlalo, kuquka isinxibo seklasi nganye kunye nesikhundla sentlalo, evumela abantu ukuba bahluke.
Uninzi lweenguqu kwiimpahla kunye nokuhonjiswa kwefashoni yaseTshayina zasekwa kwi-Han Dynasty, phakathi kwe-206 BC kunye ne-220 AD. Itekhnoloji entsha yokudaya intambo, i-embroidery, kunye nokulungiswa kwesinyithi kuphuhliswe ngokukhawuleza ngeli xesha, kubangele utshintsho olukhulu kwimpahla kunye nezixhobo.
Ngexesha le-Wei kunye ne-Jin Dynasties (220 AD - 589 AD)
Impahla yaseTshayina yaphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza ngexesha le-Northern Wei kunye ne-Southern Jin Dynasties. Phambi kowama-265 AD, iinkcubeko kunye neembono zobuhle zabantu baseMantla nakumazantsi eTshayina zadityaniswa ngenxa yeentshukumo ezithe gqolo zabemi eziqaliswe ziimfazwe ezihlala zihleli.
Izikolo ezininzi zeengcinga zentanda-bulumko zaphembelela ubomi boluntu kunye neengcinga zoyilo lwesinxibo.
Ngexesha lolawulo lweTang (618 AD-907 AD)
Ubukhosi baseTang, obuvela kwi-618 ukuya kwi-907 AD, bavumela imfashini ukuba ibhale iphepha eliqaqambileyo kwimbali yeengubo zaseTshayina kumaxesha amandulo.
Impahla yayineentlobo ezininzi, izambatho zabantu zazihluke kwaye zihluke kakhulu, kuba abalawuli babo banikela ngokuvuleleka ngakumbi kwihlabathi langaphandle, elivelisa utshintsho lweengcamango kunye nesitayela kubantu, abaye baba yi-cosmopolitan ngakumbi.
Impahla yatshintsha ngokukhawuleza, yaba yinto ephawulekayo, kunye nezitayela ezahlukeneyo, abantu abaninzi ababezimisele ukuzinxiba ngokuzonwabisa.
Ngexesha leNgoma, iYuan, kunye ne-Ming dynasties
Isimbo sokunxiba esingekho sikweni savela ngexesha leNgoma phakathi kuka-960 kunye no-1279 AD, yayilula kwaye iyimpahla entle.
Ngexesha lolawulo lweYuan phakathi kwe-1206 kunye ne-1368 AD, iqela lesizwe samaMongol, elaziwa ngokuba ngabantu bamahashe, lalinamandla kwaye isimbo sokunxiba sasiyindibaniselwano yeMongol kunye neHan. Impahla yayibunewunewu kudidi oluphezulu, kodwa ilula kuyilo kwaye ingahonjiswanga.
Ngokufika kobukhosi bakwaMing phakathi ko-1368 no-1644, utshintsho olukhulu lwenzeka kwindlela yokunxiba. Uyilo lwempahla alukhawulelwanga kwisitayile esinye kwaye lukhuthaze ubuhle bendalo, obunika amandla ngakumbi, imvelaphi kunye nokubaluleka kwenkcubeko yempahla.
Ngexesha lolawulo lweQing
Ubukhosi buka-Qing, obabakho phakathi ko-1644 no-1911, babuphawulwa ngoyilo oluhle, olulungeleleneyo lwempahla oluchazwa ngabaninzi njengoluzukileyo. Lo mnombo wathabatha iminyaka emalunga nama-200 waza wabona iinguqu ezimangalisayo zehlabathi ezinjengoMvuselelo eItali, iMvukelo yamaFrentshi, nokufunyanwa kweMerika nguColumbus, kodwa olo tshintsho aluzange luchaphazele isinxibo saseTshayina.
Ngelo xesha, iTshayina yayinomgaqo-nkqubo wokuvala iingcango, ngoko ke iinguqulelo ezininzi azizange ziyichaphazele, yaye abantu babesanxiba iimpahla ezibonisa umgangatho, umgangatho wentlalo, nendlela yokuphila. Oku kungabikho koqhagamshelwano kunye nempembelelo evela kwiinkcubeko zangaphandle kuvunyelwe ukugcina ilifa elixabisekileyo kunye nembali kwiimpahla zaseTshayina.
Ukususela ngo-1930 ukuya kwixesha langoku
Impahla yaseTshayina ukusuka kwi-1930 ukuya namhlanje iye yahluka kakhulu, nangona kunjalo, ezinye iimpahla zookhokho zihlala kwincasa yabantu abaninzi ngezihlandlo ezikhethekileyo, njengeQipao, phakathi kwe-1930 kunye ne-1940. , ukuziqhelanisa nokumila komzimba.
Ezinye zeempahla zemveli ezifana neQipao zahlala njengempahla yemihla ngemihla eHong Kong de kube sekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1960. Namhlanje, abatshakazi abaninzi baseTshayina baya kukhetha uhlobo lwangoku lwe-Qipao okanye i-Longfeng Kwa njengempahla yabo yendabuko yomtshato wabo.
iintlobo zempahla yaseTshayina
Impahla yaseTshayina iye yatshintsha kakhulu kwimbali. Kukho uyilo oluninzi, izitayile kunye nemibala ephawulwe ngalo lonke ixesha kubomi besi sizwe, uninzi lwayo lusasetyenziswa nanamhlanje. Ezinye zezona ntlobo ziphambili zempahla yesiNtu yaseTshayina zezi:
I-Pien-fu
I-Pien-fu sisinxibo samandulo esinemigangatho emibini enomphezulu onjenge-tunic ofikelela emadolweni kunye nesiketi okanye ibhulukhwe efikelela emaqatheni. Yayincediswa ngumnqwazi owaziwa ngokuba yiPien, enemilo yecylindrical.
Ngokuqhelekileyo yayiziziqwenga ezibanzi kunye nemikhono enomthamo omninzi, luyilo lwemigca ethe tye edla ngokubonisa amaza endalo kakhulu, kungakhathaliseki nokuba ingena esinqeni. Kuqheleke kakhulu ukuba ingubo ibe ne-embroidery ethambileyo, iibhendi zokuhlobisa okanye ezinye izihombiso.
itshiphu kunye neQipao
I-Changpao, ekwabizwa ngokuba yiChangshan, yamadoda kwaye iQipao yabasetyhini sisinxibo semveli esaqala ukusetyenziswa zizizwe zamaManchu ezifudukayo.
Yayiquka isiqwenga esisodwa esisuka emagxeni ukuya kwizithende, ezifana nengubo okanye ihempe elide, ukusika ngokuthe tye, kuvuleke emacaleni, kunye nemikhono emide kunye nekhululekile. Yayidla ngokwenziwa ngesilika yendalo entle.
Ngexesha lolawulo lwe-Qing, amaManchus ahlala kumbindi weTshayina kwaye anyanzela abemi ukuba bathathe impahla yabo yemveli, ebisetyenziswa phakathi kwamaTshayina ukusukela ngoko. Esi sambatho saboniswa emva kokuwa kwe-Qing Dynasty kuphela kwiziganeko ezithile ezisemthethweni. Amadoda ayeyinxiba emnyama kunye nomnqwazi wombala ofanayo, xa kungcwatywa.
I-Qipao yingubo ethandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabasetyhini banamhlanje, kunye neenguqu ezincinci kwimodeli yokuqala. Yenziwe ngokusondeleyo kumzimba, ngentamo emxinwa okanye ngaphandle kwekhola, imikhono emide okanye emifutshane, i-cut cut ingaba yinto ejikelezileyo, isikwere okanye ngokuthe tye, okufanayo kwenzeka kunye nobude, kuxhomekeke kwincasa yomntu onxibayo, idolo, isiqingatha somlenze okanye phezulu ukuya eqatheni.
Kuqheleke kakhulu ukuba iQipao yenziwe ngamalaphu aqaqambileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo abomvu kwimitshato kunye neminye imibhiyozo ekhethekileyo. Nangona inokubonwa kweminye imibala kunye neepateni zamanani emveli aseTshayina.
Shenyi
I-Shenyi imodeli edibanisa i-Pienfu kunye ne-Changpao, isethi yamacandelo amabini, i-tunic kunye ne-skirt eneziqwenga ezilishumi elinesibini ezidibeneyo, ezifana ne-Pienfu, kodwa, ngokungafaniyo nale, zidibene nomthungo, okwenza zibukeke ngathi. iqhekeza elinye, likhululekile njengeChangpao.
Esi sinxibo yayisisinxibo esisemthethweni kwinzala kaMing, nangona kunjalo, abantu ababenxulumene ngqo norhulumente kunye nabaphengululi babeyisebenzisa yonke imihla.
Yayinemikhono ebanzi, kodwa ingekho banzi njengePienfu kwaye ibhityile kunePienfu. Umbhinqo wawudla ngokufakwa esinqeni, owawuhombisa ngakumbi kunokuba usebenze.
IHanfu
I-hanfu yayiyingubo e-China eyayinokunxitywa zizo zombini izini kunye nembali yayo isuka kwi-Han Dynasty, ixesha apho yayidume kakhulu, de i-Qing Dynasty yalela ukusetyenziswa kwayo.
Yayiquka ibhatyi efikelela emadolweni okanye i-tunic kunye ne-skirt ethe tye, encinci encinci kwaye ifikelele emaqatheni, ngemibala eqaqambileyo kunye ne-pastel yabasetyhini kunye neethoni ezimnyama zamanenekazi, ancedisana nomnqwazi, ngelixa abafazi bephethe kakhulu. iinwele eziphuculweyo kunye nemihombiso yeenwele.
Esi sinxibo sisetyenziswe ixesha elide kwimbali yaseTshayina kwaye sisasetyenziswa nanamhlanje kwimibhiyozo yenkcubeko nenkolo, kunye nokuba ngumzekelo wesalathiso kubayili abaninzi bale mihla. Kuthiwa yaphefumlela ukwenziwa kweekimono zaseJapan kunye neHanbok yaseKorea.
Iimpawu zempahla yaseTshayina
Kuyacaca ukuba iingubo zaseTshayina zineempawu ezenza ukuba zihluke kwaye zingabonakali, isimboli senkcubeko yeli lizwe laseAsia.
Ngoyilo olulula, imida ehonjisiweyo, iisashi ezihonjisiweyo, amalaphu atyhidiweyo, izincedisi zamagxa kunye neesashi, ezihlala zongezwa njengemihombiso, ziyilo ezahlukahlukeneyo ezineempawu ezizodwa ezenza isinxibo saseTshayina sikhethekileyo. Phakathi kweempawu eziqhelekileyo zempahla yaseTshayina, sifumana:
1-Imibala emnyama
Imibala emnyama isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiimpahla zemveli zaseTshayina, ngokukhetha oku ngaphezu kwemibala ekhanyayo. Iimpahla zemibhiyozo ziqhelekile ukuba mnyama ngombala, kodwa zinemiphetho ecacileyo nebengezelayo. Amathoni okukhanya ayethandwa ngokubanzi kwiimpahla zemihla ngemihla zommi oqhelekileyo.
2-Umbala womtshato ubomvu
Umbala obomvu ngumbala osetyenziswa kakhulu, ungowona uthandwayo kwimibhiyozo emininzi kunye neziganeko kuninzi lwamaTshayina, njengoko limele amathamsanqa kunye nokulunga.
ETshayina, abantu abaninzi banxiba ebomvu xa bebhiyozela iminyhadala ethile okanye ezona ziganeko zibalulekileyo ebomini babo, njengomsitho womtshato waseTshayina.
Imibala yegolide kunye nesilivere isetyenziswa kakhulu ekuhombiseni xa kuziwa kwinto enhle, njengemibhiyozo yokuzalwa, ukukhushulwa kunye nemitshato, njengoko ifanekisela ubutyebi, ubuninzi kunye nokuchuma.
3-Imibala ngokwamaxesha onyaka
AmaShayina adibanisa imibala ethile kunye namaxesha athile onyaka, umzekelo, uhlaza lubonisa intwasahlobo kunye nempuma, ebomvu imele ihlobo kunye nomzantsi, umhlophe ubonisa ikwindla kunye nentshona, kwaye umnyama ufuzisela ubusika nasenyakatho.
4-Imibala yomngcwabo imhlophe kwaye imnyama
Imingcwabo e-China yenziwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kuxhomekeke kwiminyaka yomntu oshonile, isimo sabo sentlalo kunye nezizathu zokufa. Nangona kunjalo, kuyo nayiphi na imeko, imibala yempahla yokugqoka emngcwabeni imnyama namhlophe.
