UVaclav Smil: Iimbono zengcaphephe enokusindisa iplanethi

Vaclav Smil, iingcamango ezinokutshintsha ihlabathi

Indlela yabekwa yingcali yokusingqongileyo UVaclav Smil, umphandi kwiYunivesithi yaseManitoba, eKhanada, umbhali wencwadi "Uyilo kunye noTshintsho: Imbali emfutshane yeHype kunye nokungaphumeleli", apho, engabathembi abo bathembisa izinto ezingaqhelekanga nezingenakufikeleleka, wathi "uluhlu lwakhe lweminqweno" yokusindisa ihlabathi, egcina iinyawo zakhe zibambelele kwinyani. Ubhale iincwadi ezingaphezu kwe-40 kunye namanqaku angama-500 malunga namandla, indalo kunye neteknoloji.. Ngo-2010 wabizwa ngokuba ngumnye we-Top 100 Global Thinkers yimagazini ye-Foreign Policy kwaye ngo-2014 waba liLungu le-Order yaseCanada. Kuba Einaudi epapashwe Amanani awaxoki. Amabali amafutshane ukuqonda ihlabathi (2021 kunye 2023) kunye Indlela ihlabathi elisebenza ngayo ngokwenene. Amandla, ukutya, okusingqongileyo, imathiriyeli ekrwada: iimpendulo ezivela kwisayensi (2023).

"Ezona zinto zintsha, ngokoluvo lwam - uyachaza - zibhekisa kuthotho lwemiba ekufuneka siyilungise ngokukhawuleza. Bagxininisa iindawo eziya kuba nefuthe elikhulu kwintlalontle yoluntu kunye nokusingqongileyo kwaye apho sele kukho ubutyebi bolwazi olunokwakhelwa phezu kwalo.”

Ufuna ntoni kanye kanye ngoku?

Lahla amafutha efosili ukuze uthuthwe kwaye ngenxa yoku ufuna iibhetri ezinkulu, ezisebenza ngokufanelekileyo ukugcina umbane owaneleyo wendlela yokuthutha: iibhetri ze-lithium ionIsetyenziswa namhlanje ukunika amandla iimoto zombane, iiselfowuni, iilaptops, kunye nezinye izixhobo zombane eziphathwayo, zezona zikhetho zakho okwangoku. Olona hlobo lubalaseleyo kwiimarike lunobuninzi bamandla obungama-755 Wh/l, kwaye okwangoku, i-Californian Amprius Technologies iphuhlisa isizukulwana esitsha seebhetri ze-lithium ezikwazi ukugcina i-1150 Wh/l.

Kutheni iibhetri ze-lithium ion zisetyenziswa ngakumbi nangakumbi?

Makhe sithathe iibhetri ze-lithium ion zeebhayisekile zombane njengomzekelo:

I-LITHIUM ION (i-Li-Ion) iibhetri ngoku zezona teknoloji zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi leebhayisikili zombane ukususela ngoko, ngenxa yabo. Umlinganiselo wamandla kubunzima, unokuhamba imigama emide kwi-recharge enye, ukunciphisa nge-60% ubunzima beebhetri ze-classic lead.

Bane-self-discharge ephantsi kakhulu kwaye abanayo into ebizwa ngokuba yi "memory effect" ngenxa yokutshaja rhoqo. Iyunithi yolawulo lwangaphakathi (BMS) ilawula amandla ombane weseli nganye kuzo zombini izigaba zokukhupha nezokutshaja, ukuze kungonakalisi yonke ipakethi yebhetri.

Ukutsalwa kwemfazwe phakathi kwamandla

Kwaye nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kophuculo, ubuninzi bamandla beebhetri buhlala bungaphantsi kakhulu koko kwamafutha angamalwelo asalawulayo kwezothutho: i-petroli ifikelela kwi-9600 Wh/l, i-jet parafini 10.300 Wh/l. idizili i-10.700 Wh/l. Ngoko ke, kufanele ukuba kwenzeke ukuvala umsantsa phakathi koxinano lwamandla ebhetri kunye namafutha efosili.

Kule minyaka ingama-50 idlulileyo, ubuninzi bamandla obuninzi beebhetri ezisetyenziswayo bunyuke ngokuphindwe kahlanu. Ukuba sigcina esi santya kwiminyaka engama-50 ezayo, siya kufikelela kwi-3750 Wh/l. Isiphumo esiya kuququzelela uthutho olunzima ngendlela kunye nolwandle kunye nezithuthi zombane kwaye, nangona kunjalo, zisenokungonelanga ukunika amandla i-Boeing 787 esebenza ngombane.

Amandla emifuno

Ngokumalunga nezolimo, ukuba ufuna ukuba luzinze, umceli mngeni awukho ngaphantsi. Ngumsebenzi onempembelelo ephezulu kakhulu ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwamanzi, ukusetyenziswa komhlaba kunye nokukhululwa kwezichumisi zenitrogenous ezingcolisayo. Utshintsho oluphambili, ngokutsho kukaSmil, luya kuba namandla okuphuhlisa izityalo ezingadingi zichumisi zekhemikhali (ngo-2020, umhlaba wezolimo wafumana iitoni ezizigidi ezili-113, ngama-40% ngaphezulu kowama-2000): zizityalo ezikwaziyo ukufunxa i-nitrate ngokwendalo njengemifuno. yenza, ezithatha inzuzo ye-symbiotic microorganisms encanyathiselwe kwiingcambu. Isitshixo siya kuba ukwahlula amajini embotyi avumela ukulungiswa kwenitrogen kwaye idluliselwe kwizityalo zecereal kunye nemifuno.

iphotosynthesis enemveliso

Sikwafuna i-photosynthesis enemveliso ngakumbi - izityalo azisebenzi ngokwenene ekuguquleni amandla elanga abe yi-biomass. Kuphela sisiqingatha semitha yelanga efikelela kwisityalo esinokusetyenziswa kwiphotosynthesis ngokwayo., ipesenti ehlayo ukuya kwi-44% emva kokususa ukukhanya okubonakaliswe ngamagqabi. Isinyathelo ngesinyathelo, ekugqibeleni kuqikelelwa ukuba kuphela i-4,5% yamandla elanga aguqulwa abe yi-carbohydrates.

Ngoko ke, nokuphucuka okuncinci kunokwenza umahluko omkhulu kwizivuno zezityalo kwaye, ngenxa yoko, kubukho behlabathi bokutya ukondla ngokwaneleyo abantu abanokufikelela kwi-10.000 leebhiliyoni ngo-2050. Ngoko ke, uphando kufuneka lusebenzele ukuphucula inkqubo ye-biomass synthesis, ngokomzekelo, ngokubona imizila yemfuza eyenza iingcambu zibe nobuchule ngakumbi ekuqokeleleni amanzi nezondlo, zize zifakwe kwiDNA yazo zonke izityalo ezicingelwa ukuba zinomdla. Kuya kufuneka kwakhona ukukhetha izityalo ezinezivuno eziphezulu kunye nokukhula ngokukhawuleza.

Inkohliso yeVaclav Smil kunye neenkqubo zokuzihlambulula photovoltaic

Umxholo ohlaziyekayo, ekufikeleleni kuye wonke umntu. U-Smil ucinga ngokuzihlambulula iinkqubo ze-photovoltaic, enokusetyenziswa njengepeyinti ezindongeni nanjengeglasi kwiifestile zezakhiwo. Iinkqubo ze-Photovoltaic, eziguqula amandla elanga kumbane, zinokufakwa kuyo nayiphi na indawo enelanga. Iinguqulelo eziphambili kakhulu zigcina ukusebenza kwazo ubuncinane iminyaka engama-20.

Eyona nto ke ngoko iyakuba kukukhapha izixeko ngezi nkqubo, dukulahla iingubo ze-photovoltaic ukufaka isicelo kuwo nawuphi na umgangatho wedolophu, ukwazisa umbane oveliswe kuthungelwano lwengingqi. Ngokwendalo, ngumdlalo wokudlala ukuba ezi liner nazo ziyazicoca, ke zihlala zisebenza ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Sisondela kwiphupha likaVaclav Smil: iifestile zelanga ezenza umbane sele zikwimarike. Umzekelo ongokomfanekiso yinkampani yasePilkington, evelisa iifestile ezizihlambululayo ezineengubo zefotocatalytic ezisabela ngokukhanya kwelanga ukuze ziqhekeze kwaye zinyibilikise ukungcola. Inyathelo elilandelayo liya kuba kukwenza ezi mathiriyeli zifikeleleke kwaye zikwazi ukulungelelaniswa, kwindawo efikelelekayo kumntu wonke.

Ukuqala kweglasi ye-photovoltaic ...

La imbali yeglasi ye-photovoltaic yaqala kwiminyaka emithathu edlulileyo, xa iqela lophando kwiSebe lezeNzululwazi yezeMathiriyeli kwi KwiYunivesithi yaseMilano-Bicocca waphumelela kwiphulo elibonakala liyintsomi kwabaninzi. Iqela livakalise ukufika kweglasi ye-photovoltaic, ekwaziyo ukuvelisa umbane ngokukhanya .

Olu hlobo lwesixokelelwano selanga lunokudityaniswa ngokungenamthungo kulwakhiwo lwezakhiwo ezinkulu nangaphaya. Umahluko ngeglasi ecacileyo ulele ekongezweni kwe izinto ezibonakalayo ezisebenzayo , iinanospheres ezifunxa ukukhanya zize zikukhuphe kwakhona njengamandla. Amacwecwe afakwe kwi-a umaleko wesithathu ukukhenkceza kabini kunye nokuqinisekisa ukufakwa kwe-thermo-acoustic kunye nokukhuselwa kwesixhobo se-photovoltaic ukusuka kwindawo engqongileyo.

Ziziphi iingenelo zeefestile ze-photovoltaic?

Ifayile yeWindows ngeglasi PV kudityanisiwe zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi, enyanisweni, zizakhiwo uzinzile, ngaphandle kwempembelelo embi ekuchaseni. Ukongeza, abanciphisi kakhulu imitha yendalo yekhaya, kuba bayaqinisekisa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-80% elubala. Ngokuchasene noko, baqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphezulu ngokufanelekileyo, benziwa kunye Izinto zendalo, yiba nexabiso eliphantsi kwaye uvumele ukonga amandla okukhulu ekhayeni lakho.

Ziziphi izinto ezingalunganga zeglasi ye-photovoltaic?

Njengayo nayiphi na imveliso, iglasi ye-photovoltaic nayo inemiqobo yayo. Le yokugqibela inokubonwa ngokwemiqathango ngempumelelo , Enyanisweni inkqubo ye-photovoltaic yendabuko inokujoliswa kwaye iguqulwe ngokwemitha yelanga. Iifestile zefotovoltaic, nangona kunjalo, soloko ume nkqo kwaye esi sikhundla sinciphisa imveliso yamandla xa kuthelekiswa nenkqubo yepaneli yeklasikhi.

iiplastiki eziluhlaza ngokwenene

Sikwafuna iplastiki “eluhlaza” ngokwenene. Imveliso yehlabathi yeeplastiki isondele kwi-400 yezigidi zeetoni ngonyaka, phantse zonke ziphela kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma. Kuphela ligcuntswana elithile eliphinda lisetyenziswe kwaye ngenxa yoku, u-Smil uyaqaphela, kuya kuba yimfuneko ukuvelisa iplastiki ye-biodegradable ngokwenene kwinqanaba lemizi-mveliso kunye neenkqubo eziphantsi kweendleko eziphantsi, umzekelo, ezenziwe kwizinto ezilahlwayo okanye eziveliswe yi-microorganisms.

umkhuhlane weplanethi

Ngokuchasene nomkhuhlane weplanethi - wongeza umphengululi - akukhutshelwanga ukuba, ngenye imini, kuya kufuneka sibhenele kwi-"sunshade enkulu", efakwe emajukujukwini kwaye ekwazi ukuphambukisa phakathi kwe-1 kunye ne-2% yokukhanya kwelanga. Lo mqobo kuya kufuneka upakwe malunga ne-1,5 yesigidi seekhilomitha ukusuka apho, kwindawo ephakathi kweLanga kunye noMhlaba apho amandla axhuzulayo aphelisana ngaphandle ukuze isakhiwo sihlale kwindawo ezinzileyo. Okwangoku, eli lithemba eliphikisanayo kwaye liyabiza kwaye uSmil uyibona "njengehlaya" lokudlala ukuba ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2 akuncitshiswa ngokwaneleyo.

Kodwa akuphelelanga apho kuVaclav Smil...

Izinto ezintsha ezingxamisekileyo nezinokwenzeka azipheli apha, uqukumbela ngelithi uSmil. Incwadi yakhe yenzelwe ukuba ibe yiakhawunti ezolileyo yendlela itekhnoloji kunye nobuchule obunokuthi buthathe isigqibo ngayo ekusombululeni idrama enkulu yelo xesha: utshintsho lwemozulu.