Yonke imbonakaliso yobugcisa iphenjelelwa yimiba ethile, iimeko okanye imixholo ekhoyo kakhulu ngexesha lokuveliswa kwayo. Kweli thuba, sithatha ukuba wazi ubugcisa bobukoloniyali nto leyo eyaqala umboniso wayo kanye ngokufika kwabaphambukeli kwiindawo ngeendawo zehlabathi.
ubugcisa bobukoloniyali
Ubugcisa bobukoloniyali lonke luluhlu lwemiboniso yobugcisa eyaqala ukuvela, kanye xa iikholoni ezahlukeneyo zazisenzeka emhlabeni. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwezi ndawo zekoloniyali sele zinembonakalo yazo yobugcisa eyaziwa ngokuba yi-pre-colonial art, eyathi yabulawa ngabemi bazo. Ngoko ayimangalisi into yokuba ubugcisa bobukoloniyali bebukwaziswe kubemi bomthonyama ngendlela efanayo nendlela abahlali ababezimisa ngayo ngolawulo kule mimandla.
Ngandlel’ ithile oku kwavelisa ingqiqo entsha okanye indlela entsha yokubona le ntetho yobugcisa, eyayifuna ukubonisa phakathi kwalo mxube wobugcisa (ubugcisa bangaphambi kobukoloniyali kunye nobugcisa bobukoloniyali) bomanyano phakathi kwezithethe ezimbini - iinkcubeko okanye ukunyamalala nje. yemiboniso yemveli, ukunika ithuba lokungena kumakholoni.
Impembelelo eveliswa yimisinga eyahlukeneyo yobugcisa eSpain nakwiYurophu iphela, yafakwa kakhulu kubugcisa bobukoloniyali. Apho enye yeendlela eziphambili ezisetyenzisiweyo yayibubugcisa beBaroque, obuyimbonakaliso yobugcisa eyathi yabakho kwilizwekazi elidala ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX kwaye embindini wenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, yavelisa umzobo ohonjisiweyo, owenziwe kwaye. isimbo esimangalisayo, umahluko kwabanye.
Imiboniso eyahlukeneyo yolu hlobo lobugcisa inika intsingiselo enkulu kwiinkcukacha kwaye ngokubanzi imisebenzi yakhe yayinobukhazikhazi kwaye ilayishwe imifanekiso. Olu hlobo lobugcisa lwalukhethwa ukwenza imisebenzi enemixholo yenkolo okanye imibono, ngaphezu kokusetyenziswa ukuhombisa ingaphakathi leecawe. Nangona kunjalo, ubugcisa beBaroque babenolunye uhlobo lwenguqu yelizwe, apho ngalo mxholo wobugcisa bemihlaba kunye nobomi baqala ukuboniswa.
Nangona ubugcisa be-colonial baphenjelelwa kakhulu yi-baroque, yachaza okanye yahlengahlengisa isimbo sayo ngokutolika okutsha kwe-baroque yelizwekazi elidala, ngaloo ndlela inqanda i-connotation yokuba yikopi yayo. Kwelinye icala, ubugcisa bobukoloniyali buqulathe phakathi kweempawu zabo iimeko zaseLatin America, ezinokuthi zinconywe ngokukodwa kuyilo, kunye neempawu ezibhekiselele kubantu bomthonyama nabaseAfrika.
Esinye seziganeko eziye zazisa ukucuthwa kobugcisa bangaphambi kobukoloniyali okanye ubugcisa bomthonyama yayilungenelelo olunamandla olwalusetyenziswa yiCawa kunye neNkundla yeNkundla yokuNcina amakholwa ngamaxesha obukoloniyali, kunye nemiyalelo yayo yokugweba ngokuqatha naluphi na uhlobo lokubonakaliswa okunxulumene nobugcisa noncwadi. Inzalelwane okanye iveliswe eMelika okanye nawuphi na ummandla othatyathwe yikoloni.
Izixhobo
Kumaxesha adlulileyo xa ukoloniyali lwenzeka kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo, oku kukhokelele kwiseti yotshintsho olunzima nolunzima oluchaphazela ngokubanzi imiba efana nezopolitiko, inkolo, ezoqoqosho kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo yonke into yenkcubeko. Kanye njengokuba oku kwenzeka kwinkalo nganye kwezi, kwenzeka into efanayo ngobugcisa baseMelika.
Ke ngoko, ubugcisa bobukholoniyali buyenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ezisetyenziswa ngokuzimisela kunye nokongamela, kwimeko yaseLatin America, emva kokuvela kukaChristopher Columbus. Zonke ezi ntetho zobugcisa zagcinwa malunga ne-400 iminyaka phakathi kokufika kwabahlali kunye nokukhululwa kwe-Latin America, zibonakaliswe kwaye zahlulwa ngoku kulandelayo:
- Uyilo, umongo, okanye umxholo wobu bugcisa ubukhulu becala wawungowonqulo.
- Yayisetyenziswa njengenye yeendlela ezisebenzayo zokuzisa ivangeli kubantu bomthonyama ababehleli kule mimandla.
- Ukubonakaliswa kwayo kokuqala kwanikezelwa ngoyilo lwezakhiwo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezifana neeyunivesithi, iicawe kunye nezibhedlele.
- Oku kwaphenjelelwa kakhulu zizitayile zobugcisa zaseYurophu, ngakumbi iRenaissance, iRococo, kunye nobugcisa beBaroque.
- Ekuqaleni, imizobo ephuhliswe yi-colonial art yaveliswa njenge-replica yesitayela saseYurophu, nangona kunjalo, ngokuhamba kwexesha, yafumana imiba yayo kwaye yayihluke kuyo yonke into yaseYurophu. Phakathi kwale miba, ibikukusetyenziswa kwezinto zangaphambi kweColumbian.
Historia
Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili kwisicatshulwa, ubugcisa bobukoloniyali busekelwe ngokuqinileyo kwinkcubeko yaseYurophu ngokubanzi. Kwaye ngaphandle kwento yokuba ubugcisa bemveli okanye i-pre-Columbian babungekameli kangako ekuqaleni, kwathatha ubugcisa bobukoloniyali ixesha elide ukuqonda kunye nokufunxa imiba yobu bugcisa bomthonyama ngokubaluleka nokucaca okukhulu. Ngoku ukufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba olu hlobo lobugcisa luye lwamela njani la maxesha, kubalulekile ukwazi kancinci malunga nembali yayo, esiyibonisa apha ngezantsi:
Iminyaka emidala
Ngokwembali, kuye kwaphawulwa indlela inkcubeko etshintsha ngayo ngokufika kweenkcubeko zasemzini, njengoko kunokubonwa kwiinkcubeko zakudala zamakholoni ezifana namaGrike, amaCarthaginians kunye namaFenike awayesasazeke kwimimandla emikhulu yentshona yeMeditera. Ukanti aba bemi banye bachukunyiswa ngokulinganayo kukuthontelana kweenkcubeko zamandulo zaseMpuma ezifana neYiputa neMesopotamiya.
Enye yeemveliso zokugqibela zokuzinza kunye nempembelelo yezi nkcubeko kwimimandla emitsha kunye nempucuko yomthonyama inokubonwa kwindawo ngoku eyi-Iberian Peninsula, ubugcisa be-Iberia buyeyona nto ibonakalayo.
Ixesha langoku kunye neXesha langoku
Ngaphandle kwento yokuba kwakusele kukho impembelelo yakudala yokubumba impucuko kwezinye iinkcubeko, olu hlobo lobugcisa lwalungaziwa kakhulu ngolu chongiso kude kube kumaxesha amva nje ukusuka kwimbonakalo yabemi baseYurophu ikakhulu kwimimandla yaseMelika, ecacisiweyo apha ngezantsi. imbali yobu bugcisa kule mimandla:
ilatin America
KwiLatin America, ubugcisa bobukoloniyali bathunyelwa ngokufika kweSpanish, ngakumbi ngokufunyaniswa nguChristopher Columbus kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo malunga nonyaka we-1442 kamva ukuya kwinkulungwane ye-1898, kunye neziqithi zaseCuba nasePuerto Rico ziziphumo zokugqibela kwi-XNUMX. .Abemi baseSpeyin abafikanga bodwa kula mazwe, beza kunye nolwimi lwabo, izithethe, inkcubeko nonqulo lwabo, abazama ukulufaka ngenkani kubemi bomthonyama ababesele beneempawu zabo njengempucuko.
Phakathi kwezona nkcubeko zibalaseleyo kunye nempucuko enkulu yemveli eyayiphantsi kolu lawulo lwamakholoni, sinokubiza amagama: amaMeya, ama-Aztec kunye nama-Inca. Oku kunyanzeliswa kwakufuna ngokuyintloko ukucinezelwa okanye ukupheliswa ngokupheleleyo komelo lwemveli, kunye nayo yonke into eya kudala ikhonkco elithile kunye neenkolelo zabo, izithethe kunye nezithethe zabo, kuba oku ngandlela-thile kuthintele ukuphunyezwa kwevangeli kunye nokusekwa komyalelo omtsha karhulumente. . .
Ngoko ke, ngokuzisa ezi mpucuko kwisicwangciso sabo babeza kwazisa ubugcisa bobukoloniyali, obunokuthi ngendlela ethile, bube ngumboniso wobugcisa owenziwe kwizixeko ezitsha ezilawulwa ngabahlali. Olu hlobo lobugcisa lwaqala lwamiselwa ngaphambili zizitayile zaseYurophu kakhulu, ezinjengezo zisetyenziswa njenge: Renaissance, Baroque kunye neRococo.
Ukongeza, olu hlobo lobugcisa lunokubonakaliswa ngolwakhiwo lwemisebenzi yoyilo eyahlukahlukeneyo efana naleyo ikhoyo kwinkcubeko yaseYurophu ngaloo maxesha okufika kwabahlali, phakathi kwezakhiwo zokuqala ziicawe kunye neecathedrals. Ngandlel’ ithile, uphuhliso lwale misebenzi lwenza isicwangciso sovangelo lwempucuko yasekuhlaleni yaqina kwaye yomelela ngakumbi. Kamva, kwasekwa izakhiwo zoluntu ezifana nezibhedlele, iivillas zabucala, iiholo zeedolophu kunye neeyunivesithi.
Ngokunxulumene nenkolo, kwakunokwenzeka ukujonga indlela abayisebenzisa ngayo kwizakhiwo ezininzi iindawo ezingcwele zamandulo njengeetempile zale mpucuko yemveli ukwakha iicawe. Kuninzi lwezi zakhiwo zitsha, bekuqhelekile ukuhambelana neempawu zamakholonineli kunye nabemi bomthonyama ngokwabo, oku kuvelise isitayile esikhethekileyo nesahlukileyo kwisiqhelo saseYurophu.
Ngoko ngale ndlela kwakunikelwa imiboniso yokuqala yobugcisa bobukoloniyali, eyona ibalaseleyo ibekwe kwimimandla emibini yangaphambi kweColumbian: iMexico nePeru.
Ngokuphathelele ukupeyinta kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo, kwakunokwenzeka ukuqonda ukuba okokuqala, ngokuphindaphindiweyo, imisebenzi yobugcisa yaseYurophu yayingeniswa kwamanye amazwe, eyona nto ithandwayo:
- Spanish
- IsiTaliyani
- IsiFlemish.
Nangona kunjalo, phantse ngephanyazo, ukwenziwa ngokufanelekileyo kobugcisa bobukoloniyali kwaqala ukuveliswa kule mimandla, kusetyenziswa imiba yenkcubeko yaseYurophu neyangaphambi kweColumbian, eyenze ukuba ibe ngumfuziselo.
Brasil
EBrazil, kwelinye icala, kwakukho uxabiso olukhulu kuyo yonke into enxulumene nenkcubeko yaseYurophu ukusuka kumaxesha obukoloniyali ukuya ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, imeko echasene nokubonakaliswa kwenkcubeko yama-Afro-Brazil eyayigatywa kwaye yade yalelwa ngelo xesha.
Ke ngoko, yonke into eyayine-tint yase-Afro-Brazilian yagwetywa ngokupheleleyo kwaye yohlwaywa ngobulungisa belo lizwe, njengakwimeko yenkolo kunye ne-capoeira, umdaniso okanye ubugcisa bokulwa beqela lentlalontle. Ngokuchaseneyo nemiboniso eyahlukeneyo yomculo wefolkloric eyavuselelwa, yabhiyozelwa kwaye yakhuthazwa njenge-congadas kunye ne-lundu.
Ngaphandle kokugatywa ixesha elide lokubonakaliswa kobugcisa be-Afro-Brazilian ekhankanywe ngasentla, ekuhambeni kwexesha isithuba sokwamkelwa kunye nokuqatshelwa njengenxalenye yenkcubeko yabo yesizwe kunye nezithethe zavulwa, oku kwenzeka phakathi kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Ngokucacileyo le yayiyinkqubo kancinane, apho ukungena kokuqala kokwamkelwa kwanikelwa yisamba emile kwaye inconywa njengomculo odumileyo waseAfro-Brazil ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX.
ubugcisa bekoloniyali baseAfrika
Ukudibana kokuqala kunye nabemi baseYurophu kunye nabemi bomthonyama kule mimandla ngandlela thile kwabhalwa ngobugcisa. Ngokudalwa kwamanani abahlali kwimithi emele umbono wakhe malunga nabo bantu bangaphandle, ababephethe izikhundla ezibalulekileyo ngokubanzi ngaphakathi kolawulo lobukoloniyali, ubukhulu becala: abasebenzi baseburhulumenteni, oogqirha, amagosa, amajoni okanye amagcisa aseAfrika (évolués) ngexesha lobukoloniyali. Ngesiqhelo, la manani abonakalisiweyo amakholoni abonisa imihombiso eneempawu ezifana nezi:
- Iihelmethi zokuhlola okanye isalacot.
- Iisuti.
- Iimpahla zegosa.
- Imibhobho yecuba.
Ukongeza umbala, abantu bomthonyama basebenzisa i-pigments yendalo kumanani. Imvelaphi yemifanekiso eqingqiweyo yokuqala yabemi yavela eNtshona Afrika, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba yayiphakathi kolona hlanga lukhulu eIvory Coast, iBaulé. La manani ayekonwabela ukuthandwa kunye nemfuno ngexesha le-postcolonial, ngokukodwa ngexesha lenkqubo ye-decolonization nasemva kokuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II.
Ubukhulu becala, le ndlela intsha yokubonakalisa ubugcisa eveliswa e-Afrika inxulunyaniswe nempendulo etenxileyo kwixesha lobukoloniyali kunye nengcinezelo kuluntu lwaseAfrika. Kukholelwa ukuba la manani adalwe njengenxalenye yecaricature kodwa enemvakalelo ethile efihliweyo yokugxekwa ngokukrakra, ukucaphuka kunye nokuchaswa kwaba bangaphandle okanye yayingeyonto enye ngaphandle kohlobo olutsha lwezitayile ezikhethekileyo kwezi nkcubeko. Namhlanje oku kusaxoxwa ngabaphandi abohlukeneyo, izazi ngendalo kunye neengcali ngezizwe.
Kwangokunjalo, abaphandi abahlukahlukeneyo baxoxa ngokuba ngaba la manani abahlali babezizinto ezisetyenziselwa nje ukuhombisa okanye ukuba babenomsebenzi kwizithethe zabo. Amagcisa aseAfrika ala manani omthi amele abahlali babebaninzi, enye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo kule ndlela yiNigerian Thomas Ona Odulate (1900-50), uninzi lwemisebenzi yakhe okwangoku ikwiimyuziyam eYurophu nase-United States.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba olu hlobo lobugcisa bobukoloniyali baseAfrika lusaveliswa nanamhla oku, kumanani abahlali abenziwe ngamaplanga adla ngokuthengiswa kwimimandla yaseMbindi nakwiNtshona Afrika njengezikhumbuzo zokuhamba.
ubugcisa bekoloniyali yaseAsia
Ebudeni bonyaka we-1615 iBhritane yachukumisa imimandla yaseIndiya. Ukususela ekufikeni kwakhe, amadabi ahlukeneyo kunye nezikumkani ezisekelwe kweli lizwe zenzeka, phakathi kwazo: Maratha, Sikh kunye nezinye ezizimeleyo. Eli thanga lamaNgesi lalwela ukuhlala kwalo ngokusisigxina nokulawula le mimandla ixesha elide de lafumana ulawulo phezu kwabachasi balo. Ngoko njengoko uBukhosi baseBritani babuziseka ebudeni benkulungwane ye-XNUMX, kwamiselwa isiseko sezicwangciso zabo zamva zokunxibelelana phakathi kweIndiya yanamhlanje neNtshona.
Kwaye oku kuhlanjululwa okutsha kwavula indlela yokuguqulwa okukhulu ngenxa yencasa yobugcisa, kwaye kulapho kwavela khona indlela entsha ebonisa ukulungelelaniswa kwamagcisa emveli kwiimfuno ezintsha. Ngoko ulawulo lobukoloniyali baseBritani lwaba nefuthe elikhulu kubugcisa baseIndiya.
Ngokubanzi, ukufika kweYurophu kwaphawulwa kukungabi naluvelwano kwizithethe zemveli zobugcisa; ababesakuba ngabaxhasi bobugcisa bamaIndiya baba nobutyebi obungaphantsi nobunempembelelo, kwaye ubugcisa baseNtshona baba buxhaphake ngakumbi njengoko uBukhosi baseBritani baseka izikolo zobugcisa kwizixeko ezikhulu, njengeBombay Art Society ngo-1888.
Indlela yokupeyinta yenkampani, umzekelo, yaba yinto eqhelekileyo eyenziwe ngamagcisa aseIndiya asebenzela abaxhasi baseYurophu beNkampani yaseBritane eMpuma India. Ngo-1858, urhulumente wase-Bhritane waqalisa ukulawula i-Indiya esebenzisa i-British Raj. Ukudityaniswa kwezithethe zaseIndiya nesimbo saseYurophu ngeli xesha kwabonakala kwizitayile zoyilo, ke ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX ukunyuka kobuzwe kwazama ukuvuselela ubugcisa baseIndiya.
Njengakwi-Mughals phantsi kolawulo lobukoloniyali baseYurophu, i-architecture yaba luphawu lwamandla ekumele ukuba axhase amagunya ahleliyo. Amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu ahlasela iIndiya kwaye adala izitayile zoyilo ezibonisa amakhaya abo okhokho kunye nezamkelweyo. Abalawuli bamathanga aseYurophu benza izakhiwo ezazifuzisela injongo yabo yokoyisa yaye zazinikelwe kurhulumente okanye kunqulo. Abaqulunqi abaphambili baseBritani bosuku baquka:
- URobert Fellows Chisholm
- UCharles Mant
- UHenry Irwin
- UWilliam Emerson
- UGeorge Wittet
- UFrederick Stevens
Enye yezona zinto ziphawulweyo nezisetyenziswayo kulo mmandla yi-Indo-Saracen Renaissance, ekwachongwe njenge:
- indo-gothic
- UMughal-Gothic
- Neo-Mughal
- iHindu-gothic
Yayiyindlela yokubonakalisa ubugcisa bendalo yoyilo kunye nenkqubo yangoku yabayili bezakhiwo baseBritane ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX.
Koku wazoba izinto ze-Indo-Islamic kunye ne-Indian Architecture waza wadibanisa kunye ne-Gothic Revival kunye ne-Neoclassical styles ezithandwayo eBritani. Izakhiwo zikawonke-wonke kunye nezikarhulumente ezinje ngeendawo eziphakamileyo, iinkundla zenkundla, izakhiwo zedolophu, izikolo kunye neeholo zedolophu bezisoloko ziboniswa ngenjongo ngomyinge omkhulu ukubonisa nokukhuthaza umbono wobukumkani baseBritane obungoyiswayo.
Phakathi kwemizekelo yobugcisa bobukoloniyali obubonakaliswe ngoyilo lwezakhiwo kwimimandla yaseIndiya, sinokufumana ii-capital colonized ngeli xesha, phakathi kwazo oku kulandelayo:
- iimadras
- Calcuta
- bombay
- Delhi
- lekhowudi
- Patna
- Karachi
- eNagpur
- Bhopal
- Hyderabad
Enye yeempawu zoBukhosi baseBritane kule ndawo siSikhumbuzo saseVictoria eCalcutta, esakhiwa njengesikhumbuzo kulawulo lukaKumkanikazi uVictoria. Iplani yomhlaba wesakhiwo ibandakanya indawo enkulu ephakathi egqunywe ngedome enkulu, eneentsika ezahlula amagumbi amabini. Ikona nganye inedome encinci kwaye igqunywe ngesiseko sebhastile. Ilitye lesikhumbuzo lihlala kwiihektare ezingama-26 zomhlaba ojikelezwe ngamachibi akhanyayo.
Ngoku ngokunxulumene nokupeyinta, ulawulo lobukoloniyali baseBritani lwaba nefuthe elikhulu kubugcisa baseIndiya. Ke abaxhasi bangaphambili bezobugcisa baba nobutyebi kunye nempembelelo encinci, kwaye ubugcisa baseNtshona banda kakhulu njengoko uBukhosi baseBritane baseka izikolo zobugcisa kwizixeko ezikhulu ezifana neBombay Art Society ngo-1888.
Indlela yokupeyinta kubugcisa benkampani yobukoloniyali yasasazeka kwaye yenziwa ngamagcisa aseIndiya asebenzela abaxhasi baseYurophu beNkampani ye-East India. Isitayile besithandwa kakhulu, kunye ne-watercolor njengeyona ndlela iphambili yokuhambisa iithowuni ezithambileyo kunye nokwakheka, le misebenzi ibandakanya iinkcukacha ezizizo kakhulu zamaIndiya kunye nezithethe zaseYurophu zelo xesha.
Uyilo lobukoloniyali
Ngamaxesha apho ithanga laligxininiswe kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo zehlabathi, izixeko ezazichasene nezaseYurophu zaloo maxesha, ezikhuthazayo nezizele yingxubevange yezimbo. Bazama ukuseka, ngokusekwe kuyilo lobukoloniyali kunye nokusetyenziswa kweYurophu njengolwandlalo, inkqubo yokucwangcisa kuzo zombini iindawo zikawonke-wonke kunye nezabucala, eza kuvumela zombini ukubonakaliswa kwamandla ekholoni ngalinye kunye nokwenzeka kokudala uphuculo kunye nomgangatho. bobomi, kubemi balo.
Yakuba iphunyeziwe injongo yokuba nesixeko esinqwenelekayo sobukoloniyali, ngemisitho eyayiquka izithethe zonqulo, izenzo ezizaliswe kukuguqula abantu kwezobupolitika nokuba nenxaxheba kwabemi. Umseki ngokuqhelekileyo owayephethe isikhundla sobukhosi okanye somkhosi, ngokucela imvume kuThixo kunye nokumkani ngelo xesha uvakalisa ukusekwa kwesixeko esitsha.
Enokungcwaliswa phantsi kobizo lwegama longcwele, oku ngendlela ethile kunokwahluka ngokwemiqathango yendawo apho ifunyenwe khona, okanye kukumkani othile onegunya eliphezulu okanye enye enxulunyaniswa nomhla nabangcwele.
Ngexesha le-domain ye-colonies yaseSpain ne-Portuguese, isixeko ngokuhlola okokuqala ngumsunguli kunye namajoni aphezulu, ipropati nganye yasasazwa ngokwemiqathango yabo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, indawo yokuqala abayikhethileyo yayiyindawo ephakathi (i-square engenanto) eya kunika ubomi kwisikwere esikhulu sesixeko kunye nokujikeleza kwayo, kumacala ayo amane, amaziko ahlukeneyo ocwangco kunye nolawulo lwamakholoniyali lwamiselwa.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba eMelika, ulwakhiwo lwamakholoniyali lwalugqibezele ekomelezeni inkqubo yovangelo kubantu bomthonyama bale mimandla. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kwakuyimfuneko ukuba kukho izakhiwo ezinxulumeneyo ezifana neecawe kunye nezindlu zoonongendi, eziye zathi ngokubanzi ziyimisebenzi yokuqala eyenziwayo, ezi zakhetha ukubonisa isimbo seRenaissance ngokufanelekileyo, ngoko ke uninzi lwazo lwalunokubonwa ngokungathi ziyinqaba. ngenxa yesimo somda de las indias, eminye imizekelo yolu hlobo lolwakhiwo eMelika, ngakumbi eMexico:
- Acolman Convent
- I-Actopan Convent
I-Creole gastronomy
Impembelelo yobukoloniyali ayizange ibonakale kuphela kwezobugcisa, kodwa nakwezinye iinkalo ezifana nomculo kwaye kule meko kwi-gastronomy. Ke ngokufika kwabantu baseYurophu kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo, kwavela ukutya okudityanisiweyo, apho kungekho nto ingaphaya komxube wencasa yemveli okanye yasekhaya kunye neencasa zangaphandle.
Olu hlobo lokutya belwaziwa ngokuba yi "Creole", eli gama ngokwalo limele abo bantu banemvelaphi yaseYurophu abazalelwa kwiLizwe elitsha kwaye bamkela inkcubeko yabo kwindawo yabo yemvelaphi. Eyona nzala ibalaseleyo yayinxulunyaniswa nobukhosi bamathanga baseSpeyin, isiPhuthukezi, isiFrentshi kunye neBritani, oku ngandlel’ ithile kwababeka aba bantu kudidi olubalulekileyo lwentlalo eluntwini.
Ukuqhubela phambili nomxholo weCreole gastronomy, kubalulekile ukuba kugxininise ukuba nakwixesha lethu langoku apho iimpembelelo zamakholoni aseYurophu zinokuchongwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokutya zehlabathi, ezinye zazo esinokuzikhankanya:
- Brasil
- EPeru
- Louisiana eUnited States yaseMelika
- Iilenti zaseFransi
- Republic Dominican
- Jameyikha
- Annobon e-Equatorial Guinea
- Cabo Verde
Nganye kunye nayo yonke iCreole gastronomy emhlabeni ilungelelanise nganye yeemveliso zelizwe okanye ezizezakhe, ngenxa yoko akukho lungiselelo olunye lwesiCreole okanye i-gastronomy. Kuxhaphake kakhulu ukufumana izitya eziqhelekileyo okanye amalungiselelo aseYurophu ngesichazi sesiCreole, kuba yalungiswa ngeemveliso zasekhaya, ezinje ngale:
- Inkukhu yesiCreole
- I-Creole pate
- Imisila yenkomo a la criolla
ubukoloniyali benkcubeko
Njengenxalenye yokuhambisa umyalezo weengcinga zokuwunyanzelela kwinkcubeko, imidiya eyahlukeneyo yasetyenziswa ukuze kwenziwe iinqobo ezisemgangathweni zoluntu olucinezelekileyo luthathe isigqibo kuluntu oluphantsi, oku kukodwa kumela impiriyali yenkcubeko. Olu hlobo lwesenzo ngokuqhelekileyo lusetyenziswa yimibutho yamandla amakhulu, ukugoba ngandlela-thile okanye ukulungelelaniswa kwesinye isangqa sentlalo ngokweengcamango zabo, ukwenzela ukuba balawuleke kubo.
Lo mbono waphinda wabalelwa kwi-Grand Capital kunye nokuphakama kunye namandla amazwe asembindini. Ke xa yavela malunga noo-1940 noo-1970, yaqalisa ukubalelwa njengengcinga ekhoyo okanye egxekayo eyafikelela incopho eYurophu nakwiLatin America ebudeni beminyaka ekhankanywe ngaphambili.
Kamva yachazwa njengethiyori egxekayo okanye i-critical-ideological sociology, egama layo lavela kwisikolo saseFrankfurt eJamani. Phakathi kwezona ngcinga zibalaseleyo kwesi sikolo sibalulekileyo kunokukhankanywa:
- NguTheodor Adorno
- UMax Horkheimer
- UHerbert Marcuse
- UWalter Benjamin
Ukuba ulifumene eli nqaku malunga nobugcisa bobukoloniyali kwihlabathi linomdla, siyakumema ukuba wonwabele ezi ezinye: