Ifunyanwe ngabadali bayo kunye nabalandeli njengendlela ebanzi yobugcisa ebonisa ukukhangelwa kweentsingiselo ezintsha ngamagcisa ale mihla, ubugcisa bexesha langoku yimpendulo kolu phando kwintlekele yenkcubeko yakudala.
ubugcisa bexesha langoku
Kukholelwa ukuba ngenkulungwane yama-XNUMX oko kubizwa ngokuba “kukufa kwezona zinto zibalulekileyo” kwenzeka: uThixo, umntu nombhali. Ngamanye amazwi, isiseko senkolo sashukunyiswa, kwavela ingxaki yeengcamango zobuntu, kwaye abadali basuka ekudaleni entsha bacinga ngokutsha endala.
I-Postmodernism kubugcisa yinxalenye yomzila wehlabathi oye wamkelwa yinkcubeko yehlabathi kunye nefilosofi. I-Postmodernism ayiyona ndlela enye, kodwa i-complex of directions, idityaniswe yingcamango efanayo. Abaninzi kubo bade balwe bodwa.
I-Postmodernism ligama elithathwe kulwimi lwesiFrentshi (i-postmodernisme). Eli gama libonisa intsingiselo yesalathiso esathatha indawo yobugcisa bexesha langoku (lingadideki nemodernism). Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, iintshukumo zale mihla (okanye i-avant-garde) zaba nempembelelo enkulu kubugcisa bamandulo. Kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe abadali bayeka ukwaneliseka ngeendlela zanamhlanje.
Ngokunxusene nentlaninge yophuhliso lwetekhnoloji entsha, i-postmodernism ikhokelele kuvavanyo lobugcisa kunye nemithombo yeendaba entsha kunye neendlela ezintsha zobugcisa malunga namashumi amahlanu eminyaka, kubandakanywa ubugcisa bokucinga, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zentsebenzo kunye nofakelo lobugcisa, kunye nemisinga yekhompyuter efana ne-deconstructivism kunye netekhnoloji yokuqikelela. .
Iimpawu ze-postmodernism
UJean-François Lyotard kunye nezinye iithiyori zichaza iziseko zomoya zale mihla njengenkolelo engagungqiyo kwinkqubela-phambili ethe gqolo yokucinezeleka okuthe kratya kwehlabathi kunye nendlela ethe chu ukuya kulwazi olugqibeleleyo. Iinkqubo zoozwilakhe zenkulungwane yama-XNUMX ziye zalugatya ngokupheleleyo uphawu olupheleleyo lwemizekelo enjalo.
Nazi izizathu zesidingo sokuchaza i-postmodernism njengekhefu eliqaphelayo kunye nesimanje. I-Postmodernism iyagatya kuphela inkolelo yanamhlanje kwinkqubela phambili, kodwa kunye nobukho benjongo eqondakalayo. Ithiyori yasemva kwexesha kunye ne-aesthetics icinga ukuba lonke ulwazi, yonke imbono, kunye nayo yonke indawo yokuqonda kunye nobukho buxhomekeke kubudlelwane. Ingqikelelo ephambili ye-postmodernism sisininzi.
Umnqweno wanamhlanje wokudala rhoqo into entsha, kunye neendlela zobugcisa ezisetyenziselwa ukuyifeza, zibonwa njengento ezenzekelayo, esekelwe, kwaye ephelelwe yisikhathi kwi-postmodernism. Umgaqo wokuba akukho nto intsha inokudalwa yenza ukuba ukusetyenziswa kweengcaphuno kube yinto ebalulekileyo yesimbo sobugcisa be-postmodern.
Imfuno yokuvuleleka kwingqikelelo yobugcisa kunye nomzobo ngamnye uvula amathuba aphantse angenamda kwelinye icala: i-postmodernism ivula iintlobo ngeentlobo zeendlela ezintsha zokuthetha ngokuwela imida yeentlobo.
Ubuchule obusetyenziswa rhoqo bexesha le-postmodern yi-collage. Eli gama, layilwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX kwizitikha zikaDada, libanzi kakhulu kwixesha lasemva kwale mihla. Ibandakanya, umzekelo, ufakelo olukhulu, ubuchule befilimu okanye iinkqubo zokuqamba umculo.
Ababhali abafana no-Umberto Eco (Igama leRose), abakhi bezakhiwo ezifana noFriedensreich Hundertwasser (Hundertwasserhaus, Vienna) kunye nabaculi abafana noKeith Haring bazama ukuvala i-gap phakathi kokuqonda kwe-elitist yobugcisa kunye nenkcubeko yobuninzi; oku, kwakhona, kuyinkalo ebalulekileyo ye-aesthetics yangemva kwesimanje.
Imisebenzi emininzi yasemva kwexesha, ngakumbi kubugcisa bokwenza, ayifuni ukuqondwa njengesiphumo esigqibeleleyo, kodwa njengelungiselelo lovavanyo. Umboniso uya kuba ngamaqhekeza (uncwadi: Roland Barthes, amaqhekeza olwimi lothando) okanye umsebenzi oqhubekayo (ithiyetha yomdaniso: uWilliam Forsythe, umdlalo kaScott) kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo ophuhliso.
Abahlalutyi bezobugcisa banika iimpendulo ezahlukeneyo kumbuzo wokuba yintoni i-postmodernism kwi-peyinti, ekubeni inkcubeko ye-postmodern yinto eninzi kwaye ayinalo iqonga elicacileyo lengcamango. I-Postmodernists ayizange idale i-canon yendalo yonke, ngaphezu koko, benqabile ukudala enye ngokomgaqo. Mhlawumbi ekuphela kwexabiso elisisiseko elivakaliswa ngabaxhasi bolu tyekelo yinkululeko engenasiphelo yokuthetha.
I-Postmodernism ayiyiyo intshukumo, kodwa yindlela eqhelekileyo yokucinga. Ngoko ke, akukho luhlu olulodwa lweempawu ezichaza "ubugcisa be-postmodern." Nangona kunjalo, kukho inani leempawu ezibonisa ubugcisa be-postmodern:
- Inkululeko engenamkhawulo kunye nepheleleyo yomculi ekukhetheni iindlela zokuzibonakalisa.
- Phinda ucinge ngemifanekiso yemveli, ebandakanya kumxholo omtsha (kungoko ukusasazwa okubanzi kokulungiswa kwakhona, ukutolika, iikowuti zobugcisa, iimali-mboleko, izibhengezo).
- I-Syncretism, oko kukuthi, ukudityaniswa kwezinto ezingafaniyo zibe yinto enye, ethi ngamanye amaxesha iphikisana (umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kweendlela ezahlukeneyo ngumzobi kumzobo, okanye ukudityaniswa komzobo kunye nezinye iintlobo zobugcisa).
- I-Dialogue, oko kukuthi, ukujonga isifundo kwii-engile ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwindawo ye "amazwi" ahlukeneyo, ekugqibeleni adala i-polyphonic «symphony».
- Ifom yokubonisa umsebenzi, isimemo sombukeli ukuba ajoyine umsebenzi kunye neentsingiselo.
- Ubume obuyothusayo bokuyila.
- Isigqebelo kunye nokuzihlekisa kombhali. Amagcisa ngoku athandabuza ngakumbi "kwiingcamango ezinkulu" (umz. ukuba yonke inkqubela ilungile).
- I-Postmodernism yimbonakaliso yokuxhatshazwa ngokubanzi kunye nobomi kunye namandla eenkqubo ezikhoyo zexabiso kunye / okanye ubugcisa bokuzisa utshintsho oluhle. Ngenxa yoko, igunya, amava, ulwazi nentshukumisa ziye zaduma kakubi.
- Ubugcisa bale mihla abubonwanga njenge-elitist kuphela, kodwa nabumhlophe (ngengqiqo yombala wolusu), ilawulwa ngamadoda, kwaye ingenamdla kwizinto ezincinci. Kungenxa yoko le nto ubugcisa be-postmodern buxhasa ubugcisa ngamagcisa ehlabathi lesithathu, abasetyhini, kunye nabancinci.
I-postmodern, ubugcisa bexesha langoku kunye nasemva kwexesha
Njengomgaqo jikelele, ubugcisa be-postmodern kunye nobugcisa bexesha langoku busetyenziswa ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ngokufanayo. Nangona kunjalo, ngokwembono yobugcisa, ubugcisa bexesha lamva buthetha "emva kwenkqubo yesimanjemanje" kwaye bubhekisa kwixesha elimiselweyo eliqala malunga no-1970, ngelixa ubugcisa bale mihla bubhekisa ikakhulu kwixesha eliguqukayo leminyaka emalunga namashumi amahlanu ngokukhawuleza ngaphambi koo-XNUMX.
Okwangoku la maxesha mabini ayangqinelana. Kodwa ngonyaka we-2050 ubugcisa be-postmodern (umzekelo ukusuka kwi-1970-2020) inokuthi ithathelwe indawo ngelinye ixesha, nangona kunjalo ubugcisa bexesha langoku bugubungela ixesha ukuya kuthi ga kulo nyaka.
Kubugcisa bokubonwayo, igama elithi emva kwexesha langoku libhekisa kwiintshukumo okanye kwiintsingiselo ezikhaba inkalo enye yobugcisa bale mihla kodwa ngenye indlela zihlala zikwisithethe sale mihla. Izitayile ezifana ne-Abstract Expressionism (1948-65) zazisenziwa ngamagcisa amaninzi anamhlanje, aquka uJackson Pollock noWillem De Kooning, ababechasa uninzi lweendibano ezisesikweni zokupeyinta ioyile.
Ukanti, noPollock okanye u-de Kooning wayenokuvelisa nantoni na efana neRauschenberg Erased De Kooning Drawing, njengoko bobabini babengamakholwa awomeleleyo kwiingqikelelo zobunyani nentsingiselo.
Imbali yobugcisa be-postmodern
Isimbo sokuqala esibalulekileyo sobugcisa emva kweRenaissance yayibubugcisa bezemfundo, obufundiswa ngoonjingalwazi kumaziko emfundo ephakamileyo. Kubugcisa bezemfundo, izitayile ezininzi kunye nemisinga ziyahlangana, ezifana ne-classicism kunye ne-romanticism. Ukususela ngo-1870, ngokufika kwe-impressionism, ubugcisa bale mihla bavela. Iimpawu zokuqala zavela malunga ne-1970, ngoku ishwankathelwa njengobugcisa be-postmodern.
Ubugcisa bale mihla bunxulunyaniswa kakhulu nenkulungwane ye-1870-1970, ukusuka kwi-Impressionism ukuya kwi-Pop Art, umzekelo. Phezu kwazo nje iintlekele ezahlukahlukeneyo zehlabathi (iMfazwe Yehlabathi I, umkhuhlane, iWall Street Crash, noKudodobala Okukhulu Kokudandatheka) ezazijongela phantsi izinto ezininzi eziqinisekileyo zokuziphatha ngelo xesha, amagcisa ale mihla ngokuqhelekileyo agcina inkolelo kwimithetho esisiseko yenzululwazi yendalo. cinga.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, njengenkoliso yabantu baseNtshona ngelo xesha, ayekholelwa ukuba ubomi bunenjongo. Loo nkqubela yenzululwazi ngokuzenzekelayo yaba yeyothusayo, ukuba iNtshona yobuKristu yayiphakamile kunehlabathi liphela, amadoda ayengamile kunamabhinqa. I-Modernism nayo yayikholelwa kwintsingiselo, ukubaluleka, kunye nenkqubela phambili yobugcisa, ngakumbi ubugcisa obuhle kunye noyilo lwezakhiwo.
Ukulandela ekhondweni likaLeonardo noMichelangelo, babekholelwa kubugcisa obuphezulu, ubugcisa obuphakamisa kwaye bukhuthaze umbukeli ofundileyo, hayi “ubugcisa obuphantsi” obukonwabisa abantu abaninzi kuphela. Bathatha indlela eqhubekayo kwaye babona ubugcisa njengento emele ihlale iguquka, ikhokelwa liqela eliphambili labaculi be-avant-garde.
IMfazwe Yehlabathi II kunye nokuBulawa Kwabantu Ngenkohlakalo kwajika yonke into. IParis yatshintshwa ngequbuliso yiNew York njengekomkhulu lehlabathi lobugcisa. Emva kwezenzo ezimanyumnyezi zemfazwe, yonke imizobo efuziselayo ngequbuliso yabonakala ingenamsebenzi, ngoko abapeyinti banamhlanje baphethukela kwimizobo engabonakaliyo ukuze baveze iimbono zabo.
Okumangalisayo kukuba, iSikolo saseNew York, kunye nemizobo kaJackson Pollock kunye nomzobo webala elizolileyo likaMark Rothko, wakhuthaza ukuvuselela okwethutyana kubugcisa kumacala omabini e-Atlantic kwiminyaka ye-1950. ukupeyinta, kodwa yahlala ngaphakathi kwemida yangoku. Babekholelwa ekudaleni imisebenzi yobugcisa eyiyo, egqityiweyo enomxholo obalulekileyo.
Kodwa izinto zanamhlanje zazifikelela esiphelweni. Izityhilelo ezikhulayo zeShoah, iimvavanyo zebhombu yeathom, iCuban Missile Crisis, kunye neMfazwe yaseVietnam yashiya abantu bephoxeka ngakumbi ngobomi kunye nobugcisa.
UJasper Johns kunye noRobert Rauschenberg babesele bevelise imisebenzi yokuqala ye-postmodern ye-Neo-Dada kunye nePop Art phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1950. Kungekudala iPop Art yesiqhelo yayiza kuzisa ubugcisa be-postmodern ngokwayo, njengoko uthungelwano lukamabonakude waseMelika lugxile kwi-Tet Offensive ka-1968 kunye nesiphithiphithi. Ingqungquthela yeSizwe yeDemokhrasi ka-1968.
Ukususela kweli xesha kwimbali yobugcisa, isimo sengqondo malunga nobugcisa kwicala legcisa kunye noluntu nako sinokusekwa. Amagcisa kunye nababukeli bangoku abagqithwanga yimibono yakudala yokufundisa kunye namaziko anikezela ngemali malunga nokuba yintoni ubugcisa kunye nokuba yintoni ubugcisa obunokuba yintoni. Amathuba kunye nokusetyenziswa kobugcisa kuye kwahluka ngakumbi ngaphandle kokuba uzinyanzele kwi-corset ethile.
Uyilo lwangoku lwaphenjelelwa ngumnqweno wokudala isitayile esitsha ngokupheleleyo somntu wale mihla. Abayili bezakhiwo bafuna ukususa zonke iimbekiselo zembali kwaye benze into entsha ngokupheleleyo. Oku kukhokelele kwiSitayile saMazwe ngaMazwe (malunga ne-1920-1970), uyilo oluncinci lwesiqhelo.
Ngethamsanqa, malunga ne-1970, abakhi bezakhiwo bexesha elidlulileyo baqala ukuvuselela izakhiwo zenkulungwane yama-XNUMX ngokuyila izakhiwo ezineempawu ezinomdla ezivela kwinkcubeko eyaziwayo kunye nezimbo zendalo zokwakha. Izakhiwo ezibonakala ngathi zithintele umxhuzulane nazo zenziwe zaba nokwenzeka ngamathuba amatsha alawulwa yikhompyutha ngaphakathi kwesakhelo se-deconstructivism.
Intshukumo ye-postmodernist yaqala ukumila ngeminyaka yoo-1960 kunye neye-1970, kodwa imiqathango yokuvela kwayo inxulunyaniswa nengxaki yokujonga ihlabathi eyavela kudala ngaphambili. Phakathi kwazo: ithisisi kaSpenler yokuwohloka kweYurophu; ukuwa kwengqondo yoluntu ngenxa yeMfazwe Yehlabathi I; ukubonakala kwenzululwazi yeengcamango malunga nokungahambelani kunye nokungaqondakali kolungelelwaniso lwehlabathi (ukusuka kwi-non-Euclidean geometry ukuya kwi-quantum physics).
Igama elithi postmodern lalisele lisetyenziswa ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-1950 kwaye liye lisanda ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-1970, kodwa kuphela ngo-1979 ngengqiqo yentsingiselo yalo yangoku. Ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-XNUMX, ababhali ababini baba negalelo elikhulu ekusekweni kwegama elisisigxina: uJean-François Lyotard kunye nomsebenzi wakhe othi La Condition postmoderne (uLwazi lwangePostmodern, XNUMX) kunye noCharles Jencks ngesincoko esithi Ukunyuka koYilo lwePostmodern Architecture. .
Ngokungeniswa kwegama elithi postmodern, imodernism ichazwa okokuqala njengexesha elivaliweyo lembali (njengexesha lakudala okanye iXesha eliPhakathi ngaphambi kwayo). I-Postmodern iye yasekwa njengegama lesimbo, ngakumbi kwi-architecture.
Ii-Postmodernists zagqiba kwelokuba ihlabathi lanamhlanje alinakuchazwa ngokwesakhelo seendlela zakudala zefilosofi, isayensi kunye nenkcubeko. Ngenxa yoko, iindlela zakudala zobugcisa azanelanga ukuyichaza.
ukusetyenziswa kweteknoloji
Ixesha lobugcisa be-postmodern lihambelana nokuqaliswa kwetekhnoloji entsha ebonakalayo (efana nomabonwakude, iividiyo, i-Intanethi, phakathi kwabanye) kwaye bazuza kakhulu kubo. Uluhlu olutsha lweefomathi zevidiyo kunye neefoto luye lwanciphisa ukubaluleka kobugcisa bokudweba, kwaye ukuguqulwa kobuchwepheshe obutsha kuye kwavumela abaculi ukuba banciphise iinkqubo zendabuko zokwenza ubugcisa, kodwa besenza into entsha.
Iintshukumo zobugcisa zasemva kwexesha kunye nezimbo
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku akukabikho ntshukumo zobugcisa bezizwe ngezizwe kubugcisa be-postmodern. Endaweni yoko, ixesha labona ukunyuka kwenani lemilambo emxinwa, yasekhaya, kunye neendlela ezininzi zobugcisa obutsha, njengevidiyo kunye nokupeyinta amagama.
Ukongezelela, kukho amaqela amaninzi obugcisa, kunye neziko elichasene ne-postmodern okanye amabini amalungu alo azama ukuvelisa uhlobo lobugcisa uMichelangelo okanye uPicasso abanokuzidla ngabo.
Ukususela kwi-neo-dadaism, i-postmodernists ithande ukuxuba izinto, okanye ukuzisa izinto ezintsha kwiifom zendabuko, ukudala ukudibanisa okutsha. UFernando Botero upeyinta imifanekiso yamandulo yabantu abatyebe ngokugqithiseleyo, uGeorg Baselitz upeyinta imifanekiso ejonge phantsi.
UGerhard Richter udibanise ubugcisa bekhamera kunye nokupeyinta kwiminyaka yakhe ye-1970 yemifanekiso yokuzoba, ngelixa uJeff Koons edibanisa imifanekiso ejoliswe kubathengi kunye nobuchule bokukrola obuntsonkothileyo ukwenza imifanekiso yakhe yentsimbi engenasici.
UAndreas Gursky udibanisa ukufota kunye nemifanekiso eveliswe yikhompyuter ukwenza imisebenzi efana neRhein II, ngelixa uJeff Wall esebenzisa iimontages ezenziwe ngokwedijithali kwindalo yakhe yemifanekiso yamvanje.
Akukho mvumelwano phakathi kwabahlalutyi bezobugcisa malunga nokuba zeziphi iindlela zobugcisa ezinokuthi zihlelwe njengobugcisa be-postmodern: umzekelo, ezinye izitayela zihlelwa ngaxeshanye njenge-avant-garde kunye ne-postmodern. Sekunjalo, olu luhlu lulandelayo lweentshukumo kunye nezitayile ze-postmodernism zinokuhlukaniswa:
UbuDadaism
AmaDadast ayekholelwa ukuba inkohlakalo yeMfazwe Yehlabathi I eyagungqisa iYurophu, izisa intlungu nokubandezeleka kwizigidi zabantu, yayiyimveliso yengqiqo nengqiqo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, bakhuthaza ngobuchule babo ukutshabalalisa i-canon yobuhle, ukugxeka, ukucwangciswa, ukungabi nangqiqo.
I-Collage yaba yeyona ndlela iphambili yokudala amagcisa eDadaist. I-canvas okanye iphepha lisebenza njengendawo yangasemva apho umzobi wenza ikholaji esebenzisa amalaphu alaphu, amalaphu ephepha, kunye nezinye izinto.
I-Dada ikhona ixesha elifutshane: ukusuka kwi-1916 ukuya kwi-1923. Oku kungenxa yokuba iqonga layo leengcamango laliyi-pacifist pathos echasene nenyaniso yeMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala. Ngeminyaka yee-1920, uDada wadityaniswa ne- Expressionism eJamani kunye ne-Surrealism eFransi.
Ubugcisa bePop
Umzobo wePop (ubugcisa bepop) sisitayile esigqithisele inkcubeko yabathengi kwicandelo lobugcisa kwaye safundisa uluntu ukubona ubuhle kwiitoti ezingamashumi amathathu anesithathu zesuphu. Ubugcisa bePop akufanele bubhidaniswe nenkcubeko edumileyo. Ababhali baqwalasela inkcubeko yobuninzi njengento, njengokuba umzobi wemifanekiso ejonga imodeli okanye umzobi welizwe: esifubeni sendalo.
Umxholo wenkcubeko yobuninzi, apho igcisa lalijongile, laguqulwa layinto yentsusa: into yobugcisa ejikisiweyo ngokutolika kwegcisa. Ukusuka kwimbono yobugcisa, esi simbo sibhenela kwizinto eziphathekayo, izinto ezibonakalayo, ngokungafaniyo nolunye uhlobo oludumileyo, ukungabonakali. Umzobo wePop wazalelwa kumzabalazo ochasene nobuchule be-abstractionists kwaye ubhengeze ukubuya kumboniso wezinto ezithile kwiseyile.
Ngokwayo, isibheno kwizinto zemihla ngemihla ayinto entsha kwimbali yokudweba. Sekunjalo ubomi, emva koko, umbono womzobi wezinto ezingqongileyo. Ngapha koko, akukho mahluko ungako phakathi kwevasi yeCaravaggio kunye neebhotile zeCoca-Cola eziluhlaza zikaWarhol. Kodwa ubugcisa be-pop babunombono wabo we-quirk: amagcisa athatha izinto ze-iconic kunye nemifanekiso kwinkcubeko yobuninzi, abaza kuyibiza ngoku "i-memes."
Ukongezelela, abazange banikele ingqalelo kwizinto kuphela, kodwa nakwimifanekiso; Umzekelo oqhelekileyo nguMarilyn Diptych kaWarhol. Akukho nto iphikayo inyani yokuba ubugcisa be-pop buncede ukuqinisekiswa kwePhupha laseMelika, ukwenza ngokusemthethweni uluntu lwabathengi kunye nendlela yokuphila ehambelanayo. Ngelo xesha, yabeka iziseko zokugxeka ifilosofi yokusetyenziswa, eya kuthi kamva ifumane amandla.
Ubugcisa beLizwi
Igama elithi Word Art lichaza udidi lwe-postmodern text-based art by various artists contemporary present from the 1950s. Inkcazo elula yobugcisa obusekwe kwiteksti ingaba "ubugcisa obubandakanya amagama okanye amabinzana njengenqununu yecandelo lobugcisa".
Imifanekiso esekelwe kwisicatshulwa esinamagama kunye namabinzana ashicilelwe kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zeendaba ezibandakanya ukupenda kunye nemifanekiso, i-lithography kunye nokuprintwa kwesikrini, kunye nobugcisa obusetyenzisiweyo (i-t-shirts, iimagi). Ikwavela kwiintlobo zamva nje zobugcisa bexesha langoku, ezifana nemephu yokubonisa.
Ubugcisa bembono
I-Conceptualism (isuka kwi-Latin conceptus: ingcinga, ukumelwa) yinto yangoku yobugcisa, evakalisa ukongama kwengcamango yomsebenzi ngaphezu kwendlela yokubonakalisa ubugcisa. Abalandeli beConceptualism baqinisekile ukuba imizobo yabo, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo, ukufakela, kunye nemidlalo yabo kufuneka ivuse kumbukeli hayi iimvakalelo, kodwa umnqweno wokuphinda bacinge ngengqondo into abayibonileyo.
I-Conceptualism ayilona ubugcisa bezorhwebo, kuyo izinto zokwenza izinto ezinokuthi zibe nazo naziphi na izinto zasekhaya, izinto zendalo kunye neenxalenye zendalo yoluntu. Igcisa leengcamango alifuni ukwenza umsebenzi ogqityiweyo, kodwa uzama ukudlulisela iingcamango zakhe kumbukeli, ukuzibandakanya kuhlobo lomdlalo wengqondo.
Iingqikelelo zobugcisa imisebenzi ineempawu ezahlukileyo. Le misebenzi inokuchongwa ngezi mpawu zilandelayo: ukuphembelela imvakalelo, kodwa ingqiqo yengqondo yombukeli; ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kwesicatshulwa esicacisayo emsebenzini; Ukuchaswa ngokuqaphela komzobi kwintsingiselo yefomu ngokuthanda ukubaluleka kwentsingiselo (umbono) womsebenzi; yenza izinto zobugcisa kuyo nayiphi na into ekhoyo kumbhali.
UbuGcisa bokuSebenza kunye nezinto ezenzekayo
Izinto ezenzekayo luhlobo lobugcisa be-avant-garde, uhlobo lwentetho yokuyila, enxulumene ngokusondeleyo nobugcisa bokwenza, enesiseko sayo kwiithiyori zobugcisa bokucinga benkulungwane yama-1896, ubukhulu becala obuthatyathwe kwimiboniso yabameli bakaDada. , kunye noTristan Tzara (1963-XNUMX). Ngokwesiqhelo, akulula ukwahlula phakathi koBugcisa bokuSebenza kunye nezinto ezenzekayo.
Zombini ziindlela ezicwangciswe ngononophelo zokuzonwabisa (nangona zineempawu zokuzenzekela) apho igcisa lenze (okanye lilawule) umsitho weqonga lobugcisa. Into elula ukuyibona kunokuba uyichaze ngamagama.
Kwimeko nayiphi na into, i-Happenings yinto ezenzekelayo yobugcisa bokusebenza obuwela kwindawo ethile phakathi kwedrama kunye nobugcisa obubonakalayo kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo imema kwaye ibangele impendulo enamandla evela kubaphulaphuli.
Ngenxa yesitayile sayo seDada sokudlula, ekuqaleni yathathwa njengenye indlela yemigaqo yobugcisa bemveli kunye "njengento yobugcisa esisigxina". Inkcazo epheleleyo yale fomu entsha yobugcisa be-postmodern inokufundwa kwincwadi kaMichael Kirby ethi 'Happenings' (1965).
Olu hlobo lomsitho wobugcisa luye lwanxulunyaniswa ngakumbi nomboniso waseNew York malunga no-1960 kwaye lusaboniswa kwezona ndawo zibalaseleyo zobugcisa zale mihla kwihlabathi liphela.
Ubugcisa obungabonakaliyo
I-Abstractionism yindlela yokupeyinta kunye nezobugcisa ngokubanzi, ezikhabayo ukuveliswa kokwenene kwehlabathi elijikelezileyo. Abalandeli bakhe bamele iimilo ezilula kunye neziyinkimbinkimbi, badlale ngombala, basebenzise imigca, iindiza kunye nezinye izinto, ukudibanisa ukudala iimvakalelo ezithile kumbukeli. Yile ndlela indlela yakhe eyahluke ngayo kuleyo isetyenziswa ngabaphathi ababambelela kwi-classicism kunye nezinye iindlela ezininzi.
Xa uqala ukuwujonga nje umzobo, umzobo owenziwe ngumntu ongekhoyo unokubonakala ngathi yingxubakaxaka yemigca, imilo namabala. Xa kuhlolisiswa ngokucokisekileyo, kuyacaca ukuba igcisa lenze yonke into eyenzelwe ukuvuselela iingcinga okanye iimvakalelo ezithile kumbukeli.
I-Abstractionism, njengoko iphuhlisiwe, yahlulwe kwiindlela ezininzi, nganye kuzo inabameli bayo. Kwakukho iintlobo zesimbo ezifana:
- Ijometri. Kwimisebenzi yamagcisa awenziwe ngolu hlobo, iifom ezicacileyo kunye nemigca zinqoba, ezininzi zazo zidala inkohliso yobunzulu.
- IiMasters ezibambelele kolu lwalathiso zisebenza ngenkuthalo ngemibala kunye nokudityaniswa kwazo; kungenxa yabo ukuba badlulise iimvakalelo abafuna ukuzidala kubaphulaphuli.
- Undoqo wolu lwalathiso lokupeyinta kukungabikho ngokupheleleyo kwereferensi kwizinto zokwenyani kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kwemibala, imilo kunye nemigca.
- Amagcisa asebenza kweli cala azama ukuzisa amandla, intshukumo kwimisebenzi yawo, apho adlulisa iimvakalelo kunye neemvakalelo. Ngelo xesha, izithunzi, imigca kunye neemilo ziphela ngasemva.
Indibano
I-Assemblage yindlela yobugcisa yokuhombisa kunye nesetyenzisiweyo apho umzobi wenza umfanekiso wokukhulula ngokuncamathisela iziqwenga ezintathu-dimensional okanye izinto kwisiseko esisicaba. Kwindlela yokudibanisa, ukusetyenziswa kweepeyinti zokongezwa kwemifanekiso ekubunjweni kobugcisa nako kuvunyelwe.
I-Assemblage, ngokungafaniyo nekholaji ehambelana nayo, luhlobo lobuchule bokunamathisela i-dimensional-dimensional, kunokuba i-dimensional-dimensional (flat) izinto kumphezulu ongaphambili womfanekiso. Ngombulelo wokusetyenziswa kweenkcukacha ze-volumetric, umfanekiso unokwenene kwaye ubonakala usebenza ngokusemandleni.
Amagcisa achwephesha ahlala esebenzisa inkunkuma yasekhaya kunye nenkunkuma ukwenza eyabo imisebenzi yobugcisa. Ezandleni zenkosi, inani elikhulu lezinto ezihlakazekileyo zemihla ngemihla liba ngukwakheka kobugcisa obugcwele umxholo onzulu wobuhle.
Namhlanje, imisebenzi eyenziwe kusetyenziswa ubuchule bokuhlanganisa ngokungaguquguqukiyo itsala umdla wabachwephesha bobugcisa bale mihla. Bahlala bebangela ukuphikisana okukrakra phakathi kwabagxeki, kodwa abashiyi mntu ongenamdla, kwaye ngoko ke benza igalelo elikhulu ekuphuhliseni inkcubeko yehlabathi.
Iflux
I-Fluxus yayiliqela elilungelelaniswe ngokungekho sikweni lamagcisa awayesasazeke kwihlabathi liphela, kodwa ayenobukho obunamandla ngakumbi kwisiXeko saseNew York. UGeorge Maciunas ngokwembali uthathwa njengomseki oyintloko kunye nomququzeleli wentshukumo, owachaza iFluxus njengomxube weSpike Jones, iVaudeville, iCage kunye neDuchamp.
NjengamaFuturists kunye namaDadaists phambi kwabo, amagcisa eFluxus awazange avume igunya lemyuziyam zobugcisa ukugqiba ixabiso lobugcisa. Kwakhona bacebisa ukuba akukho mfuneko yokuba nemfundo ekhethekileyo ukubona nokuqonda umsebenzi wobugcisa.
I-Fluxus ayifuni nje ukuba ubugcisa bufumaneke kubantu abaninzi, bafuna ukuba wonke umntu enze ubugcisa ngalo lonke ixesha. Kuhlala kunzima ukuyichaza i-Fluxus, njengoko uninzi lwamagcisa ayo ebanga ukuba esona senzo sokuchaza intshukumo sele sisida kakhulu kwaye siyacutha.
Ngokungafaniyo neentshukumo zobugcisa zangaphambili, iFluxus yazama ukutshintsha imbali yehlabathi, hayi imbali yobugcisa kuphela. Injongo eqinileyo yamagcisa amaninzi ibikukuphelisa nawuphi na umda phakathi kobugcisa noluntu.
Umgaqo ongundoqo weFluxus yayikukulahla kunye nokuhlekisa ihlabathi elitekileyo "lobugcisa obuphezulu" kwaye ufumane zonke iindlela ezinokwenzeka zokuzisa ubugcisa kubantu abaninzi, ngokuhambelana nemozulu yentlalo ye-1960. Abaculi beFluxus basebenzisa uburharha ukuze babonise injongo kunye , kunye noDada, iFluxus yayiyenye yeentshukumo ezimbalwa zobugcisa ezazikwazi ukuhamba ngentambo.
Ngaphandle kwesimilo sabo sokudlala, amagcisa eFluxus ayezimisele ngomnqweno wawo wokutshintsha ulungelelwaniso lwamandla kwihlabathi lobugcisa. Ukungahloniphi kwakhe ubugcisa obuphezulu kwaba nefuthe kwigunya elibonwa yimyuziyam njengegunya lokuba ngubani kwaye yintoni emayithathelwe ingqalelo amagcisa.
I-Fluxus yabandakanya umbukeli kwaye yathembela kwinto yethuba ukubumba umphumo wokugqibela womzobo. Ukusetyenziswa kwamathuba kwakukwasetyenziswa nguDada, uMarcel Duchamp kunye namanye amagcisa omdlalo welo xesha. Amagcisa eFluxus aphenjelelwa kakhulu ziimbono zikaJohn Cage, owayekholelwa ukuba umntu kufuneka asondele kwisiqwenga esingenambono wesiphumo sokugqibela. Eyona nto yayibalulekile yayiyinkqubo yokudala, kungekhona imveliso yokugqibela.
ubugcisa bevidiyo
Ividiyo yenye yeendaba eziguquguqukayo ezikhoyo. Ifilimu yevidiyo ingaba ngumsebenzi wobugcisa ngokwawo kunye / okanye irekhodi yendlela umzobo owenziwe ngayo; inokuba yinto kufakelo kunye/okanye inxalenye yolungiselelo lwevidiyo ezininzi. Ividiyo yenza ubugcisa buguquke kwaye budlamke. Ukusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1980, zombini iividiyo kunye noopopayi baxhomekeke ekusetyenzisweni kwesoftware yekhompyuter ukwenza imifanekiso.
ifotorealism
I-Photorealism luhlobo lomzobo olwavela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1960 ekuphenduleni ukuthandwa okukhulayo kokuthatha. Ukusukela ngoko, imizobo yefotorealistic kunye nengqalelo yayo enkulu kwiinkcukacha ibonelele ngenkohliso enokuthi iqinisekiswe ngokusondeleyo njengemifanekiso epeyintiweyo yomfanekiso wokuqala.
Esikhundleni sokujonga kunye nokumela oko kwenzekayo ngokwenene, i-photorealism yayiphefumlelwe ngokufota. Ulwazi olubonwayo olufakwe yikhamera lusetyenziselwa ukwenza imizobo ekhohlisayo, imizobo, kunye neminye imisebenzi yobugcisa. Amagcisa ahlala eveza iifoto kwiseyile ukuze imifanekiso inikezelwe ngokuchanekileyo kunye neenkcukacha.
UArte Povera
U-Arte Povera (osuka kwintetho yesiTaliyane ethi "ubugcisa obuhlwempuzekileyo" okanye "ubugcisa obuhlwempuzekileyo") yayiyenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo nezibalaseleyo zeentshukumo zobugcisa ze-avant-garde ezavela kumazantsi eYurophu ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-XNUMX.
Oku kubandakanya umsebenzi weshumi elinesibini lamagcisa aseTaliyane awona msebenzi wawo wokudala wawukukusetyenziswa kwezinto zemihla ngemihla ezikhumbuza iminyaka yangaphambi kwamashishini. Ukungcola, amatye, kunye nempahla yayithandwa kakhulu: "inkunkuma" okanye izinto ezingabizi kakhulu ababezisebenzisa kubugcisa babo. Le ndlela yobugcisa ihlasele iingcinga ezixhaphakileyo zexabiso kunye nokuchaneka kwaye yagxeka ngobuchule ushishino kunye noomatshini bamazantsi eYurophu ngelo xesha.
Umsebenzi wakhe waphawula ukusabela kwipeyinti engabonakaliyo ye-modernism eyayilawula ubugcisa baseYurophu kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo, apho wazihlula khona ngokugxila ngakumbi kumsebenzi oqingqiweyo kunokupeyinta.
Eminye yemisebenzi ebalulekileyo yeqela yenziwe ngokuthelekisa phakathi kwemathiriyeli ekrwada kunye neereferensi ngaxeshanye ekunyukeni kwenkcubeko yabathengi. Eqinisekile ukuba izinto zanamhlanje zisongela ukuphelisa ilifa lemveli, u-Arte Povera uzame ukuthelekisa entsha kunye nendala.
Ukongeza kokugatya ukhuphiswano lwetekhnoloji, amagcisa anxulumene no-Arte Povera agatya oko akubona njengobunyani besayensi. Ngokuchasene nendlela yokujonga ubudlelwane bomhlaba, bakhupha intsomi eyimfihlo yayo kwakungekho lula ukuyichaza.
Amagcisa abonise iijuxtapositions ezingenangqondo nezidlalayo, ezihlala zintsha nezindala okanye ezicutshungulwe kakhulu kunye nezangaphambili. Ngokwenza oko, baye babonisa imiphumo yophuculo olufak’ isandla ekonakaleni kweendawo neenkumbulo njengoko kuhambela phambili ngakumbi kwixesha elizayo.
Umdla ka-Arte Povera kwizinto ezingezizo zinokunxulunyaniswa nezinye iintshukumo zobugcisa zoo-1950 kunye noo-1960. Umzekelo, babelane ngobuchule obuthile ngeentshukumo ezifana ne-Fluxus kunye ne-Nouveau Réalisme ekudityanisweni kwazo izinto ezifikelelekayo ngokulula kunye ne-undercut. umsebenzi.
postminimalism
Kubugcisa be-post-minimalist, igama elisetyenziswe kuqala ngumhlalutyi wezobugcisa uRobert Pincus Witten, ugxininiso luyatshintsha ukusuka ekucocekeni kwengcamango ukuya kunxibelelwano lwayo. Njengomzekelo unokubona imisebenzi yomculi waseJamani-waseMelika uEva Hesse.
ubugcisa bobufazi
Umbutho wobugcisa ojongene ngqo nemiba yabasetyhini efana nokuzalwa, ubundlobongela obujoliswe kwabasetyhini, iimeko zokusebenza zabasetyhini kunye nokunye okuninzi. Amagcisa athatha inxaxheba aquka uLouise Bourgeois kunye nomculi waseJapan ozalelwe eJapan uYoko Ono.
deconstructivism
I-Deconstructivism yenye yezona ndlela zobugcisa zibukekayo ezakha zaqulunqwa. Isitayile sakhe esingaqhelekanga kodwa sobuchule boyilo lwenkulungwane yama-80 savela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-XNUMX, ikakhulu eLos Angeles kodwa naseYurophu.
Njengenxalenye yobugcisa bexesha lasemva kobugcisa obenziwe ukuba bubekho ngokusetyenziswa kwesoftware yoyilo lweshishini le-aerospace, uyilo lwe-deconstructivist luyachasanisa nengqiqo eyalelweyo yejometri kwaye ithanda indlela yangaphandle yoyilo ethi igqwethe umphandle wesakhiwo ngelixa ijongela phantsi izinto ezixabisekileyo. .
Abanye ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba ifilosofi ye-deconstructivist ichasene nobugcisa be-postmodern, nangona iziphumo ezisebenzayo zoku zingacacanga. Ngapha koko, igcisa le-deconstructivist kufuneka lilandele imithetho yenzululwazi yale mihla neyasemva kwale mihla, nokuba uyathanda okanye akathandi.
Ummeli odumileyo we-deconstructivist architecture yi-Canadian-American Pritzker Prize winner uFrank O. Gehry. Abanye abaziwayo be-deconstructivists baquka uDaniel Libeskind, uZaha Hadid, uBernard Tschumi, kunye noPeter Eisenman. Izakhiwo ezingaqhelekanga ze-deconstructivist ziquka: i-Dancing House (Prague), iMyuziyam yaseGuggenheim (Bilbao) kunye neMyuziyam ye-Vitra Design e-Weil am Rhein.
I-deconstructivist architecture ibonakaliswe ngokuguqulwa komphezulu, ukuhlukana, kunye neefom ezingabonakaliyo eziphazamisa kwaye zigqithise izivumelwano zezakhiwo zesakhiwo kunye nomphezulu. Ngokwenza oko, izinto ezibonakala ngathi ziyangqubana zithelekiswa ngabom ukuze zicel’ umngeni iingcamango zesithethe zokuvisisana nokuqhubeka.
ubunyani bokugxeka
Intshukumo yobugcisa bale mihla yamaTshayina eyavela emva kokoyiswa kweTiananmen Square (1989). Ii-Cynical Realists zasebenzisa isimbo sokupeyinta esifuziselayo esinebali elihlekisayo. I-motifs ephindaphindiweyo yimizobo, amadoda anempandla kunye nemifanekiso yezithombe. Esi sitayela sasihlekisa ngemeko yezobupolitika nentlalo yaseTshayina, yaye ekubeni oku kwakusisiqalo esitsha kumagcisa aseTshayina, samkelwa kakuhle ngabaqokeleli bemizobo baseNtshona.
Uncwadi lwangoku kunye ne-cinema
Iimpawu zoncwadi lwamvanje lubandakanya ukuphathwa ngokucokisekileyo kwento ekhoyo ngendlela yokucaphula kunye neentelekelelo kunye nokudlala ngeentlobo zoncwadi. Kwakhona uphawu kukwakhiwa kwamanqanaba amaninzi ezenzo kunye nobudlelwane, obuhlala buqhawuka.
Mhlawumbi eyona noveli eyaziwa kakhulu emva kwexesha langoku Ligama leRose ngu-Umberto Eco Ngolwakhiwo loncwadi oluntsonkothileyo ngendlela yenoveli yolwaphulo-mthetho, i-Eco yakwazi ukuvala umsantsa phakathi kwento ebizwa ngokuba yinkcubeko ephezulu kunye nenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Imbali, uncwadi, kunye neengcaphuno zembali yobugcisa kunye neembekiselo zenza le ncwadi ibe yinoveli yemfundo okanye ukhuphiswano loncwadi. Kodwa kwanabo bangenamdla kuyo banokuwonwabela umsebenzi we-Eco njengomdlalo owonwabisayo.
Ngokufanayo, uPeter Greenaway udibanise uhlobo lwefilimu yembali kunye nomntu onomdla kwifilimu yakhe ka-1982 iContract yeCartoonist's Contract, kodwa ngokungafaniyo ne-Echo, ayilisombululi iqhina. Nangona iyelenqe libonelela ngemikhondo emininzi yakudala, azikho ndawo zonke.
ubugcisa obubonakalayo
Ukusetyenziswa kwegama elithi postmodern liyanqatshwa ngabaninzi beethiyori kunye namagcisa, ngakumbi kwinkalo yobugcisa obubonakalayo, kunikwa uluhlu olubanzi lweendlela zokuthetha. Ukuchaswa kwenkolelo yesimanje kwizinto ezintsha kwakhona sesinye seziseko ze-postmodern aesthetics kubugcisa obuhle. I-Postmodernism idityaniswe kwiindidi zembali zobugcisa ezakhatywayo yimeko yanamhlanje, njengezinto ezibalisayo kunye nezakhelo zeentsomi.
Oku sele kuqala ngemifanekiso kaAndy Warhol yee-icon zenkulungwane yama-1950, ukusuka ku-Elvis ukuya kuJackie Onassis. Umzobo wePop nawo waphawula ikhefu kunye nemeko yala maxesha ngeminyaka yoo-XNUMXs ngokuthi ndlela ntle. Ngeminyaka yoo-XNUMX, ubugcisa obubonakalayo, njengoyilo lwexesha, bagxininisa ukubaluleka kweemvakalelo, imvakalelo, kunye nemiba yemveli ngaphezulu kwethiyori kunye nengqikelelo.
Ngeminyaka yoo-XNUMX, i-New Wild (i-Neue Wilden) idityanisiwe yaphula ubukhosi be-minimalist kunye ne-conceptually i-avant-garde ekhutheleyo kunye nomzobo wayo ocacileyo kunye nommeli. Kwakukho imikhwa efanayo eUnited States naseItali.
Emva kokuba isaqhwithi sizinzile sijikeleze iiSavages eziNtsha, iintsingiselo zabamba ezigxile ekucamngceni kwindlela yokupeyinta kunye nokulinga inkanuko ngemidiya yemifanekiso (uSigmar Polke, uAnselm Kiefer, uGerhard Richter), ukupeyinta ukumela ukongama kobuncinci kunye nengqiqo yabasebenzi abant- igadi. Kwakukho imikhwa efanayo eUnited States naseItali.
Iimpawu zexesha ngamagcisa amabini umsebenzi wawo ubandakanya i-aesthetics ye-subculture kunye nenkcubeko enkulu: uKeith Haring kunye noJeff Koons. I-Haring ikwazile ukudibanisa imizobo yobugcisa begraffiti, iincwadi ezihlekisayo, ulwimi lwezandla lwekhompyutha, imizobo yabantwana, kunye nembali yokupeyinta kulwimi lwezandla olunombongo oluphezulu oluqondakalayo kwiinkcubeko ezininzi. UJeff Koons wazenzela igama ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1990 ngokuvalwa okuxhokonxayo kwabafundi bakhe.
Izinto ezisetyenziswayo zihlala zikumgangatho ophezulu, kodwa uyilo lwawo lomphezulu luvuselela umhlaba we-knick-knacks kunye ne-kitsch, enje ngenxalenye yegolide ecwecwe, ubungakanani bobomi bomfanekiso weporcelain kaMichael Jackson kunye nechimpanzee Bubbles.
Imfuno yasemva kwemini yobuhle yobuhle, ukuxhomekeka, ukushenxa ekuthatheni izinto, ukubandakanywa kosasazo oluninzi, ukwenza mfiliba kwemida yesini, kunye nokwamkelwa kwekowuteshini njengesixhobo sobugcisa kwazisa umbala kunye nokushukuma kumhlaba wobugcisa kunye nemyuziyam.
Ukuvunywa ekugqibeleni ukufota kunye nefilimu njengesixhobo sobugcisa kunokubonwa njengesiphumo esihlala sihleli seendlela zamva nje. Ukuqaqambisa okwexeshana: Ngehlobo lika-2002, iMyuziyam uLudwig eCologne iya kubonisa zonke iifilimu ezintlanu ezivela kuMateyu Barney osanda kugqitywa "iCremaster Cycle" njengenxalenye yomboniso omkhulu.
I-Architecture
Phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1970, uCharles Jencks wazisa igama elithi postmodernism kwintetho yoyilo lwezakhiwo. Ngale ndlela, intetho yasemva kwale mihla yafikelela kuluntu ngokubanzi okwesihlandlo sokuqala. Imigaqo yesitayile ye-postmodern architecture sele ivele ngokucacileyo kule ndawo.
Ulwimi lwedemokhrasi nolwakhiwo lonxibelelwano lwalufuneka, olunobuhle bungasekelwanga kuphela kumsebenzi, kodwa nakumxholo obalulekileyo. Kwakhona kwacelwa ukuba kufakwe izinto ezintsonkothileyo, njengeGoth, eyabona umfanekiso weYerusalem yasezulwini kwicawa yecawa.
Kwangaxeshanye, umkhwa wokugcina kunye nohlengahlengiso lwezakhiwo zembali zanda. Owona mzekelo ubalaseleyo yayiyiGare d’Orsay yaseParis, eyavulwa njengeMusée d’Orsay ngowe-1986. Ezo zakhiwo zembali zaphembelela ulwimi lolwakhiwo lwasemva kwale mihla, olwathi kwasekuqaleni lwamiselwa ngamandla ngokucatshulwa.
Ukuze ugweme i-historicism entsha, isiqubulo sasikuthi i-eclecticism, echazwe, umzekelo, ekusebenziseni iikholomu, iifestile kunye ne-latticework, kufuneka iphulwe ngokumangalisayo. I-spectrum yoyilo lwe-postmodern iphuhliswe ngokukodwa kwisakhiwo semyuziyam yee-XNUMX kunye nee-XNUMX.
Ukongeza kwiMyuziyam yase-Abteiberg kaHans Hollein (iMönchengladbach), iGalari kaRhulumente kaJames Stirling (iStuttgart) ithathwa njengemveliso ephumelelayo kunye neempawu ze-postmodernism. Kuyilo luka-Stirling, iintelekelelo ezininzi kuyilo lwembali, ukusuka e-Egypt ukuya kwi-modernism yakudala, zidityaniswe nemibala yenkcubeko ye-pop kunye nemathiriyeli yengingqi yelitye lentlabathi kunye ne-travertine ukwenza ifom edibeneyo, yangoku.
Kutshanje, xa kufikwa kulwakhiwo lwemyuziyam, umlingiswa wamava uye wabonakala ngakumbi nangaphezulu kunemfuno yemfundo.
Endaweni yokucinga ngobugcisa bokucamngca, iqonga liyafuneka, kwaye ulwakhiwo ngokwalo lunemibono emangalisayo kunye neziphumo zethiyetha. Utyelelo lokuqala lukawonke-wonke luyanda ukwenzeka phambi kokuba imizobo ixhonywe ukuze ulwakhiwo lube namava.
Ugxininiso lwasemva kwexesha kwinkcubeko ethandwayo
Abahlalutyi bezobugcisa bahlala besebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko ephezulu" xa bezama ukwahlula ubugcisa bokuzoba kunye nemifanekiso (kunye nobunye ubugcisa obubonakalayo) kwinkcubeko ethandwayo yamaphephancwadi, umabonwakude, kunye nezinye iimveliso eziveliswe ngobuninzi. Imodernism kunye nabalandeli bayo abanempembelelo abafana noGreenberg (1909-94) bazijonga ezi ndlela zenkcubeko njengeziphantsi. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-postmodernists, abakhetha ingcamango yentando yesininzi yobugcisa, babona "inkcubeko ephezulu" njenge-elitist ngakumbi.
Ubugcisa bePop, intshukumo yokuqala yamvanje, yajika iimpahla eziqhelekileyo zabathengi zaba zobugcisa. Amagcisa ePop kunye nabanye baye bahambela phambili ngakumbi kwiinzame zabo zokudemokhrasi ubugcisa ngokuprinta "ubugcisa" babo kwiimagi, iingxowa zephepha, kunye nezikipa: indlela ethi, ngokuzenzekelayo, ibe ngumzekelo womnqweno wasemva kwale mihla, intsusa, kunye nobunyani.
Amagcisa ale mihla ayishiyile ingcamango yokuba umsebenzi wobugcisa unentsingiselo enye kuphela yendalo. Kunoko, bakholelwa ukuba lowo ubukeleyo ungumthombo wentsingiselo elinganayo. Umzobo we-surreal kaCindy Sherman, umzekelo, ugxininisa ingcamango yokuba umsebenzi wobugcisa unokutolikwa ngeendlela ezininzi.
Enyanisweni, amanye amagcisa, njengomculi wentsebenzo uMarina Abramovic, ade avumele ababukeli ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kubugcisa babo, okanye bafune igalelo labaphulaphuli ukugqiba umsebenzi wabo.
Gxininisa kumboniso
Ngenxa yokungabikho kwentsingiselo yokwenene yobomi, ngakumbi xa siphantsi kwentengiso kanomathotholo nomabonwakude imini nobusuku, amagcisa ala maxesha akhetha ukucutha isimbo nomboniso, ngokufuthi esebenzisa izixhobo zokwazisa kunye nobuchule ukuze aphumeze impembelelo enkulu. Le ndlela ibonakaliswe kwinkqubo yokushicilela yorhwebo esebenzisa imifanekiso efana neeposta ngabaculi be-pop abafana noRoy Lichtenstein kunye noJames Rosenquist.
Ugxininiso kumphezulu luphawu oluqhelekileyo lobugcisa be-postmodern kwaye ngamanye amaxesha luza kwi-theater, eqaqambileyo, imifanekiso enefuthe kakhulu. Ukusukela ngo-1980, ukusetyenziswa kweekhompyutha nobunye ubuchwephesha buye baguqula ubugcisa bemultimedia (umzekelo, oopopayi) kwaye kwadala okunokwenzeka okuthe ngqo kwimimandla efana nolwakhiwo.
Indlela ekubaluleke ngayo ukubamba ingqalelo yabaphulaphuli kwi-postmodernism iboniswa ngamaqhinga othusayo eqela labafundi baseGoldsmiths College, eyaziwa ngokuba yiYoung British Artists, eLondon ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-XNUMX neye-XNUMX. Yenziwe yaduma ngemiboniso emithathu, ii-YBA zagxekwa ngenxa yokungancami kakuhle, ukanti uninzi lwazo lwaba ngabaphumeleleyo bamaBhaso eTurner, ngelixa abanye befumene udumo olukhulu kunye nobutyebi.
Ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabathengi
Ukunyuka kokuziphatha kwabathengi kunye nenkcubeko yangoko yokuzonwabisa kumashumi eminyaka yokugqibela yekhulu lama-XNUMX nayo ibe nefuthe elinamandla kubugcisa obubonakalayo. Abathengi ngoku bafuna into entsha. Bakwafuna ukuzihlaziya nokuzonwabisa. Amagcisa amaninzi asemva kwemodern, abagcini, kunye nabanye abachwephesha basebenzise ithuba lokuguqula ubugcisa bube yimveliso yolonwabo.
Ukwaziswa kweendlela ezintsha zobugcisa ezifana nokusebenza, imisitho, kunye nofakelo, kunye nemixholo emitsha, kubandakanya ookrebe abafileyo, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yomkhenkce, uninzi lwemizimba enqunu, izakhiwo ezibonakala ngathi ziyashukuma, ingqokelela yamawaka angamashumi amathathu anesihlanu. amanani eterracotta , imizimba epeyintiweyo, iingqikelelo ze-spooky kwizakhiwo zikawonkewonke (kunye nezinye ezininzi) - zinike ababukeli abaninzi amava amatsha, ngamanye amaxesha othusayo.
Ingaba ezi ndlela zintsha zobugcisa ngokwenene "zibubugcisa" buhlala bungumbuzo obangela ingxoxo eninzi. Iingcamango zasemva kwexesha lanamhlanje zikholelwa ukuba kunjalo, ngelixa abantu besithethe besala ukuyiqwalasela ngolo hlobo.
imigaqo zobugcisa postmodern
Kwiingcali, ubugcisa be-postmodern bunemigaqo emithathu esisiseko eya kulawula ngendlela eqhelekileyo ngaphandle kokunciphisa ngokupheleleyo:
intsingiselo ekhawulezileyo
Akusekho mizobo ye-oyile ephelelweyo ebonisa iziganeko zokunyusa iinwele ukusuka kwintsomi yamaGrike ukuvusa uncumo olukwaziyo kumntu obukeleyo. Ukusukela ekuqaleni kwayo kwintshukumo yobuGcisa bePop, ukupeyinta kwangoku kunye nomzobo uye wakhalipha, waqaqamba, kwaye waqondwa ngoko nangoko.
Imixholo kunye nemifanekiso yayithatyathwe ikakhulu kwiimveliso zabathengi ezikumgangatho ophezulu, iimagazini, iintengiso, umabonakude, iimuvi, iikhathuni, kunye namahlaya. Ngethuba lokuqala, wonke umntu wayeqonda ubugcisa obuboniswe. Nangona i-postmodernism iye yavela kwi-pop art, enye injongo ephambili yentsingiselo ihlala ibonakala ngokukhawuleza.
Ubugcisa bunokwenziwa nantoni na
Ukwakhiwa kwezithethe zikaMarcel Duchamp, umchamo wakhe onesihloko esithi Fountain (1917) ngumzekelo wokuqala odumileyo wento eqhelekileyo wajika waba ngumsebenzi wobugcisa (omnye umzekelo: Ibali le-Ready-made), amagcisa obugcisa bePostmodernists bawenza. ishishini labo ukudala ubugcisa kwizinto ezingaqhelekanga kunye nenkunkuma. Ingcamango emva kwayo kukudemokhrasi ubugcisa kunye nokwenza ukuba kufikeleleke ngakumbi.
Ingcamango ibaluleke ngakumbi kunomzobo ngokwawo
Kuze kube ngo-1960, amagcisa ngokubanzi ayekholelwa ukuba ngaphandle kwemveliso egqityiweyo akuyi kubakho nto. Ingqwalasela enkulu yahlawulwa kumgangatho womsebenzi ogqityiweyo wobugcisa kunye nobugcisa obufunekayo kuwo. Namhlanje izinto zahlukile.
I-Postmodernists ikholisa ukukholelwa ngakumbi kwingcamango emva kwemveliso yokugqibela kunemveliso ngokwayo, yingakho ubuninzi be "postmodern art" bubizwa ngokuba "ubugcisa bengqondo" okanye "i-conceptualism." Olunye uhlobo lwengqiqo lubandakanya ufakelo, ubugcisa bokwenza, izinto ezenzekayo, ubugcisa bokuqikelela, kunye nezinye ezimbalwa.
Amagcisa aqaphelekayo asemva kwale mihla
Ekubeni siphila ngexesha lobugcisa be-postmodern, kunzima ukwahlula amagama e-iconic exesha. Kuphela emva kokuphela kwexesha kuya kuba nako ukutsho ukuba ngabaphi abaculi abashiye uphawu olucacileyo kwimbali yokudweba, kwaye udumo lwalo lwaluyimbeko kuphela kwifashoni. Kodwa, ekubeni i-postmodernism iye yaphuhliswa ngaphezu kwesiqingatha senkulungwane, sinokubiza amanye amagama asele ebhaliwe kwimbali. Ezi ziquka, umzekelo:
- I-Dadaist, i-surrealist kunye nomseki we-conceptualism uMarcel Duchamp
- UAndy Warhol inkokeli yobugcisa bepop
- Uvulindlela wendibano uCésar Baldaccini
- Ingcaphephe eyaziwayo uBruce Nauman
- URobert Rauschenberg, uRemedios Varo Uranga, uFrancis Bacon, uDamien Hirst, uJeff Koons.
UMarcel Duchamp
UMarcel Duchamp (owazalwa nge-28 kaJulayi 1887 - wasweleka nge-2 ka-Okthobha ngo-1968) wayeyincutshe kubugcisa be-avant-garde, eyaziwa ngemisebenzi yakhe yobugcisa egqithisileyo. Umsebenzi kaMarcel Duchamp uchasene nezithethe ezimiselweyo kwaye kwaxoxwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwingxelo ehlazo kumacala omabini olwandle.
Ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe, wapeyinta imifanekiso kwisitayile se-Post-Impressionist, enika imbeko kwiCubism kunye neFauvism, kodwa emva koko wayeka ukupeyinta kwaye waba nomdla wokwenza ufakelo apho waxuba ubuchule kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemathiriyeli yezinto ezahlukeneyo. Iingcamango zenguqu zomculi zinempembelelo enkulu ekuphuhlisweni kobugcisa bengcamango kwi-XNUMX yenkulungwane.
Andy Warhol
UAndy Warhol (owazalwa ngo-Agasti 6, 1928 - wasweleka nge-22 kaFebruwari, 1987) wayengumzobi wenkulungwane yama-XNUMX waseMelika kunye nomnini wegalari. Wenza igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso lobugcisa bepop yorhwebo. UAndy Warhol uthathwa ngokufanelekileyo njengenkokeli yendlela efana ne-uomo universale.
URobert Rauschenberg
URobert Rauschenberg (owazalwa nge-22 ka-Okthobha ngo-1925 - usweleke nge-12 kaMeyi, ngo-2008) i-titan yobugcisa baseMelika benkulungwane yama-XNUMX ngokutsho kwephephandaba iThe New York Times, wayengumzobi obalaseleyo kunye nomyili, ummeli wembonakalo engabonakaliyo, ingqikelelo, eyenziwe esele yenziwe kunye nomseki. yobugcisa bepop.
Imizobo kaRobert Rauschenberg iikholaji kunye nofakelo, ii-obelisks, izinto zendlu, kunye nezinye izinto ekunzima ukuzihlela. Umsebenzi wenkosi, njenge-biography yakhe, iyothusa, iyamangalisa, iyacekiseka kwaye iyathandeka, kodwa ishiya umntu ongenamdla. Umntu ovuthayo, usokhemesti odanileyo, umchasi wayo yonke into eqhelekileyo kunye neqhelekileyo, wayehlala ecela umngeni kuye kunye nehlabathi elimngqongileyo.
Varo Uranga Amayeza
URemedios Varo Uranga (owazalwa nge-16 kaDisemba, 1908 - wasweleka nge-8 ka-Okthobha ngo-1963) yigcisa laseSpain kunye nelaseMexico lenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, ummeli wokuqala we-surrealism. Umsebenzi kaRemedios Varo udlulela ngaphaya kwesakhelo somzobo weklasikhi: amaphupha, ukubonakaliswa kwefilosofi, umlingo, oomatshini, imbali kunye nemimoya edibeneyo kwimisebenzi ye-surrealist.
Kwangaxeshanye, imizobo kaRemedios Varo igxininisa iingoma kunye nesetyhini, izaliswe ngumoya ophakathi kwaye ibhekisa umbukeli kwimvelaphi yendalo yonke. Imizobo kaRemedios Varo izaliswe ngabalinganiswa bentsomi abagqwesileyo, ukwakhiwa koomatshini kunye nendalo. Ngokungafaniyo ne-classical surrealism, kumsebenzi ngamnye wegcisa isicwangciso silandelwa ngokucacileyo esikhokelela umbukeli kwizigqibo ezithile.
Francis Bacon
UFrancis Bacon (owazalwa nge-28 ka-Okthobha ngo-1909 - wasweleka nge-28 ka-Epreli, 1992) yinkosi yentetho yaseBritane, lelinye lawona magcisa angaqondakaliyo nakhohlakeleyo kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX. Umsebenzi kaFrancis Bacon wamkelwa ngokuba unomtsalane: eyona ndalo yoyikekayo yefantasi yomntu iphila kwimizobo yakhe.
UFrancis Bacon akazange afumane zifundo. Kwangaxeshanye, ifunwa kakhulu kwaye iyathandwa. Imizobo yenkosi lelona phupha liphambili kuzo zombini iigalari zabucala kunye neemyuziyam ezidumileyo zehlabathi, ezingachasanga kwaphela ukubandakanya umsebenzi wakhe kwingqokelela. Eminye yemisebenzi yobugcisa eyenziwa ligcisa ixabisa amashumi ezigidi zeerandi yaye iqukiwe kuludwe lweyona misebenzi yobugcisa ibiza imali eninzi.