El vacío, ithathwa njengokungabikho kwezinto kwindawo ethile, esinokuyiguqulela ekusweleni kwento ethile kwindawo. Kwinqaku elilandelayo siya kukwazi yonke into malunga nokuba iVoid ithetha ntoni ngokwesayensi, iintlobo zevacuum, imilinganiselo yazo kunye nokunye okuninzi.
Yintoni iVoid?
I-Void ibandakanya ukulahlwa okupheleleyo kwezinto kwizinto, eyaziwa ngokwesayensi njenge "Matter" kwindawo ethile okanye kwindawo ethile, okanye ibhekiselele ekunqongopheni kolunye uhlobo lomxholo ngaphakathi ngaphakathi kwesikhongozeli. Ikwabizwa ngokubanzi ngokuba yiVacuum ukuba yintoni imeko yendawo apho ubukhulu bamasuntswana buthande ukuba ngaphantsi kwamanqanaba, umzekelo woku uya kuba yi-Interstellar Space.
Ngendlela efanayo, kwenzeka kwimeko umngxuma isiqingatha-evaliweyo apho uxinzelelo lwevacuum kwakunye naleyo yeegesi ezisemoyeni idla ngokuba ngaphantsi kwe-atmosfera. I-Void inokuthi yenzeke ngokwemvelo okanye iveliswe ngokuzenzekelayo, ngoko ke isetyenziswa ngamaxesha amaninzi kwizinto ezininzi, njengakumacandelo alandelayo:
- Ubugcisa
- Imoto
- Ikhemisi
- Ukutya
Inkcazo yeSilaphu
Ngokwembono eyanikwa yiAmerican Vacuum Society okanye eyaziwa ngokuba yi "AVS" ngonyaka ka-1958, eli binzana libhekisa kwindawo ezaliswe sisixa segesi kuxinzelelo olungaphantsi ngokupheleleyo kunokungafaniyo noxinzelelo lomoya. elo nqanaba lithethiweyo levacuum linyukile kukuxhomekeka ngokuthe ngqo ekuthotyweni kwexabiso loxinzelelo lwerhasi eshiyekileyo.
Oku kuthetha ntoni ukuba njengoko ukuqina kuncipha, inani le-vacuum eliza kufunyanwa liya kuba likhulu kakhulu, elivumela iingcali ukuba zikwazi ukuhlula iqondo le-vacuum kwaye liyifumene. Nganye kwezi ntlobo zineempawu zayo.
Umlinganiselo weVacuum
Uxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric yiyo yonke into eyenza iatmosphere okanye umoya osemhlabeni. Kwiqondo lokushisa kwegumbi kunye noxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo lwe-atmospheric, 1 m3 Umoya ngulowo uthwala ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kwe-2 x 1.025 iimolekyuli ezihamba ngesantya esimalunga ne-1.600 yeekhilomitha ngeyure (km/h).
Enye indlela yokulinganisa uxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric kukusebenzisa i-mercury barometer; ihlala ibonakalisa amaxabiso ngokwemigangatho yokuphakama kwekholamu yemercury yecandelo lomnqamlezo weyunithi ebandakanya ubude be-760 mm. Ngesi siseko, kunokuthiwa umoya oqhelekileyo udla ngokulingana malunga ne-760 mmHg.
Isetyenziselwa ukwenza lula njengomlinganiselo woxinzelelo kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-Torricelli Unit enophawu "Torr"; ngoko inokuchazwa ukuba:
1 iTorr = 1 mmHg
Okunika ukuba: 1 atm = 760 Torr; ngoko ke 1 Torr = 1/760 ye-atmosfera esemgangathweni, ngokufutshane:
1 Torr = 1,316 x 10 - 3 atm, oku kuthetha ukuba oku kube sisiphumo sokugqibela.
Umlinganiselo woxinzelelo oluphantsi
Indlela eyaphuhliswa yiPirani, yeyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu kwaye isoloko ikwazi ukulinganisa uxinzelelo oluphantsi. Kwale ndlela inye ijongana kuphela nohlobo lwebhulorho ye-Wheatstone apho amandla ebhulorho atyhilwe kwindawo engenanto ukuba ilinganiswe.
Ukuchasana kolu hlobo lwe-sensor element kuya kuhluka ngokwendlela yokutshintsha koxinzelelo, kuba kwiivacuums ezikufutshane noxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric i-filament iya kuqhagamshelana nezinye iimolekyuli ezininzi, eziza kuvelisa ubushushu obuphantsi kwaye kwangaxeshanye iziphumo zibe phantsi. ixabiso elixhathisayo.
Ngelixa i-vacuum iya kuphucula, olu hlobo lwe-filament luya kufumana inani elincinci leeamolekyu ukutshabalalisa ukushisa, okubangela ukwanda kweqondo lokushisa. Olu hlobo lokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu lulo oluya kuthi luvelise ukonyuka kwexabiso lokumelana, ukuvelisa uhlobo lokungalungelelani kwibhulorho yeWheatstone ekhankanywe ngasentla.
Olu hlobo lokungazinzi lulinganiswa ngoncedo lweMicroammeter. Emva koko iya kudibanisa zonke ii-microamperes ezenziwe ngenxa yebhulorho ye-Wheatstone kunye namaxabiso e-vacuum ngokwayo.
La maxabiso abuyela kwitheyibhile eyi-1 apho isikali sitsalwa khona, kulapho, umzekelo, kwimeko ye-CINDELVAC vacuum gauges, kuya kubakho "0" i-microamps xa into ebizwa ngokuba yinzwa ikwi-vacuum ephezulu kwaye ingaphakathi. "50" i-microamps kuxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric. Umxholo wetheyibhile yempendulo yale bhulorho ebizwa ngokuba yi-CINDELVAC Wheatstone iqulathe oku kulandelayo:
- 0mV = 0,001mbar
- 2mV = 0,010mbar
- 11mV = 0,100mbar
- 36mV = 1mbar
- 45mV = 9mbar
Imilinganiselo ye-ionization
Ezi zinohlobo olufanayo lwesiseko esibizwa ngokuba ziibhomu ze-ionization, kangangokuba zithathwa njengohlobo lwesiphumo. Xa kufika ixesha lokubala ukuqina kwe-vacuum ethile, ezinye izindululo zisetyenziselwa ukuba zinikwe yingcali yefiziksi eyaziwayo uBayard-Alpert, oyena mntu unoxanduva lwazo zonke ezo ntlobo zezixhobo eziye zakwazi ukubonelela ngokuchanekileyo zonke ezo ngcinezelo ukuya malunga. 10–12 Torr.
Iindidi ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zamandla zisebenza emhlabeni, phakathi kwazo Amandla asisiseko endalo. Umoya esiwuphefumlayo ubukhulu becala ubunjwe ziigesi ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo; phakathi kwazo ezo zibaluleke kakhulu zibandakanya ioksijini kunye nenitrogen, nangona kunjalo, ihlala igcina inani lerhasi enje ngale:
- Umoya omdaka
- Argon
- Neon
- Helio
- Krypton
- Xenon
- IHydrogen
- UMethane
- Initrous oxide
- Umphunga wamanzi.
Usetyenziso lweeTekhnoloji zeVacuum
Ngoku ngesi sihlandlo uya kuboniswa ukuba loluphi uhlobo lwezicelo zobugcisa ze-vacuum ezenziwa ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko yenyama ekhoyo ngoku:
Imeko yokuqala yoMzimba: Uxinzelelo oluphantsi
- Injongo: Umahluko woxinzelelo uyafezekiswa.
- Izicelo: Isetyenziselwa ukuxhasa, ukuphakamisa, ukuthuthwa kwamatayara, abacoci be-vacuum, ukucoca, kunye nokubumba.
Imeko yoMzimba yesiBini: Ukuxinana kweMolekyuli ephantsi
- Injongo: Susa izinto ezisebenzayo kwi-atmosfera.
- Izicelo: Isetyenziselwa izibane, nokuba ziyi-incandescent, i-fluorescent okanye iityhubhu zombane, kwi-melting, sintering, ukupakisha, i-encapsulation kunye nokufumanisa ukuvuza.
Imeko yoMzimba yesiThathu: Ukuxinana kweMolekyuli ephantsi
- Injongo: Ukukhutshwa kwegesi evaliweyo okanye enyibilikileyo.
- Izicelo: Isetyenziselwa ukomisa, ukuchithwa kwamanzi, ukugxininiswa, i-lyophilization, i-degassing kunye nokukhulelwa.
Imeko yesine yoMzimba: Ukuxinana kweMolekyuli ephantsi
- Injongo: Ukuhanjiswa kwamandla okunciphile.
- Izicelo: Isetyenziselwa ukufakwa kwe-thermal, ukugquma kombane, i-vacuum microbalance kunye nokulinganisa indawo.
Imeko yoMzimba yesihlanu: Ikhosi eNkulu ePhakathi yasimahla
- Injongo: Kulumkele Ukungqubana okanye Ukungqubana.
- Izicelo: Kule meko isetyenziselwa:
-IiMibhobho yoMbane – Imitha yeCathode – iTV
-Iifotocells – Photomultipliers – X-Ray Tubes
-I-Particle Accelerators-I-Mas Spectrometers-I-Isotope Separators
-IiMicroscopes ze-Electron-Beam Welding
-I-Metallization (i-Evaporation, i-Cathodic Sputtering) - i-Molecular Distillation
Imeko yoMzimba yeSithandathu: Ixesha elide lokuqulunqa i-Monolayer
- Injongo: Imiphezulu ecocekileyo.
- Izicelo: Uphononongo lokukhuhlana, ukunamathela, ukubola komphezulu. Uvavanyo lwemathiriyeli yamava esithuba.
Historia
Ukutyhubela ixesha lamandulo de kube yiloo nto eyaba yiRenaissance, ubukho boxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric babukhutshelwa ngaphandle. Ngoko ke, kwakungenakwenzeka ukunika uhlobo lwenkcazo malunga neziganeko ngenxa ye-vacuum. Kwimimandla yaseGrisi, malunga neentlobo ezi-2 zeethiyori ziye zangquzulana ngenxa yesi sizathu.
Ku-Epicurus kwaye ngakumbi ngakumbi kwi-Democritus kunye nesikolo sakhe sonke sokucinga, umcimbi awuzange ube nokuqhubeka ngokupheleleyo, kodwa kunoko wawulungiselelwe ngamasuntswana amancinci angabonakaliyo aziwa ngokuba zii-athom ezihamba phakathi kwendawo engenanto kunye namalungiselelo ahlukeneyo. ezi zibangele iimeko ezahlukeneyo zomzimba.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kwisithandi sobulumko esibalaseleyo esinguAristotle, le ndoda yakhaba ingcamango yokungabi nanto yaye ukuze ithethelele inkolelo yayo nento nganye engenakuchazwa yi<em>physics ka-Aristotle, wacaphula intetho eyaziwayo kakhulu ethi:
“Indalo yothuswa kukungabi nanto”
Oku kwaba yithiyori eyaye yalawula ngokupheleleyo ngexesha lamaXesha Aphakathi kwaye yahlala de kwafunyaniswa uxinzelelo. Olu hlobo lwengcamango ye "horror vacui" yasetyenziswa ngokubanzi nanguGalileo ngokwakhe ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX xa wayengakwazi ukucacisela ngamnye wabafundi bakhe isibakala esilula sokuba uhlobo oluthile lwentsika yamanzi ngaphakathi kwityhubhu eyayivaliwe. ekupheleni kwayo ayiphumi ukuba ityhubhu iye yaguqulwa ngelixa isiphelo samahhala sifakwe emanzini.
Nangona kunjalo, le ndoda yakwazi ukufundisa bonke abafundi bayo malunga nenkxalabo yakhe yokuba nengcaciso yenyaniso yangaphambili kunye nayo yonke into enxulumene nayo, ngakumbi isizathu sokuba iimpompo zokufunxa - i-impellers, elilungu le-hydraulic elafika Ekuqanjweni ngu-Alejandrino. UCtesibius, owayephila ngexesha lika-Archimedes, abazange bakwazi ukwenza amanzi aphakame ukusuka kumaqula ukuya kubude obungaphezu kweemitha ezili-10 ukuphakama.
Uluhlu lwezinto ezifunyenweyo malunga neTekhnoloji yeVacuum
Masithathele ingqalelo ukulandelelana kwazo zonke izinto eziye zafunyaniswa malunga neTekhnoloji yeVoid ukusuka kunyaka ka-1643 ukuya kunyaka ka-1953, nangona zimbalwa zazo eziya kukhankanywa ukuze zingandi kakhulu kolu luhlu kuba imalunga nama-40 iziganeko:
Okokuqala
- umbhali: Evangelista Torricelli
- Unyaka: 1643
- Umsebenzi okanye ukuFumana: Ivacuum kwikholam ye-760 mm yemekyuri
Sibini
- umbhali: UBlaise Pascal
- Unyaka: 1650
- Umsebenzi okanye ukuFumana: Ukwahluka kwekholamu ye-mercury kunye nokuphakama
Isithathu
- umbhali: UOtto von Guericke
- Unyaka: 1654
- Umsebenzi okanye ukuFumana: iimpompo vacuum piston. Kwilizwe laseMagdeburg
Isine
- umbhali: URobert Boyle
- Unyaka: 1662
- Umsebenzi okanye ukuFumana: Umthetho woxinzelelo-umthamo weegesi ezifanelekileyo
Isihlanu
- umbhali: UEdme Mariotte
- Unyaka: 1679
- Umsebenzi okanye ukuFumana: Umthetho woxinzelelo-umthamo weegesi ezifanelekileyo
Isithandathu
- umbhali: UAntoine Lavoisier
- Unyaka: 1775
- Umsebenzi okanye ukuFumana: Umoya owenziwe ngumxube we-O2 kunye ne-N2
Isixhenxe
- umbhali: UDaniel Bernoulli
- Unyaka: 1783
- Umsebenzi okanye ukuFumana: Ithiyori yeKinetic yeegesi
IOctavo
- umbhali: UJacques Charles-J. Gay-Lussac
- Unyaka: 1802
- Umsebenzi okanye ukuFumana: Umthetho kaCharles noGay-Lussac, umthetho wobushushu bomthamo weegesi ezifanelekileyo
Ngamashumi alithoba
- umbhali: UWilliam Henry
- Unyaka: 1803
- Umsebenzi okanye ukuFumana: Umthetho kaHenry, othi kubushushu obungaguquguqukiyo, isixa serhasi exutywe kulwelo silingana ngokuthe ngqo noxinzelelo oluyinxenye olukhutshwa yirhasi kulwelo oluxeliweyo.
Ishumi
- umbhali: medhurst
- Unyaka: 1810
- Umsebenzi okanye ukuFumana: Yenza isiphakamiso somgca wokuqala we-pneumatic vacuum phakathi kweeposi.
Ishumi elinanye
- umbhali: UWilliam Coolidge
- Unyaka: 1915
- Umsebenzi okanye ukuFumana: ityhubhu ye-x-reyi
Ishumi elinambini
- umbhali: UWolfgang Gaede
- Unyaka: 1915
- Umsebenzi okanye ukuFumana: Impompo ye-Mercury diffuser.
Ishumi elinantathu
- umbhali: Irving iLangmuir
- Unyaka: 1915
- Umsebenzi okanye ukuFumana: Isibane se-incandescent esizaliswe yigesi engasebenziyo.
Ishumi elinane
- umbhali: Irving iLangmuir
- Unyaka: 1916
- Umsebenzi okanye ukuFumana: Impompo yedifuser yeMercury condensate
Ishumi elinantlanu
- umbhali: Oliver Ellsworth Buckley
- Unyaka: 1916
- Umsebenzi okanye ukuFumana: Igeyiji ye-ionization yecathode eshushu
Ishumi elinantandathu
- umbhali: IHolweck
- Unyaka: 1923
- Umsebenzi okanye ukuFumana: ibhombu yemolekyuli
Ishumi elinesixhenxe
- umbhali: Gaede
- Unyaka: 1935
- Umsebenzi okanye ukuFumana: Igesi - i-ballast kwiimpompo ezijikelezayo
Ishumi elinesibhozo
- umbhali: M Penning
- Unyaka: 1937
- Umsebenzi okanye ukuFumana: I-Cold Cathode Ionization ye-Vacuum Gauge
Ishumi elinethoba
- umbhali: Kenneth Hickmann
- Unyaka: 1936
- Umsebenzi okanye ukuFumana: Impompo ye-oyile ye-diffuser.
Ishumi elinambini
- umbhali: J. Schwarz, R.G. Herb
- Unyaka: 1953
- Umsebenzi okanye ukuFumana: iibhombu ze-ion.
Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, olu luhlu lufutshane luyinxalenye nje yobalo-maxesha lokufunyaniswa kwenkqubo yevacuum.
Vacuum izicelo
Ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, kwiilabhoratri ezinkulu zanamhlanje, kwenzeka ukuba uhlobo oluthile lwesikhongozeli esizele yirhasi kufuneka lukhutshwe ngokukhawuleza. Ukufuduka kufuneka kube linyathelo lokuqala ekudaleni indawo entsha enegesi.
Ngexesha lenkqubo yokukhutshwa kwe-distillation, irhasi ithe kufuneka isuswe rhoqo ngelixa inkqubo yokukhupha isenziwa. Ngamathuba athile kuye kufuneke ukuba isikhongozeli siphele sigalelwe ukuze kuthintelwe umoya ofanayo ukuba ungonakalisi indawo ethile yomhlaba ecocekileyo okanye ungaphazamisi uhlobo oluthile lwemichiza.
Amasuntswana e-athomu kufuneka alawulwe kwi-vacuum ukuze kuthintelwe ukuba yintoni ilahleko ye "Momentum" ngongquzulwano phakathi kwayo kunye neemolekyuli zomoya. Umthamo omkhulu wemitha yemitha udla ngokufunxwa ngumoya ngokwawo kwaye unokusasazwa kuphela kwiindawo ezide kwivacuum.
Uhlobo lwenkqubo yokucoca inenxalenye esisiseko yokuba zeziphi izixhobo zaselabhoratri, phakathi kwazo iMass Spectrometer kunye ne-Electron Microscopes. Ukukhutshwa kwevacuum dehydration, iSistim yeVacuum elula isetyenziswa rhoqo, kunye ne-vacuum yokukhenkceza.
Ezinye izixhobo ezinobugocigoci kunye nobukhulu obukhulu okanye oomatshini abafuna iVacuum System ziziXhobo zeThermonuclear kunye neNuclear Particle Accelerators. Kwimeko yeenkqubo ezinkulu zemizi-mveliso yanamhlanje, phakathi kwezona zibalaseleyo kukuyilwa kwee-semiconductors, ezifuna ngokwenene indawo engqongileyo elawulwa ngokupheleleyo phantsi kwe-vacuum ngocoselelo nangendlela ethambileyo.
Iinkqubo zeVacuum
Bobabini ubunzulu kunye nokwakheka kwazo zonke iigesi ezibangelwa yinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yiVacuum System ngokuqhelekileyo iyahluka ngokwembali yayo kunye noyilo ngendlela ebalulekileyo. Kwizicelo ezithile isixa esirhabaxa esincinci serhasi yenkunkuma equlathe izigidi kunye nezigidi zeemolekyuli kwi-cm nganye3 Kuyanyamezeleka noko.
Into eye yaba yimpikiswano enkulu ukususela kumaxesha amandulo ibe yiTheory ye Imvelaphi yendalo iphela ekuye kwaxoxwa kakhulu ngazo zizithandi zobulumko ezinkulu zeMbali yoBuntu.
Kwezinye iimeko ezininzi, kuphela amawaka ambalwa eemolekyuli kwi-cm nganye3 banele ukwenza i-vacuum eyaneleyo. Kwiimeko zobukho boxinzelelo olungaphantsi komoya, ezi zihlelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Eyokuqala-Uluhlu olungenanto: Uxinzelelo lwendalo
- Uxinzelelo kwi-hPa (mbar): 013
- Uxinzelelo kwi mmHg (Torr): 8
- Iimolekyuli/cm3: 7 × 1019
- Iimolekyuli/cm3: 7 × 1025
- Indlela yaMahala: 68 nm1
Olwesibini-Uluhlu olungenanto: ivacuum ephantsi
- Uxinzelelo kwi-hPa (mbar): 300 - 1
- Uxinzelelo kwi mmHg (Torr): 225 - 7.501 × 10-1
- Iimolekyuli/cm3: 1019- 1016
- Iimolekyuli/cm3: 1025- 1022
- Indlela yaMahala: 1 - 100 μm
Olwesithathu-Uluhlu olungenanto: Isiqingatha esingenanto
- Uxinzelelo kwi-hPa (mbar): 1 - 10-3
- Uxinzelelo kwi mmHg (Torr): 501 × 10-1- 7.501 × 10-4
- Iimolekyuli/cm3: 1016- 1013
- Iimolekyuli/cm3: 1022- 1019
- Indlela yaMahala: 1 - 100mm
Olwesine-Uluhlu olungenanto: Vacuum ephezulu
- Uxinzelelo kwi-hPa (mbar): 10-3- 10-7
- Uxinzelelo kwi mmHg (Torr): 501 × 10-4- 7.501 × 10-8
- Iimolekyuli/cm3: 1013- 109
- Iimolekyuli/cm3: 1019- 1015
- Indlela yaMahala: 10cm - 1km
Olwesihlanu-Uluhlu olungenanto: Ivacuum ephezulu kakhulu
- Uxinzelelo kwi-hPa (mbar): 10-7- 10-12
- Uxinzelelo kwi mmHg (Torr): 501 × 10-8- 7.501 × 10-13
- Iimolekyuli/cm3: 109- 104
- Iimolekyuli/cm3: 1015- 1010
- Indlela yaMahala: 1 km – 105km
OlweSithandathu-Uluhlu olungenanto: IVoid ephezulu kakhulu
- Uxinzelelo kwi-hPa (mbar): -12
- Uxinzelelo kwi mmHg (Torr): <7.501 × 10-13
- Iimolekyuli/cm3: 4
- Iimolekyuli/cm3: 10
- Indlela yaMahala: > 105km
Ubume begesi ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yokucoca i-vacuum iguqulwa ngexesha lokukhutshwa kwenkqubo ngenxa yokuba ukusebenza kweepompo zokucoca kuyahluka kwiigesi. Kwinqanaba eliphantsi, iimolekyuli zeendonga zekhonteyina exeliweyo ziqala ukugxothwa kwaye ngelo xesha kanye ukubunjwa kwerhasi eseleyo kuqala.
Ngokuyintloko, ukuxinana kwegesi ehlala kwiindonga kubizwa ngokuba ngumphunga wamanzi kunye necarbon dioxide; kwiingcinezelo eziphantsi kakhulu, kwimeko yezikhongozeli eziye zaxoshwa, i-hydrogen inokufumaneka.
Ukugqiba, sicebisa ukuba ubone ukuba yi Orbit kunye nayo yonke into enxulumene nale trajectory kwindalo yonke.