5- Izifo
I-peony kunye noyilo lwenyibiba lwamanzi lwalusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimpahla, njengemiqondiso yobutyebi kunye nobuhle.
Kwakukho uyilo oluthile olulungiselelwe iimpahla zobukhosi zemveli, ezazihonjiswe ngokubanzi ngeedragons, kule mihla ezo pateni zobukhosi ziya zithandwa, abantu abaninzi abanxiba imodeli yakudala namhlanje, bakhetha ezi ziyilo zeminyanya.
Isinxibo sasebukhosini baseTshayina
Ilokhwe eLongpao okanye inamba, sisinxibo sasebukhosini saseTshayina, isitayile esinde, esihonjiswe ngokucokisekileyo nangobuchule. Abalawuli baseTshayina basebenzisa iLongpao ukuya enkundleni yonke imihla, yayiluhlobo lweyunifomu esemthethweni.
Nangona kunjalo, babenemisebenzi ekhethekileyo yemisitho, imibhiyozo kunye nokutyelela iTempile, zenziwe ngesilika esemgangathweni kunye nemihombiso yexabiso. Esi sinxibo sasinobunewunewu kakhulu kwaye kunzima ukusenza, sasifuna umsebenzi wabathungi abaziingcaphephe ezine kwesi siqwenga kwaye ukucaciswa kwayo kwandiswe ukuya kwiminyaka emibini.
Ezinye iirekhodi zibonisa ukuba i-Longpao ineedragons ezilithoba ezihonjisiweyo, ezihlala zihlala esifubeni, ngasemva, emadolweni, emagxeni nangaphakathi kwesuti.
Kwibutho elidala le-feudal, abantu banxiba ngokwemigangatho yabo yentlalontle kunye nenqanaba, ngoko kwakulula ukwahlula phakathi kwabantu abaqhelekileyo kunye nabantu abakumgangatho ophezulu. Ngamnye wayenemimiselo ethile malunga nempahla yabo, imodeli, imibala kunye noyilo, kunye nempahla efana ne-Longpao ejoliswe kuphela ekusebenziseni uMlawuli.
I-suit yokuqala yobukhosi yayimnyama, nangona kunjalo umbala wayo watshintsha ngokuxhomekeke kubukhosi ngokulandelelana, umzekelo:
- Ubukhosi beXia, ubukhosi bukaZhou kunye nomlawuli wokuqala waseQin bonke basebenzise umnyama njengombala wabo osemthethweni.
- Ubukhosi bakwaSui kunye noTang bakhethe umbala otyheli.
- I-Ngoma kunye ne-Ming dynasties yenza umbala obomvu njengombala we-emperor kunye nenkundla.
Impahla eTshayina ngexesha leNguquko
Emva kokuba iQela lamaKomanisi laseTshayina lithabath’ iintambo kweli lizwe laseAsia, esinye sezigqibo zalo yaba kukuvalwa kwawo onke amasiko awayenxulunyaniswa nobukhosi baseTshayina obahluthiweyo. Ke ngoko, iimpahla ezahlukeneyo zesiNtu zaseTshayina kunye nemiboniso eyahlukeneyo yobugcisa ithathwa njengezixhobo zodidi oluphezulu kunye noohlohlesakhe ukwenza izalathiso kwiiklasi zentlalo.
NgoMao Zedong amandla, abemi baseShayina bashiya emva kweengubo zendabuko ezintle kunye ezikhethekileyo, ukuba banxibe iisuti zeZhongshan ezaziwa kakhulu okanye iisuti zeMaoist.
Iphefumlelwe yindlela yaseNtshona, iqulethe ibhatyi ye-lapel ethe tye, iipokotho ezine ze-flap, amaqhosha amahlanu angaphambili kunye namathathu kumkhono ngamnye othe ngqo. Iinkokeli ezintsha zezopolitiko zaqinisekisa ukuba olu hlobo lwempahla yaseTshayina lumanyanisa abantu, ekubeni lwalusetyenziswa ngabo bonke abemi ngokulinganayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba baluphi na uhlobo okanye isini.
Siyakumema ukuba udibane namanye amanqaku kule bhlog, anokuba nomdla kuwe: