Yintoni ubugcisa basePersi kunye nembali yayo

Uninzi lwamandulo, inkcubeko yamaPersi ixubene nabamelwane bayo, ikakhulu eMesopotamiya, kwaye yaphenjelelwa kwaye yaphenjelelwa bubugcisa baseSumerian namaGrike, kunye nobugcisa baseTshayina nge "Silk Road". Ngeli thuba, sikuzisela lonke ulwazi ofuna ukuyazi malunga ne ubugcisa basePersi nangaphezulu

Ubugcisa basePersi

Ubugcisa bamaPersi kumaxesha amandulo babonakalisa ukuthanda kwabo ukubonisa ubunyani bobomi babo nembali ngokucacileyo; engantsonkothanga kwimiyalezo ecetyelwe ukuyigqithisa imisebenzi yobugcisa. Kwi-Greater Iran ehambelana namazwe akhoyo ngoku:

• Iran
• Afghanistan
• Tajikistan
• Azerbaijan
• Uzbhekistan

Kwaneminye imimandla ekufuphi, yazala enye yezona zinto zixabisekileyo zobugcisa emhlabeni, ubugcisa basePersi; apho kwaphuhliswa amacandelo amaninzi afana nala:

• I-Architecture
• Ukupeyinta
• Amalaphu
• Iiceramics
• Umnxeba obhaliweyo
• Ukunyibilikisa isinyithi
• Masonry
• umculo

Ngobuchule obuphezulu kakhulu kunye nentelekelelo yobugcisa bokuboniswa ukuba kancinci kancinci siya kwazi kuphuhliso lweli nqaku. Imizobo yasePersi yayiyimbonakaliso yeengxaki zabo zemihla ngemihla kwaye yayimelwe kuzo zonke iindlela ezibalaseleyo nezimbongi ababenokuzisebenzisa. Ayiphelelanga nje kwezokwakha, iiseramikhi, ukupeyinta, umnyibilikisi wegolide, imikrolo okanye izixhobo zesilivere kuphela ezandisa le ndlela yokubonakalisa imibongo, amabali embali kunye namabali amnandi.

Ukongeza, kunokugxininiswa ukuba amaPersi amandulo ayebaluleke kakhulu kwinkalo yokuhombisa yobugcisa babo, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukwazi inkalo nganye yembali yabo kunye neempawu zabo ukuze bazi kakuhle ukuba kutheni ubugcisa babo bavela kunye nendlela obuvela ngayo. yadalelwa ukuba bayenze.

Kubalulekile ukugxininisa ukuba amaPersi abonise iminqweno kunye neminqweno kunye nendlela yabo yokubona ubomi ngokhuseleko, ukuzithemba kunye namandla amakhulu angaphakathi ngokusebenzisa isimboli esininzi kunye nesimbo sokuhombisa semisebenzi yabo.

Imbali yokubonakaliswa kobugcisa basePersi 

Imbali ngokucacileyo yinto enamandla kakhulu kungekuphela nje ekubumbeni ubuni benkcubeko yommandla, kodwa nasekunikeni umbala kunye nokuchongwa kwendawo. Ukongeza, imbali inegalelo ekukwazini ukuchaza ezona mpawu zibalaseleyo zenkcubeko yabantu bommandla ngamnye kunye nokomzuzwana utyekelo lwabo lobugcisa.

Le nkcazo yobugcisa basePersi ibaluleke kakhulu ukuba ithathelwe ingqalelo, ekubeni kwixesha ngalinye le nkcubeko yokucinga inkcazo yobugcisa babantu yayiyazi kakhulu imeko yabo yentlalo, yezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho.

Imbali

Ixesha elide lembali e-Iran liyaziwa ngokuyinhloko kwimisebenzi yokwemba olwenziwa kwiindawo ezithile ezibalulekileyo, nto leyo eyakhokelela kulandelelwano lwamaxesha ahlukeneyo, ngalinye liphawulwa ngophuhliso lweentlobo ezithile zeeseramikhi, izinto zakudala kunye nolwakhiwo. Ingqayi yenye yeendlela zakudala zobugcisa basePersi, kwaye imizekelo iye yafunyanwa kumangcwaba (iTappe) ebuyela emva kwi-XNUMXth millennium BC.

Kula maxesha, "isitayela sezilwanyana" esinemihlobiso yezilwanyana ezihlobisayo sinamandla kakhulu kwinkcubeko yasePersi. Iqala ukuvela kwizinto zomdongwe kwaye iphinda ivele kamva kwi-bronze yaseLuristan kwaye kwakhona kubugcisa beSkitiya. Eli xesha lichazwe ngezantsi:

Neolithic

Abemi base-Iranian Plateau babehlala kwiintaba ezijikelezileyo, njengoxinzelelo oluphakathi, ngoku intlango yayizele ngamanzi ngelo xesha. Akuba amanzi ewuthile, umntu wehla waya kwiintlambo ezichumileyo waza wakha iindawo zokuhlala. I-Tappeh Sialk, kufuphi neKashan, yayiyindawo yokuqala yokutyhila ubugcisa beNeolithic.

Ngeli xesha, izixhobo ezikrwada zombumbi zakhokelela kwizitya zodongwe ezikrwada kwaye ezi zitya zikhulu, nezinemilo engaqhelekanga zazotywa ngemigca ethe tye nethe nkqo elinganisa umsebenzi webhaskithi. Ukutyhubela iminyaka, izixhobo zombumbi zaphucuka kwaza kwavela iikomityi, zibomvu ngombala, apho uthotho lweentaka, iihagu neebhokhwe (iibhokhwe zasezintabeni) zazotywa ngemigca elula emnyama.

Inqaku eliphezulu ekuphuhliseni i-Iranian prehistoric zobumba ezipeyintiweyo zenzeka malunga nenkulungwane yesine BC. Imizekelo emininzi yasinda, efana nePainted Beaker yaseSusa c. 5000-4000 BC eboniswa namhlanje eLouvre, eParis. Iipateni zale beaker zenziwe ngesitayile esiphezulu.

Umzimba webhokhwe yasezintabeni uncitshiswe ube ngoonxantathu ababini kwaye uye wayinto nje exhomekeke kwiimpondo ezinkulu, izinja ezibalekayo kwibhokhwe yasezintabeni zingaphezulu kancinane kunemigca ethe tyaba ngoxa iinqanawa ezijikeleza umlomo wevazi Zifana namanqaku omculo. .

Elam

KwiBronze Age, nangona amaziko enkcubeko ayekho ngokuqinisekileyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zasePersi (umzekelo, iAstrabad kunye neTappeh Hissar kufuphi neDamghan kumntla-mpuma), ubukumkani bakwa-Elam kumzantsi-ntshona bebubaluleke kakhulu. Umsebenzi wesinyithi kunye nobugcisa bamaPersi bezitena ezikhazimlayo zanda kakhulu kwaElam, kwaye kumacwecwe akroliweyo sinokufumanisa ukuba kwakukho ishishini elikhulu lokuluka, ukuhombisa, kunye nokuhombisa.

Umsebenzi wesinyithi wamaElam wawufezwa ngokukodwa. Oku kubandakanya, umzekelo, umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wobhedu kaNapirisha, umfazi wenkulungwane ye-19 ye-BC umlawuli u-Untash-Napirisha, kunye ne-Paleo-Elamite vase yesilivere evela eMarv-Dasht, kufuphi nePersepolis. Esi siqwenga si-XNUMX cm ubude kwaye sivela phakathi kwe-XNUMXrd millennium BC.

Ehonjiswe ngenkangeleko emile yomfazi, enxibe isambatho eside sofele lwegusha ethwele izixhobo ezifana neecastanet, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba ibizela abanquli kwindebe yakhe enombhobho. Ingubo yegusha yeli bhinqa ifana nesimbo saseMesopotamiya.

Ezinye izinto zobugcisa zasePersi ezifunyenwe phantsi kweTempile ye-Inshushinak, eyakhiwe ngumlawuli ofanayo, zibandakanya i-pendant enombhalo we-Elamite. Umbhalo ubhala ukuba ukumkani wenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibini A. UShilhak-Inshushinak wayenelitye elikrolwe intombi yakhe uBar-Uli, kwaye umfanekiso ohamba nalo ubonisa indlela elichazwa ngayo kuye.

IMesopotamiya yadlala indima ebalulekileyo kubugcisa bamaPersi amaElam; noko ke, iElam yahlala izimele, ingakumbi kwimimandla esezintabeni, apho imizobo yamaPersi inokwahluka ngokuphawulekayo kuleyo yaseMesopotamiya.

Luristan

Ubugcisa basePersi baseLuristan entshona ye-Iran bubandakanya ikakhulu ixesha eliphakathi kwe-XNUMX kunye ne-XNUMXth inkulungwane ye-BC. C. kwaye iye yaduma ngezinto zayo ezenziwe ngobhedu ezikroliweyo kunye nemixokelelwane yamahashe, izixhobo kunye neebhanile. Ezona bronzes zixhaphakileyo zeLuristan mhlawumbi zizihombiso zehashe kunye nezihombiso zokubopha.

Izidleke zidla ngokucokisekileyo, ngamanye amaxesha zifana nezilwanyana eziqhelekileyo ezinje ngamahashe okanye iibhokhwe, kodwa zikwakwimo yamarhamncwa entelekelelo afana neenkunzi zenkomo ezinamaphiko ezinobuso bomntu.Intloko yengonyama kuyabonakala ukuba iye yaba yeyona inqwenelekayo ukuhombisa kuyo. izembe. Ukukhupha ikrele emihlathini evulekileyo yengonyama yayikukunika isixhobo amandla elona rhamncwa linamandla.

Uninzi lweebhanile zibonisa oko kuthiwa "yinkosi yezilwanyana", umfanekiso onjengomntu onentloko kaJanus, embindini elwa namarhamncwa amabini. Indima yale migangatho ayaziwa; noko ke, kusenokwenzeka ukuba zazisetyenziswa njengeetempile zasekhaya.

Ubugcisa basePersi baseLuristan abubonakalisi kuzukiswa kobugorha kunye nenkohlakalo yomntu, kodwa buyasasaza kwizilo eziqikelelwayo ezinesitayile apho kuvakala khona umnxeba wale mpucuko yakudala yaseAsia.

I-bronzes ye-Luristan ikholelwa ukuba yenziwe ngamaMedi, abantu base-Indo-Yurophu abathi, ngokubambisana namaPersi, baqala ukungena ePersi ngeli xesha. Nangona kunjalo, oku akuzange kungqinwe, kwaye abanye bakholelwa ukuba baqhagamshelwe kwimpucuko yaseKassite, amaCimmerians, okanye amaHurrians.

Mandulo

Ngexesha le-Achaemenian kunye ne-Sassanid, ukubonakaliswa kobugcisa bexhoba ngokusebenzisa i-goldsmithing kwaqhubeka nophuhliso lwayo lokuhombisa. Eminye yeyona mizekelo ibalaseleyo yentsimbi ziikomityi zesilivere ezikhazimlisiweyo kunye neepleyiti ezihonjiswe ngemiboniso yokuzingela yasebukhosini evela kumnombo wamaSassanian. Ngezantsi ziimpawu ezibalaseleyo zoluntu ngalunye kweli xesha:

iAchaemenids

Kunokuthiwa ixesha le-Achaemenid laqala ngo-549 BC. C. xa uKoreshi Omkhulu washenxisa umlawuli wamaMedi uAstyages. UKoreshi (559-530 BC), ukumkani wokuqala omkhulu wasePersi, wenza ubukhosi obabusuka eAnatolia ukuya kutsho kwiPersian Gulf bubandakanya izikumkani zamandulo zaseAsiriya naseBhabheli; noDariyo Omkhulu (522-486 BC), owangena ezihlangwini zakhe emva kwezidubedube ezahlukahlukeneyo, wayandisa ngakumbi imida yobo bukhosi.

Iingceba zebhotwe likaKoreshi ePasargadae eFars zibonisa ukuba uKoreshi wayethanda ukwakhiwa kwebhotwe elikhulu. Ufake umhombiso osekwe ngokuyinxenye kwiUrartian, ngokuyinxenye kubugcisa obudala baseAsiriya naseBhabheli, njengoko wayefuna ukuba ubukhosi bakhe bubonakale buyindlalifa efanelekileyo yeUrartu, Assur neBhabheli.

IPasargadae yayigubungela ummandla omalunga neekhilomitha ezili-1,5 ubude yaye yayiquka amabhotwe, itempile, nengcwaba lokumkani wookumkani. Iinkunzi zeenkomo ezinamaphiko, ezingasekhoyo, zaguqa isango lesango, kodwa umfanekiso okroliweyo kwelinye lala masango usekho.

Ihlotshiswe nge-bas-relief ebonisa umoya womgcini onamaphiko amane kwisambatho eside sohlobo lwama-Elam, intloko yayo ithweswe isithsaba esinzima sentloko yaseYiputa. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX umbhalo obhalwe kulo mfanekiso wawusenokubonwa kwaye uqondwe:

“Mna, uKoreshi, kumkani, umAkayi (ndikwenzile oku)”.

Iholo esembindini yenye yezi bhotwe yayinemifanekiso eqingqiweyo ebonisa ukumkani eqhubeka nomphathi. Kulo mfanekiso okwesihlandlo sokuqala kwi-sculpture yase-Iranian, izambatho ezithandekayo zivela, ngokungafaniyo nengubo ecacileyo yomoya womgcini onamaphiko amane, eyenziwe ngokwezithethe zobugcisa bamandulo baseMpuma, obungavumeli intshukumo encinci okanye ubomi.

Ubugcisa beAchaemenid basePersi apha buphawula inyathelo lokuqala kuphononongo lwendlela yokubonakalisa eyayiza kuphuhliswa ngamagcisa asePersepolis.

Amangcwaba e-rock-cut e-Pasargadae, e-Naqsh-e Rustam nakwezinye iindawo zingumthombo oxabisekileyo wolwazi kwiindlela zokwakha ezisetyenziswe kwixesha le-Achaemenid. Ubukho bama-capital e-Ionic kwelinye lawona mangcwaba angaphambili bucebisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba le ndlela ibalulekileyo yokwakha yaziswa kwi-Ionian Greece esuka ePersi, ngokuchasene noko ngokuqhelekileyo kucingelwa ukuba.

Ngaphantsi kukaDariyo, i-Achaemenid Empire yayijikeleze iYiputa kunye neLibhiya ngasentshona kwaye yolulela kuMlambo i-Indus empuma. Ngexesha lolawulo lwakhe, uPasargadae wathotyelwa kwindima yesibini kwaye umlawuli omtsha wakhawuleza waqala ukwakha ezinye iibhotwe, okokuqala eSusa nasePersepolis.

ISusa yayilelona ziko lolawulo libalulekileyo kuBukhosi bukaDariyo, indawo ekuyo phakathi kweBhabheli nePasargadae yayithandeka kakhulu. Isakhiwo sebhotwe elalakhiwe eSusa sasisekelwe kumgaqo waseBhabheli, sineenkundla ezinkulu ezintathu ezingaphakathi apho yayiyindawo yokwamkela iindwendwe kunye negumbi lokuhlala. Kwintendelezo yebhotwe, iipaneli zezitena ezikhazimlayo ze-polychrome zazihombise iindonga.

Ezi zibandakanya iingonyama ezinamaphiko ezinentloko yomntu phantsi kwediski enamaphiko, kunye nokubizwa ngokuba yi "Immortals". Amagcisa awenza aza abeka ezi zitena ayevela eBhabhiloni, apho kwakukho isithethe solu hlobo lokuhombisa izakhiwo.

Nangona uDariyo wakha izakhiwo ezininzi eSusa, waziwa kakhulu ngomsebenzi wakhe ePersepolis (ibhotwe lasePersepolis elakhiwa nguDariyo kwaye lagqitywa nguXerxes), iikhilomitha ezingama-30 kumzantsi-ntshona wePasargadae. Lo mhombiso uquka ukusetyenziswa kwamatye akroliweyo eludongeni abonisa imingcelele engapheliyo yamagosa enkundla, abalindi neentlanga eziphuma kuzo zonke iindawo zoBukhosi bamaPersi.

Abakroli abasebenza ngamaqela bakrola le mifanekiso mikrolo, yaye qela ngalinye latyobela umsebenzi walo ngophawu olwahlukileyo lomakhi. Le mizobo yenziwa ngendlela eyomileyo nephantse yabanda ngokusesikweni, kodwa icocekile kwaye intle, isitayile ukusukela ngoku besiyimpawu yobugcisa beAchaemenid Persian kwaye iyachasaniswa nentshukumo kunye nomdlandla wobugcisa baseAsiriya kunye neNeo-Babylonian.

Obu bugcisa basePersi bekufanele bubambe umbukeli kunye nomfuziselo wabo kwaye budlulise imvakalelo yobungangamsha; Ke ngoko, amaxabiso obugcisa athotyelwa ngasemva.

Ukumkani ungumntu obalaseleyo kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo yasePersepolis, kwaye kubonakala ngathi yonke injongo yesicwangciso sokuhlobisa yayikuzukisa ukumkani, ubungangamsha bakhe namandla akhe. Ke, sinokubona kwakhona ukuba imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yePersepolis yahlukile kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo yaseAsiriya, eyimbali eyimbali kwaye ijolise ekuboniseni impumelelo yokumkani.

Noko ke, izinto ezifanayo ziyafana kangangokuba kucace mhlophe ukuba inxalenye enkulu yolu hlobo lwesiqabu imele ukuba yayivela eAsiriya. Impembelelo yamaGrike, iYiputa, i-Urartian, iBhabhiloni, i-Elamite, kunye neSkitiya nayo inokubonwa kwi-Achaemenid art. Oku mhlawumbi akumangalisi, ngenxa yoluhlu olubanzi lwabantu abaqeshwe ekwakhiweni kwePersepolis.

Ubugcisa be-Achaemenid Persian, nangona kunjalo, bukwazi ukuphembelela abanye, kwaye i-imprint yayo iphawuleka kakhulu kubugcisa bokuqala baseIndiya, apho mhlawumbi yadibana nayo ngeBactria. Ubunyani bobugcisa be-Achaemenid basePersi bubonakalisa amandla alo ekufanekiseni izilwanyana, njengoko kunokubonwa kwiimifanekiso ezininzi ezipholileyo ePersepolis.

Zikrolwe ematyeni okanye ngobhedu, izilwanyana zasebenza njengabagcini bokungena okanye, ngokuphindaphindiweyo njengezixhaso zeevasi, apho zaye zahlanganiswa zibe zithathu, umanyano lwazo luvuselela izithethe zamandulo ze-tripods ezinemilenze ephela kwimpuphu okanye i-paw. yengonyama. Abaculi base-Achaemenian babeyinzala efanelekileyo yezilwanyana zezilwanyana zaseLuristan.

Imisebenzi yesilivere, i-glazing, igolide, ukutyhilwa kobhedu, kunye nomsebenzi we-inlay umelwe kakuhle kwi-Achaemenid art yasePersi. I-Oxus Treasure, iqoqo le-170 yegolide kunye neesilivere zesilivere ezifunyenwe nguMlambo i-Oxus ukusuka kwi-XNUMXth ukuya kwi-XNUMXth inkulungwane ye-BC Phakathi kweziqwenga ezaziwa kakhulu zimbini zezacholo zegolide ezineetheminali ngendlela yeegriffins ezineempondo, iglasi efakwe ekuqaleni kunye. amatye anemibala.

Ubugcisa basePersi beeAchaemenids luqhubekeko olunengqiqo lwento eyandulelayo, ifikelela incopho yesakhono sobuchule esigqwesileyo kunye nobuhle obungazange bubonwe ngaphambili obubonakala ePersepolis. Ubugcisa basePersi bama-Achaemenian bumiliselwe nzulu ngexesha apho ama-Irani okuqala afika ethafeni, kwaye ubutyebi bayo buqokelele ukutyhubela iinkulungwane ukuze ekugqibeleni bube impumelelo ebalaseleyo yobugcisa beIran namhlanje.

ixesha lamaGrike

Emva kokuba uAleksandire oyise uBukhosi bamaPersi (ngowama-331 BC), ubugcisa basePersi benza utshintsho. AmaGrike nama-Irani ahlala kunye kwisixeko esinye, apho ukutshatana kwaba yinto eqhelekileyo. Ngaloo ndlela, iimbono ezimbini ezahluke ngokupheleleyo ngobomi nobuhle zaxambulisana.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, yonke into enomdla yayijoliswe kwimodeli yeplastiki yomzimba kunye nezenzo zayo; ngelixa kwelinye kwakungekho nto ngaphandle kokoma kunye nobukhulu, umbono ocacileyo, ukuqina kunye nokuhamba phambili. Ubugcisa beGreco-Iranian yayiyimveliso enengqondo yokudibana.

Abaphumeleleyo, abamelwe yinzala kaSeleucid yemvelaphi yaseMacedonian, batshintsha ubugcisa bamandulo basempuma kunye neefom zeHellenistic apho indawo kunye nembono, izijekulo, amakhethini kunye nezinye izixhobo zazisetyenziselwa ukucebisa intshukumo okanye iimvakalelo ezahlukeneyo, nangona kunjalo, kusekho Ezinye iimpawu zasempuma zahlala.

AmaPati

Ngo-250 BC C., abantu abatsha baseIran abangamaParthians, bavakalisa inkululeko yabo kumaSeleucus baza baphinda bamisela uBukhosi baseMpuma obabunabela kumEfrate. Ukubuyiswa kwakhona kwelizwe ngamaParthi kwazisa ukubuya kancinci kwizithethe zaseIran. Ubuchule bakhe buphawule ukunyamalala kwefomu yeplastiki.

Amanani aqinileyo, ahlala enamatye anqabileyo kakhulu, anxibe iimpahla zaseIran kunye ne-drapery yawo egxininiswe ngoomatshini kunye nemonotonous, ngoku iboniswe ngokucwangcisiweyo ijonge phambili, oko kukuthi, ngqo kumbukeli.

Esi yayisisixhobo esasisetyenziswa kwimizobo yamandulo yaseMesopotamiya kuphela kwimifanekiso ebaluleke kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, amaParthi awenza umthetho wamanani amaninzi, kwaye ukusuka kuwo adlulela kubugcisa baseByzantine. Umfanekiso omhle wobhedu (kaShami) kunye nezinye izinto eziqingqiweyo (eTang-i-Sarwak naseBisutun) zibalaselisa ezi mpawu.

Ngexesha leParthian, i-iwan yaba yindlela yolwakhiwo olubanzi. Le yayiyiholo enkulu, evulekileyo kwelinye icala enophahla oluphakamileyo. Imizekelo emihle ngokukodwa ifunyenwe e-Ashur naseHatra. Kwasetyenziswa udaka lwegypsum olukhawulezayo ekwakhiweni kwala magumbi makhulu.

Mhlawumbi idityaniswe ekusetyenzisweni okwandisiweyo kodaka lwe-plaster yayikukuphuhliswa komhombiso we-plaster stucco. I-Iran yayingaqhelananga nokuhonjiswa kwe-stucco phambi kwamaParthi, phakathi kwayo yayiyifashoni yokuhlobisa kwangaphakathi kunye nokupeyinta eludongeni. Umzobo oseludongeni weDura-Europos, okwi-Euphrates, ubonisa uMithras ezingela izilwanyana ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Imizekelo emininzi yodongwe lweParthian 'clinky', ingqayi ebomvu eqinile eyenza ingxolo eqhwanyazayo xa ibethwa, inokufumaneka kwindawo yaseZagros entshona yeIran. Kukwaxhaphakile ukufumana izitya zomdongwe ezimenyezelayo ezinomkhenkce oluhlaza oluhlaza okanye oluhlaza, zipeyintwe ngendlela ephefumlelweyo yamaGrike.

Ngeli xesha ubucwebe obuhonjisiweyo obunamatye amakhulu okanye amatye anqabileyo eglasi avela. Ngelishwa, akukho nto enokuthi ibhalwe ngamaParthiya iye yasinda, ngaphandle kwemibhalo embalwa kwiimali kunye neeakhawunti ngababhali bamaGrike nabaseLatini; nangona kunjalo, ezi ngxelo zazingenanjongo.

Iingqekembe zeParthian ziluncedo ekusekeni ukulandelelana kookumkani, babhekisa kubo kwezi ngqekembe njenge "Hellenophiles", kodwa oku kwakuyinyaniso kuphela kuba babechasene namaRoma. Ixesha leParthian yaba sisiqalo sohlaziyo lomoya welizwe laseIran. Lo mzobo wasePersi wenza isiseko esibalulekileyo senguqu; eyakhokelela kwelinye icala kubugcisa baseByzantium, kwaye kwelinye ukuya kwiSassanids kunye neIndiya.

abasasani

Ngeendlela ezininzi, ixesha leSassanid (224-633 AD) labona impumelelo enkulu yempucuko yasePersi kwaye yayibubukhosi bokugqibela be-Iranian ngaphambi kokuba amaSilamsi ahlasele. Ubukhosi baseSassanid, njengeAchaemenid, bavela kwiphondo laseFars. Bazibona njengabalandela ama-Achaemenians, emva kokungenelela kwamaGrike kunye neParthian, kwaye bayibona njengendima yabo ekubuyiseleni ubukhulu be-Iran.

Ekuphakameni kwabo, uBukhosi baseSasani banwenwela ukusuka eSiriya ukuya kutsho kumntla-ntshona weIndiya; kodwa impembelelo yakhe yavakala ngaphaya kwale mida yezopolitiko. I-Sassanian motifs yanyanzeliswa kubugcisa be-Asia Ephakathi kunye ne-China, uBukhosi baseByzantine kunye ne-Merovingian France.

Ekuvuseleleni ubukhazikhazi bexesha elidlulileyo le-Achaemenid, amaSassanids ayengengabo abaxelisa nje. Ubugcisa basePersi beli xesha bubonisa ubudoda obumangalisayo. Kwiimeko ezithile, ilindele ukuba izinto eziveliswe kamva ngexesha lamaSilamsi. Ukoyiswa kwePersi nguAleksandire Omkhulu kwaqalisa ukusasazeka kobugcisa bamaGrike kwintshona yeAsia; kodwa ukuba iMpuma yayilwamkele uhlobo lwangaphandle lobu bugcisa, ayizange iwulandele ngokwenene umoya wayo.

Ngexesha lamaParthian, ubugcisa bamaGrike babusele bucaciswa kancinci ngabantu baseMpuma Ekufuphi, kwaye ngamaxesha aseSassanian kwakukho inkqubo eqhubekayo yokuchasa. Ubugcisa baseSassanid basePersi bavuselela iindlela kunye nezenzo zemveli zasePersi; kwaye kwinqanaba lamaSilamsi bafikelela kunxweme lweMeditera.

Ubungangamsha ababehlala kuzo iinkosi zaseSassanid bumelwe ngokugqibeleleyo zizibhotwe ezasala zimile, kunye nezo zaseFiruzabad naseBishapur eFars, kunye nemetropolis yaseCtesiphon eMesopotamiya. Ukongeza kwimikhwa yasekhaya, uyilo lweParthian kufuneka lube ngumqinisekisi wezinto ezahlukeneyo zoyilo lweSassanid.

Zonke ziphawulwa zii-iwans ezivalwe ngomgqomo ezaziswa ngexesha leParthian, kodwa ngoku zifumene ubungakanani obukhulu, ngakumbi eCtesiphon. I-arch yeholo enkulu ephahleni e-Ctesiphon eyabalelwa kulawulo luka-Shapur I (AD 241-272) inobude obungaphezulu kweenyawo ezingama-80 kwaye ifikelela kubude obuziimitha ezili-118 ukusuka emhlabeni.

Esi sakhiwo sinobukhazikhazi bezakhiwo zamagnetic abakhi bezakhiwo kumaxesha amva kwaye besithandwa njengenye yezona ziqwenga zibalulekileyo zoyilo lwasePersi. Uninzi lwamabhotwe lungaphakathi kwiholo yabaphulaphuli ekhoyo, njengaseFiruzabad, kwigumbi eligqibelele ngedome.

AmaPersi ayisombulula ingxaki yokumisa idome engqukuva kumsebenzi osisikwere ngokukruqula. Okungeyonto ngaphandle kwe-arch ephakanyiswe ecaleni kwekona nganye yesikwere, ngaloo ndlela iguqulwa ibe yi-octagon apho kulula ukubeka idome. Igumbi ledome lebhotwe eFiruzabad ngumzekelo wokuqala wokuphila wokusetyenziswa kwe-squinch, kwaye ke ngoko kukho isizathu esilungileyo sokujonga iPersi njengendawo yokwenziwa kwayo.

Phakathi kwezinto ezingaqhelekanga zoyilo lweSassanian, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwendawo kungakhankanywa. Umyili weSassanid wayenomfanekiso wokwakhiwa kwakhe kwimiqondo yemithamo kunye nomgangatho; kungoko ukusetyenziswa kweendonga zezitena eziqinileyo ezihonjiswe nge-stucco engumzekelo okanye esetyenzisiweyo.

Imihombiso yodonga lwe-stucco ibonakala e-Bishapur, kodwa imizekelo engcono igcinwe ukusuka e-Chal Tarkhan kufuphi ne-Rayy (i-Sassanid kade okanye i-Islamic yamandulo ngomhla), kunye ne-Ctesiphon kunye ne-Kish e-Mesopotamia. Iiphaneli zibonisa amanani ezilwanyana kwizangqa, iibhasi zabantu, kunye nejometri kunye neentyantyambo zentyatyambo.

E-Bishapur, eminye imigangatho yayihonjiswe ngemizobo ebonisa iinyaniso zolonwabo njengakwisidlo; Ulawulo lwamaRoma lucacile apha, kwaye i-mosaics inokuba ifakwe ngamabanjwa aseRoma. Izakhiwo zazihonjiswe nangemizobo eludongeni; imizekelo emihle ngokukhethekileyo iye yafunyanwa eKuh-i Khwaja eSistan.

Kwelinye icala, umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaSassanid unika umahluko olinganayo nowaseGrisi naseRoma. Okwangoku, malunga namashumi amathathu emifanekiso eqingqiweyo yamatye esaphila, uninzi lwayo lukwiFars. Njengazo zexesha le-Achaemenid, zikrolwe kwisiqabu, ngokuphindaphindiweyo kumatye akude kwaye angenakufikeleleka. Abanye bajongelwa phantsi ngokunzulu kangangokuba bazimele geqe; abanye bangaphezulu kancinci kunegrafiti. Injongo yawo kukuzukisa ukumkani.

Imizobo yokuqala yamatye eSassanid eza kunikezelwa zezo zikaFiruzabad, ezidityaniswe ekuqaleni kolawulo lukaArdashir I kwaye zisanxibelelene nemigaqo yobugcisa beParthian Persian. Uncedo ngokwalo luncinci kakhulu, iinkcukacha zenziwa ngokusikwa okucokisekileyo kwaye iifom zinzima kwaye zininzi, kodwa zingabikho ngamandla athile.

Esinye isiqabu, esikrolwe kwilitye elikumwonyo weTang-i-Ab kufutshane neThafa laseFiruzabad, sinemiboniso emithathu eyahlukeneyo ebonisa ngokucacileyo imbono yase-Iranian yedabi njengoluhlu lothethathethwano lomntu ngamnye.

Abaninzi bamele utyalo-mali lokumkani nguthixo "Ahura mazda" kunye neempawu zolongamo; abanye luloyiso lukakumkani phezu kweentshaba zakhe. Basenokuba baphenjelelwe yimisebenzi yoloyiso lwamaRoma, kodwa indlela yonyango nengcaciso yahluke kakhulu. I-reliefs yaseRoma yimifanekiso egciniweyo ehlala izama ukunyaniseka.

Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yaseSasanian ikhumbula isiganeko ngokubonisa ngokufuziselayo isiganeko esiphezulu: umzekelo, kwi-sculpture ye-Naksh-i-Rustam (inkulungwane yesi-XNUMX), uMlawuli waseRoma u-Valerian unika izandla zakhe kumnqobi uShapur I. Abalinganiswa bobuthixo kunye nobukhosi bamelwe kwi-a. umlinganiselo omkhulu kunowabantu abaphantsi. Iingoma, njengomthetho, zi-symmetrical.

Amanani abantu athanda ukuba lukhuni kwaye abe nzima, kwaye kukho ukungahambi kakuhle ekunikezelweni kweenkcukacha ezithile ze-anatomical ezifana namagxa kunye nomzimba. Umzobo wokunceda wafikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu phantsi kwe-Bahram I (273-76), unyana kaShapur I, owayenoxanduva lomcimbi omhle we-Bishapur, apho iifom zilahlekelwe kuko konke ukuqina kwaye umsebenzi wenziwa ngokucokisekileyo kwaye unamandla.

Ukuba yonke ingqokelela yemifanekiso yamatye yaseSassanid ithathelwa ingqalelo, ukunyuka nokuwa kwesitayile kuya kubonakala; Ukuqala kwiifom ezisicaba zeendlela zokuqala zokuhombisa ezisekwe kwisithethe saseParatian, ubugcisa basePersi baba nobuchule ngakumbi kwaye, ngenxa yempembelelo yaseNtshona, iifom ezingqukuva ngakumbi zavela ngexesha leSapphire I.

Ukufikeleleka kwisiganeko esimangalisayo se-Bahrain I e-Bishapur, emva koko sibuyele kwiifom ze-hackneyed kunye neefomu ezingaphefumlelwanga phantsi kwe-Narsah, kwaye ekugqibeleni zibuyele kwisitayile esingeyo-classical esibonakala kwimifanekiso ye-Khosroe II. Akukho mzamo wokubonisa ubugcisa basePersi baseSassanid, kungekhona kule mifanekiso iqingqiweyo okanye kwimizobo yangempela eboniswe kwiinqanawa zentsimbi okanye iingqekembe zabo. Umlawuli ngamnye wahlulwa ngokulula kwisithsaba sakhe esithile.

Kubugcisa obuncinci, ngokudabukisayo akukho mizobo isaphila, kwaye ixesha le-Sassanid libonakaliswa kakuhle yintsimbi. Inani elikhulu leenqanawa zetsimbi liye lachazwa ngeli xesha; ezininzi zezi zifunyenwe kumazantsi eRashiya.

Ziza kwiimilo ezahlukeneyo kwaye zityhila inqanaba eliphezulu lobuchule bobugcisa kunye nokuhombisa okwenziwa ngokubetha, ukucofa, ukukrola okanye ukuphosa. Imixholo edla ngokuboniswa kwiipleyiti zesilivere yayiquka ukuzingela kwasebukhosini, imisitho, ukumkani obekwe etroneni okanye amatheko, abadanisi kunye nemidlalo yonqulo.

Imikhumbi yayihonjiswe ngoyilo olwenziwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo; iipakethi ezicwebileyo, ezicwecwe okanye ezifakwe kunye ne-cloisonné enamel. I-Motifs ibandakanya abantu benkolo, imiboniso yokuzingela apho ukumkani athatha indawo ephambili, kunye nezilwanyana zasentsomini ezifana negriffin enamaphiko. Olu yilo lunye lwenzeka kwiilaphu zaseSassanian. Ukulukwa kwesilika kwaqaliswa ePersi ngookumkani baseSassanian kunye nokuluka kwesilika yasePersi kwada kwafunyanwa imarike eYurophu.

Ambalwa amalaphu e-Sassanid aziwa namhlanje, ngaphandle kwamaqhekeza amancinci avela kwii-abbeys ezahlukeneyo zaseYurophu kunye neecathedrals. Kumalaphu asebukhosini ahonjiswe kakhulu, agalelwe iiperile namatye anqabileyo, akukho nto iye yasinda.

Baziwa kuphela ngeembekiselo ezahlukeneyo zoncwadi kunye nesiganeko somsitho eTaq-i-Bustan, apho uKhosroe II enxibe isambatho sobukhosi esifana neso sichazwe kwintsomi, elukwe ngentambo yegolide kwaye sifakwe iiperile kunye namaso.

Okufanayo kuya kumbhoxo odumileyo wegadi, "iSpring of Khosroe". Yenziwe ngexesha lolawulo lukaKhosroe I (531 - 579), ikhaphethi yayiyi-90 square feet. Inkcazo kabani yababhali-mbali bama-Arabhu ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

“Umda wawunentyantyambo entle, enamatye aluhlaza, abomvu, amhlophe, amthubi, naluhlaza; ngasemva umbala womhlaba wawulinganiswe ngegolide; amatye acwebe ngekristale anika inkohliso yamanzi; izityalo zenziwe ngesilika kwaye iziqhamo zenziwe ngamatye anemibala».

Noko ke, ama-Arabhu awusika lo mtya umhle waba ziziqwenga ezininzi, ezathi emva koko zathengiswa ngokwahlukeneyo. Mhlawumbi olona phawu lubalaseleyo lobugcisa beSassani sisihombiso sayo, esasimiselwe ukuba sibe nempembelelo enkulu kubugcisa bobuSilamsi.

Uyilo luthande ukulingano kwaye ukusetyenziswa okuninzi kwenziwa ngeembasa ezincanyathiselweyo. Izilwanyana kunye neentaka kunye neentyantyambo ezimibalabala zazidla ngokuboniswa nge-healdically, oko kukuthi, ngababini, zijongene okanye emva komva.

Ezinye i-motifs, ezifana noMthi woBomi, zinembali yamandulo kwiMpuma Ekufuphi; abanye, njengenamba kunye nehashe elinamaphiko, babonisa uthando oluqhubekayo lobugcisa baseAsia kunye nentsomi.

Ubugcisa basePersi baseSassanid basasazeke kumhlaba omkhulu osuka eMpuma Ekude ukuya kunxweme lweAtlantiki kwaye badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuyilweni kobugcisa bamaXesha Aphakathi aseYurophu naseAsia. Ubugcisa bamaSilamsi, nangona kunjalo, yayiyindlalifa yokwenyani yobugcisa basePersi-Sassanid, iingcamango ekwakufanele zihlanganiswe kwaye, kwangaxeshanye, zifake ubomi obutsha kunye namandla ahlaziyiweyo.

ixesha lokuqala lobuislam

Uloyiso lwama-Arabhu ngenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX AD lwezisa iPersi kuluntu lwamaSilamsi; nangona kunjalo, kwakusePersi apho intshukumo entsha yobugcisa bobuSilamsi yadibana novavanyo lwayo olunzima. Ukuqhagamshelana nabantu abaphumelele kakhulu kwizobugcisa kunye nenkcubeko yookhokho benza impembelelo enzulu kubanqobi bamaSulumane.

Xa ama-Abbasid enza iBaghdad ikomkhulu lawo (kufuphi nesixeko samandulo sabalawuli baseSassania), kwabakho impembelelo enkulu yamaPersi. Iicaliph zayamkela inkcubeko yamandulo yamaPersi; umgaqo-nkqubo walandelwa nakwiinkundla zabalawuli basekuhlaleni abazimeleyo (amaSamanids, ama-Buyids, njl.), nto leyo eyakhokelela ekuvuselelweni kwezithethe zamaPersi kubugcisa noncwadi.

Naphi na apho kwakunokwenzeka, ubomi obutsha baphefumlelwa kwilifa lenkcubeko yobugcisa basePersi, kwaye izithethe ezinganxulumananga ngokupheleleyo nobuSilamsi zagcinwa okanye zaphinda zaziswa. Imizobo yamaSilamsi (ipeyinti, imisebenzi yesinyithi, njl.njl.) yaphenjelelwa kakhulu ziindlela zaseSassanian, kwaye iindlela zokuvawula zasePersi zamkelwa kuyilo lwamaSilamsi.

Zimbalwa izakhiwo zehlabathi ezisindileyo ukususela kwixesha langaphambili, kodwa ngokujonga kwintsalela, kusenokwenzeka ukuba zigcine iimpawu ezininzi zamabhotwe aseSassanian, 'njengeholo yabaphulaphuli ephahleni' kunye 'nesicwangciso esicwangciswe kwintendelezo esembindini'. Olona tshintsho luphambili oluthe eli xesha laluzisa kuphuhliso lobugcisa yayikukunqanda ukumelwa kwemizobo yokwenyani okanye umboniso wokwenyani weziganeko zembali.

“Ngomhla wovuko, uThixo uya kubagqala abenzi bemifanekiso eqingqiweyo njengabona bantu bafanelwe kukohlwaywa.”

Ingqokelela yamazwi oMprofeti

Ekubeni amaSilamsi ayengabunyamezeli ubume obuthathu bezidalwa eziphilayo, iingcibi zasePersi zaphuhlisa zaza zandisa uluhlu lwazo olukhoyo lweefom zokuhombisa, ezathi ke zalugibisela ngamatye okanye istucco. Ezi zabonelela ngezinto ezifanayo apho amagcisa kwamanye amajelo azoba.

Uninzi lweemotifs zibuyela kwimpucuko yamandulo eMpuma Mpuma: zibandakanya izilo ezintle ezinje nge-sphinx enentloko yomntu, iigriffins, iiphoenixes, amarhamncwa asendle okanye iintaka ezibanjwe kumaxhoba azo, kunye nezixhobo zokuhombisa ezinje ngeembasa, imidiliya, iintyatyambo. kunye nerosette.

Awona makholwa angamaSilamsi anonyamezelo ayengangqongqo kangako ekuboniseni imizobo yomfuziselo, yaye kwiindawo zokuhlambela, ukuzingela okanye imizobo ebonisa uthando ngenjongo yokonwabisa abaxhasi babengafane ivuse inkcaso.

Noko ke, kumaziko onqulo, ziingcamango ezingacacanga kuphela zeendlela zabantu okanye zezilwanyana ezazinyanyezelwa. AmaPersi akhawuleza axabisa ixabiso lokuhombisa lombhalo wesiArabhu kwaye avelisa zonke iindidi zeentyatyambo kunye nemihombiso engabonakaliyo. Ukuhomba kwamaPersi ngokuqhelekileyo kwahlulwa kokwamanye amazwe amaSilamsi.

Unyango lwe-Arabesque luthande ukukhululeka ePersi kunezinye iindawo, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo, nangona kungenjalo, lugcina iifom zezityalo zendalo kunye nezaziwayo. IiPalmettes, frets, guilloches, interlacing kunye nemifanekiso yejiyometri ecacileyo efana neenkwenkwezi ze-polygonal nazo ziveliswa.

I-Calligraphy yeyona ndlela iphakamileyo yobugcisa bempucuko yamaSilamsi kwaye njengazo zonke iindlela zobugcisa eziye zadibana ne-Iran, zaphuculwa kwaye zaphuhliswa ngamaPersi. I-Ta'liq, "umbhalo ojingayo" (kunye nephuma kuyo ethi Nasta'liq) yamiselwa ngokusesikweni ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithathu; nangona yayisele ikho kangangeenkulungwane ngaphambi koku, kwaye kuthiwa ithathwe kumbhalo wakudala wangaphambi kobuSilamsi weSassanid.

Iphepha elibhaliweyo liphinde latyetyiswa bubugcisa be "Illuminator" kunye nakweminye imibhalo yesandla ngumzobi, owongeza imifanekiso emincinci. Ukuqina kwesithethe senkcubeko yasePersi kukuba, ngaphandle kweenkulungwane zohlaselo kunye nolawulo lwangaphandle lwama-Arabhu, amaMongol, amaTurkey, ama-Afghan, njl. Ubugcisa bakhe basePersi butyhila uphuhliso oluqhubekayo, ngelixa egcina ubuni bawo.

Ebudeni bolawulo lwama-Arabhu, ukubambelela kwabemi basekuhlaleni kwihlelo lamaShia lamaSilamsi (elalichasene nemithetho engqongqo yobuOthodoki) kwaba nendima enkulu ekuchaseni kwawo iingcamango zama-Arabhu. Ngexesha lokubanjwa kwe-orthodoxy, ngenxa yoloyiso lweSeljuks ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinanye, ummandla wamaPersi wawusele umiliselwe ngokunzulu kangangokuba wawungenakuphinda uncothulwe.

ixesha abadas

Nje ukuba umothuko wokuqala wohlaselo lwama-Arabhu uphelile, ama-Irani aya emsebenzini wokulinganisa abo baphumeleleyo. Amagcisa namagcisa azenza afumaneka kubalawuli abatsha nakwiimfuno zolu nqulo lutsha, yaye izakhiwo zamaSilamsi zazamkela iindlela nezinto zexesha lamaSassanian.

Ubungakanani bezakhiwo kunye nobuchule bokwakha kwixesha le-Abbasid libonisa ukuvuselelwa kwe-architecture yaseMesopotamiya. Izitena zazisetyenziselwa iindonga kunye neentsika. Ezi ntsika ke zasebenza njengezixhaso ezizimeleyo kwiivaults ezazisetyenziswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kulo lonke ilizwe lamaSilamsi, ngenxa yokunqongophala kwamaplanga okuphahla.

Uluhlu olubanzi lwee-arches kwi-architecture ye-Abbasid ikhokelela umntu ukuba akholelwe ukuba iifom zabo ezahlukeneyo zakhonza iinjongo zokuhombisa kunokuba iimfuno zesakhiwo.

Kubo bonke ubugcisa bokuhombisa, udongwe lwenza eyona nkqubela iphawulekayo ngexesha le-Abbasid. Kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX iindlela ezintsha zaphuhliswa apho uyilo olungqindilili lwapeyintwa ngebala eliqinileyo le-cobalt eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwimvelaphi emhlophe. Imibala eyahlukeneyo yokubengezela ngamanye amaxesha yayidityaniswa kwimvelaphi emhlophe, kuquka obomvu, oluhlaza, igolide, okanye omdaka.

Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, uyilo lwezilwanyana kunye nolwabantu lwaba yinto eqhelekileyo, kwindawo ethafeni okanye egqunyiweyo. Iingqayi ukusuka kwixesha lika-Abbasid ngasekupheleni (kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX ukuya kweye-XNUMX) ibandakanya:

• Izibane eziqingqiweyo okanye ezibunjiweyo, izitshizi zesiqhumiso, iitafile zomgangatho kunye neethayile ezine-enamel eluhlaza turquoise.

• Iingqayi kunye nezitya ezipeyintwe ngeentyatyambo zeentyatyambo, iigaloni, izilwanyana okanye izibalo zabantu, njl., Ngaphantsi kwe-glaze eluhlaza okanye ebonakalayo.
• Iingqayi, izitya, kunye neethayile ezipeyintwe ngombala omdaka omnyama phezu kokukhanya okukhazimlayo okuluhlaza; i-glitter ngamanye amaxesha idibaniswe nemigca eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye nohlaza.

Imizobo yamandulo ye-Abbasid yaziwa ngamaqhekeza agrunjwe eSamarra, ngaphandle kwentshona yeIran (malunga neekhilomitha ezili-100 kumntla weBaghdad, eIraq).

Le mizobo eseludongeni yafunyanwa kumagumbi okwamkela iindwendwe zezindlu zoohlohlesakhe nakwiindawo ezingezizo zikawonke-wonke zamabhotwe, ngakumbi kwiindawo zokuhlala zabafazi, apho kwakungenzelwanga zinkonzo zonqulo.

Eyona ndawo yayithandwa kakhulu kwezo zihombiso yayiziidomes ezingaphezulu kwezikwere zepaseji. Uninzi lwemifanekiso luneempawu zobuGrike, njengoko kungqinwa ngabaselayo, abadanisi, neemvumi, kodwa isitayile ngokusisiseko sisiSassanian emoyeni kunye nomxholo. Uninzi lwakhiwe ngokutsha kusetyenziswa amatye esikhumbuzo aseSassanian anje ngemifanekiso yamatye, amatywina, njl.

Kwimpuma ye-Iran, umzobo wentloko yowesifazane (ngasekupheleni kwe-XNUMX okanye ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX) efunyenwe e-Nishapur ifana kakhulu nobugcisa beSamarra; noko ke, ayichatshazelwa kangako ziimpembelelo zamaGrike.

Ubugcisa bePictorial Persian (miniatures) kwixesha lokugqibela ngaphambi kokutshatyalaliswa kwecaliphate bufumaneka ikakhulu kwimibhalo-ngqangi ebonisa imisebenzi yenzululwazi okanye yoncwadi kwaye ubukhulu becala yayithintelwe eIraq.

ii samanids

Ngokuhla kwamandla eeCaliphs kwi-XNUMXth kunye ne-XNUMXth inkulungwane, iinkosi ze-feudal ngokuthe ngcembe zabuyela kumandla, ziseka iinqununu ezizimeleyo kwimpuma ye-Iran; enye yezona zibalulekileyo zazilawulwa ngamaSamani. Abalawuli beSamanid babengabaxhasi abakhulu bobugcisa basePersi kwaye benza iBukhara kunye neSamarkand kwiTransoxiana amaziko enkcubeko adumileyo.

Awona maxwebhu apheleleyo obugcisa be-Samanid Persian afumaneka kwi-ceramics yayo, kwaye ngekhulu le-XNUMX, iimpahla zeTransoxiana zazidume kakhulu kumaphondo asempuma asePersi. Ezona ngqayi zaziwa kakhulu nezisulungekisiweyo zolu hlobo zisuka eSamarkand yileyo inemibhalo emikhulu kwiKufic (inguqulelo yokuqala yesiArabhu esetyenziswa kwiKoran, ebizwa ngegama lesixeko saseKufa eIraq) ipeyintwe ngombala omnyama kwimvelaphi eMhlophe.

Umzobo wokuhombisa awuzange uvele kwezi mpahla zeTransoxiana kwaye i-motifs yayihlala ikhutshelwa kwizinto ezilukiweyo ezinje ngeerosettes, iiroundels, kunye nomsila wepikoko "amehlo". Kwelinye icala, izinto ezenziwe ngodongwe zamaKhorasan zexesha lamaSamanid ezaziwa ngokuyintloko kwizinto ezembiwa eNishapur, azizange zibuphelise ubume bomntu, yaye kukho imizekelo yemifanekiso yabantu echasene nemvelaphi etyebileyo kwizilwanyana, iintyatyambo nemibhalo.

Ngelishwa, akukho nto iseleyo kwimizobo ye-Samanid okanye imifanekiso encinci ngaphandle kwamaqhekeza ambalwa emizobo eludongeni efunyenwe eNishapur. Esinye sezo siqwenga sinomfanekiso wobukhulu bobomi behashe likhwele ihashe, likhwele "igalophu ephaphazelayo" ngeendlela ezithatyathwe kwisithethe samaSassanid. I-falconer igqoke kwisitayela sase-Iranian kunye neempembelelo ezivela kwi-steppe, ezifana neebhuthi eziphezulu.

Ngokubhekiselele kwimpahla, oko kwasinda yimizekelo emininzi ye-tiraz (umcu welaphu elisetyenziselwa ukuhombisa umkhono) ovela kwiMerv naseNishapur. Akukho nto iseleyo kwimveliso enkulu yeeworkshops ze-textile zeTransoxiana kunye neKhorasan, ngaphandle kweqhekeza elidumileyo lesilika kunye nekotoni eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Shroud of St. Josse."

Esi siqwenga sihonjiswe ngeendlovu ezijonge enye kwenye ziphawulwe yimida yeempawu ze-kufic kunye nemiqolo yeenkamela zeBactrian. Ibhalwe ku-Abu Mansur Bukhtegin, igosa eliphezulu lenkundla yaseSamanid owagwetyelwa ukufa ngu-Abd-al-Malik ibn-Nuh ngo-960. Ilaphu liphantse livela kwi-workshop yaseKhorasan. Nangona amanani eqinile, iimodeli zeSassanian ziye zalandelwa ngokusondeleyo, kokubini kukwakheka kunye nakwimixholo yomntu ngamnye.

iiseljuks

Ixesha leSeljuk kwimbali yobugcisa kunye noyilo loyilo lithatha malunga neenkulungwane ezimbini ukusuka kuloyiso lweSeljuk kwikota yesibini yenkulungwane ye-XNUMX ukuya ekusekweni kobukhosi be-Ilkan kwikota yesibini yenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Ngeli xesha, iziko lamandla kwihlabathi lamaSilamsi lasuka kwimimandla yama-Arabhu laya e-Anatolia nase-Iran, amaziko emveli ngoku ahlala kumakomkhulu e-Seljuk: iMerv, iNishapur, iRayy, ne-Isfahan.

Ngaphandle kwabahlaseli baseTurkey, eli xesha lokuvuselelwa kwePersi liqala ngokupapashwa kwe "Shah-namah" kaFirdawsi lenza ixesha lophuhliso lobugcisa obunamandla ePersi. Ukuveliswa kwezi nkulungwane kubugcisa obubonakalayo xa kuthelekiswa nobugcisa beenkulungwane ezidlulileyo kubonisa ukutsibela phambili okukhulu.

Ukubaluleka kobugcisa be-Seljuk basePersi kukuba yaseka isikhundla esiphezulu e-Iran kwaye yamisela uphuhliso lwexesha elizayo lobugcisa kwilizwe lase-Iranian kangangeenkulungwane. Iinguqulelo zesitayile eziveliswe ngabayili be-Iran beli xesha, eneneni, zineziphumo ezinkulu, ukusuka eIndiya ukuya eAsia Minor. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ukudibana okuqinileyo phakathi kobugcisa beSeljuk kunye namaqela esitayela se-Buyids, Ghaznavids njl.

Kwiimeko ezininzi, abaculi bexesha le-Seljuk badibanisa, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha bahlanjululwa, iifom kunye neengcamango eziye zaziwa ixesha elide. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba umfanekiso awucacanga njengoko kufanele ukuba ube njalo, kunye nesikali esikhulu sokugrumba ngokungekho mthethweni e-Iran kule minyaka ilikhulu idlulileyo.

Isici esibonakalayo sezakhiwo zeli xesha kukusetyenziswa kokuhlobisa kwezitena ezingenakulinganiswa. Ukusetyenziswa kwangaphambili kweengubo ze-stucco kwiindonga zangaphandle, kunye nangaphakathi (ukufihla ubuncinci bezinto zokwakha), zayekwa, nangona ziphinde zavela kamva.

Ngokusekwa kweSeljuk Turks (1055-1256) kwaqaliswa uhlobo olwahlukileyo lwemosque. Olona phawu lumangalisayo yi-niche ephahleni okanye i-iwan eyayibalasele kumabhotwe aseSassanid kwaye yayisaziwa nangexesha leParthian. Kolu cwangciso lubizwa ngokuba yi-"cruciform" ye-mosque, i-iwan ifakwe kwiindonga ezine zenkundla ezingqongileyo.

Esi sicwangciso samkelwa ukwakhiwa kwakhona kwe-Great Mosque yase-Isfahan ngo-1121 kwaye yayisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ePersi kude kube ngoku. Umzekelo ophawulekayo yiMasjid-i-shah okanye iRoyal Mosque eyasungulwa nguShah Abbas e-Isfahan ngo-1612 kwaye yagqitywa ngo-1630.

Ekuqaleni, umhlobiso wawukrolwe okanye utyhidiwe, ngelixa i-enamel yayiyi-monochrome, nangona izinto eziqingqiweyo zemibala eyahlukeneyo zazisetyenziselwa i-lakabi (ukupenda). Ngamanye amaxesha umhlobiso wawusetyenziswe ebhodweni, upende kwi-slip emnyama phantsi kwe-glaze ecacileyo okanye enemibala ukudala umphumo we-silhouette.

Iintaka ezinkulu, izilwanyana kunye nezidalwa ezimangalisayo zibumba imifanekiso emininzi, nangona imizobo yabantu ibonakala kwi-silhouette. Amanani e-silhouette ahlala ezimeleyo, nangona kuqhelekile ukuba iifom zomntu kunye nezilwanyana zihlala ziboniswa okanye zibekwe phezulu kwimvelaphi yamagqabi.

Kwikota yokugqibela yenkulungwane ye-XNUMX kuye kwayilwa izinto zomdongwe ezintle nezihonjisiweyo zeminai (glaze), ezenziwe ngobuchule bokudubula kabini ukuseta ukumenyezela phezu kweglaze. Olu hlobo lweengqayi, olwavela eRayy, eKashan mhlawumbi naseSaveh, lubonisa iinkcukacha zokuhombisa ezifana nezitya zodongwe ezipeyintwe ngokuqaqambileyo zaseKashan. Ezinye iingoma zibonisa iziganeko zedabi okanye iziqendu ezithathwe kwi-Shah-namah.

Imifanekiso emincinci yeSeljuk eshiyeke imikhondo embalwa ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa okuxhaphakileyo ngohlaselo lwaseMongol, kumele ukuba yayihonjiswe kakhulu, njengezinye iindlela zobugcisa basePersi ngelo xesha, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo kufuneka ukuba zibonise iimpawu ezifanayo kwipeyinti yodongwe.

Iziko eliphambili lokupeyinta iincwadi ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX neye-XNUMX yayiyiIraq, kodwa lo mzobo wawunempembelelo ephawulekayo yaseIran. Imizekelo emininzi emihle yeeSeljuk Qur'ans isindile, kwaye iphawulwe ngokupeyinta iphepha lesihloko esihle kakhulu, ihlala inamandla ngokwejometri ngokomlinganiswa, kunye nombhalo weKufic okhokelayo.

Ngexesha le-Seljuk ukusebenza kwesinyithi kwakuxhaphake ngakumbi ngamanqanaba aphezulu kakhulu okusebenza. Ubhedu lwaluyeyona nto yayisetyenziswa kakhulu ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX neye-XNUMX (ubhedu buye bongezwa kamva).

Izinto ezenziweyo zenziwe, zikrolwe, ngamanye amaxesha zihonjiswe ngesilivere okanye ubhedu okanye zibulawe kwi-fretwork, kwaye kwezinye iimeko zihonjiswe ngemihombiso ye-enamel. Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibini, ubuchule be-repoussé kunye nokukrola zongezwa kwezo zobhedu okanye ubhedu olufakwe ngegolide, isilivere, ubhedu kunye ne-niello.

Umzekelo ophawulekayo yityhubhu yobhedu eqatywe ngesilivere nobhedu ngoku egcinwe kwiMyuziyam yaseHermitage eLeningrad. Ngokombhalo wayo, yenziwa eHerat ngo-1163.

Ngelo xesha uluhlu olubanzi lwezinto zaveliswa njengezitshisi ze-perfume ngokuqhelekileyo njengezilwanyana, izibuko, iikhandlela, njl. kwaye kubonakala ngathi amanye awona magcisa ahamba kakhulu ukuya kuphumeza iikhomishini ngeziqwenga ezintle ezithunyelwe imigama emide.

Ixesha leSeljuk ngokungathandabuzekiyo lelinye lawona maxesha okudala kakhulu kwimbali yehlabathi lamaSilamsi. Ibonise impumelelo ebalaseleyo kuzo zonke iinkalo zobugcisa, kunye nomahluko ofihlakeleyo ukusuka komnye ummandla ukuya komnye.

IiMongol kunye ne-Ilkhanate

Uhlaselo lwaseMongol ngenkulungwane ye-1220 lwatshintsha ubomi eIran ngokugqibeleleyo nangokusisigxina. Uhlaselo lukaGenghis Khan ngeminyaka yoo-1258s lwatshabalalisa ubomi kunye nepropathi kumntla-mpuma weIran ngomlinganiselo omkhulu. Ngowe-XNUMX, uHulagu Khan, umzukulwana kaGenghis Khan, wagqiba ukuthimba iIran waza wazinzisa ulawulo lwakhe eIraq, eIran nakwinxalenye enkulu yeAnatolia.

Ngekomkhulu lakhe eMaragha kumantla-ntshona eIran, waseka ubukumkani be-Ilkhanid, obuphantsi kwe-Great Khan, uQubilai, umbusi waseTshayina naseMongolia.

Ubukhosi be-Ilkan, obususela kwi-1251 ukuya ku-1335, bumele kubugcisa basePersi (imizobo, i-ceramics kunye ne-goldsmithing) ixesha lempembelelo enkulu kwiMpuma Ekude. Kamva i-Ilkhanates yazama ukulungisa enye intshabalalo eyabangelwa luhlaselo lwabo olutshabalalisayo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, yakha izixeko ezitsha yaye iqesha amagosa omthonyama ukuba alawule ilizwe.

Uyilo lwe-Ilkania yayingeyonto entsha ngexesha layo, kodwa iqhubekile nezicwangciso zeSeljuk kunye nobuchule. I-architection ye-Seljuk ephindwe kabini yayithandwa kakhulu phakathi kwe-Ilkhanates kunye nemiboniso yezitena zokuhombisa, nangona zingalahlwanga ngokupheleleyo, zinike ithuba lokunyuka kokusetyenziswa kwezinto zobumba ezikhazimlayo.

E-Iran, imigangatho emikhulu yangaphakathi nangaphandle yagqunywa okokuqala nge-faience mosaics (ithayile mosaic) yejometri, iintyatyambo kunye ne-calligraphic motif ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Ubuchwephesha bunokuthi bungeniswe kwakhona ngeli xesha ukusuka eAsia Minor, apho amagcisa asePersi abalekela khona ngaphambi kokuhlasela kweMongol. Enye yezikhumbuzo zokuqala zaseIran ezineendawo ezinkulu ze-faience mosaics yi-Oljeitu Mausoleum eSultaniya.

Ngokuphathelele izinto zomdongwe, zonke izinto ezenziwa eRayy zayekwa emva kokutshatyalaliswa kwamaMongol ngowe-1220, kodwa izinto ezenziwe ngodongwe zaseKashan zabuya ngoko nangoko kubunzima bayo ngowe-1224.

Iithayile zazisetyenziswa kakhulu kokubini kuhombiso loyilo kunye nakwimihrab nakwi-Imamzada Yahya yaseVaramin enemihrab eqala ukuvela c. 1265, kunye nokutyikitywa kombumbi odumileyo waseKashan uAli ibn-Muhammad ibn Ali Tahir. Ezi zazibizwa ngokuba yikashi ngokweziko labo lemveliso eKashan.

Kukho iindidi ezimbini zomdongwe kakhulu ezinxulumene ne-Ilkhanates, enye yi "Sultanabad" (ogama lakhe lathatyathwa apho iziqwenga zokuqala zafunyanwa khona kwingingqi yeSultanabad) kunye nezinye "Lajvardina" (umlandeli olula wobuchule beMinai). . Ipeyinti engaphezulu yegolide kubunzulu obuzuba bukhazimlayo yenza iLajvardina tableware ibe yenye yezona zinto zimangalisayo kwezakha zaveliswa ePersi.

Ngokuchaseneyo noku, i-ware ye-Sultanabad ine-potted kakhulu kwaye isebenzisa rhoqo isiliphu esingwevu esinamagqabantshintshi, ngelixa olunye uhlobo lubonisa ipeyinti emnyama phantsi kwe-turquoise glaze. Ipatheni ikumgangatho ongakhathaliyo, kodwa udongwe lulonke lunomdla okhethekileyo njengomzekelo oqhelekileyo wendlela ii-motifs zaseTshayina zahlasela ngayo isithethe somdongwe wasePersi.

Isinyithi esaye sachulumancisa kumntla-mpuma wePersi, iKhurassan, neTransoxiana, nayo yatsala nzima ngenxa yohlaselo lwamaMongol; nangona kunjalo, ayizange iphele ngokupheleleyo. Emva komsantsa kwimveliso ephantse ibe yinkulungwane, enokufana ngokusondeleyo kuyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nokupeyinta, ishishini lavuselelwa. Amaziko aphambili ayekuMbindi weAsia, eAzerbaijan (iziko eliphambili lenkcubeko yamaMongol), nakumazantsi eIran.

Ukudityaniswa kwesitayile sasePersi, eMesopotamiya kunye neMamluk luphawu kuyo yonke i-Ilkhanate goldsmithing. Ukufakwa kwentsimbi yaseMesopotamiya kubonakala ngathi kuphefumlelwe ngobuchule bobugcisa basePersi, awabuphuhlisayo wabuphucula. Ubhedu lwaye lwathatyathelw’ indawo lubhedu, kufakwe igolide endaweni yobhedu olubomvu.

Kwakukho umkhwa wokugubungela wonke umhlaba kwiipateni zomhombiso, kwaye amanani abantu kunye nezilwanyana ahlala echazwa kakuhle. Nangona kunjalo, imisebenzi yamaPersi yabonisa ukukhetha kwindlela yokufaka kunye nobuchule bokukrola obunqanda ukuqina kunye neekhonto ezichanekileyo. Kwakhona kwakukho ukungafuni ukugubungela yonke indawo ngokuhombisa.

Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, impembelelo yeMpuma Ekude ibonakala kuzo zombini izitayile zasePersi naseMesopotamiya kunyango lwendalo lwezihombiso zezityalo (kubandakanya intyatyambo yelotus…) kunye nemo yomntu eqhelekile.

i timurids

Kwiminyaka elikhulu elinamashumi amahlanu emva kokuba amaMongoli ahlasela iIran okokuqala, imikhosi kaTimur the Lame (uTamerlane, umoyisi owayesoyikeka kancinane kunoyise uGenghis Khan) yahlasela iIran isuka kumntla-mpuma. Abachwephesha basinda ekubulaweni kwabantu kwaye basiwa kwikomkhulu labo iSamarkand, abathi bahombisa ngezakhiwo ezibukekayo, kubandakanywa iibhotwe ezoyiswayo ngoku kunye nemizobo eludongeni ebonisa uloyiso lukaTimur.

Ngexesha likaShah Rukh no-Oleg Begh, umzobo wamaPersi owenziwe ngemifanekiso emincinane wafikelela kwinqanaba lemfezeko kangangokuba waba ngumzekelo kuzo zonke izikolo zamva zokuzoba ePersi. Olona phawu luphawuleka kakhulu lwesitayile esitsha seTimurid (nangona sithatyathwe kwixesha langaphambili le-Ilkan) yimbono entsha yendawo.

Kwipeyinti encinci, i-horizon ibekwe phezulu ukwenzela ukuba iindiza ezahlukeneyo zenziwe apho izinto, amanani, imithi, iintyatyambo kunye nezakhiwo zokwakha zicwangciswe phantse kwimbono. Oku kwavumela igcisa ukuba lipeyinte amaqela amakhulu aneentlobo ezininzi kunye nezithuba, kwaye ngaphandle kokuxinana. Yonke into ibalwa, le yimifanekiso eyenza iimfuno eziphezulu kumbukeli kwaye azibonakalisi iimfihlo zabo.

Ezibini zezona zikolo zinefuthe elikhulu yayiseShiraz naseHerat. Ke phantsi koxhaso lukaSultan Ibrahim (1414-35), isikolo saseShiraz, esakhelwe kwisitayile sangaphambili saseTimurid, sadala indlela yokupeyinta enesitayile esiphezulu apho imibala eqaqambileyo neyomeleleyo yayibalasele. Iingoma bezilula kwaye ziqulethe amanani ambalwa.

Eso sixeko sinye kamva saba liziko elibalulekileyo lesitayile saseTurkmen esathiywa emva kobukumkani obulawulayo basentshona nakumazantsi eIran. Iimpawu zesi simbo zityebile ngemibala emangalisayo kunye noyilo olucokisekileyo, elenza yonke into yomzobo ibe yinxalenye yeskimu esiphantse sahombisa. Esi simbo sasisasazeke kwade kwayixesha lokuqala leSafavid, kodwa kubonakala ngathi liye laphela embindini wenkulungwane ye-XNUMX.

Imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yesikolo yi-155 encinci ye-Ibn-Husam's Khavar-nama, ephuma kwi-1480. Iincinci ze-Herat zokuqala zazisemoyeni, inguqulelo egqibeleleyo yendlela yokuqala ye-Timurid, eyayiphumelele ngaphambili kwinkulungwane. Ngaphantsi kokuxhaswa kwenkosana yokugqibela yaseTimurid, uSultan Hussain ibn Mansur ibn Baiqara (1468 - 1506), iHerat yachuma ngendlela engazange ibonwe ngaphambili kwaye abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba kwakulapha apho umzobo wasePersi wafikelela kuvuthondaba.

Isimbo sakhe sahlulwa ngombala oqaqambileyo kunye nokuchaneka okungakholelekiyo kweenkcukacha, ubunye obugqibeleleyo bokwakheka, ukubonakaliswa okumangalisayo komntu ngamnye, kunye nobuntununtunu obukhulu ekudluliseni umoya ukusuka kondilisekileyo ukuya kodlalayo kumzobo obalisayo.

Imisebenzi yobugcisa emikhulu yesikolo saseHerat iquka iikopi ezimbini zeKalila wa Dimna (ingqokelela yeentsomi zezilwanyana ezinemigaqo yokuziphatha nezopolitiko), iGolestan kaSa'di ('Rose Garden') (1426), kunye nobuncinci iShah-nama ( 1429).

Njengakwamanye amaxesha 'obugcisa beencwadi', ukupeyinta yayiyinkalo enye kuphela yokuhombisa yamaSilamsi. I-Calligraphy yayisoloko ithathwa njengeyona ndlela iphakamileyo yobugcisa kwiSilamsi, kwaye yayingenziwa kuphela ngabadwebi beecalligrapher abaqeqeshiweyo kodwa kunye neenkosana zaseTimurid kunye nezikhulu ngokwazo.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VkP1iHzExtg

Eli gcisa linye lalidla ngokuqhelisela ubugcisa bokubhala, ukukhanyisa nokupeyinta. UMirak Naqqash, umzekelo, waqala njenge-calligrapher, emva koko wayikhanyisa imibhalo-ngqangi, kwaye ekugqibeleni waba ngomnye wabapeyinti abakhulu besikolo saseHerat.

Ababhali becalligrapher basePersi babegqwesa kuzo zonke izimbo zokubhala ngokugobileyo; i-muhaqqaq enkulu entle, i-rihani ecolekileyo (zombini zinencam ezitsolo), i-ghubar efana ne-twilight, kunye nescript esinzima, esithambileyo se-thuluth. Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, 'u-Umar Aqta' (esikwa isandla sakhe), wabhala iKurani encinane yeKurani yeTimur, eyayincinane kangangokuba yayinokufakwa phantsi kwesokethi yomsesane wokutywina.

Xa uTimur wachasayo ngenxa yokuba, ngokwesithethe sesiprofeto, iLizwi likaThixo lalifanele libhalwe ngoonobumba abakhulu, umdwebi we<em>calligrapher wavelisa omnye umbhalo, unobumba ngamnye unobude bekubhite.

Eli yayilixesha lophuhliso olukhulu kubugcisa bokuhombisa: i-textile (ingakumbi iiragi), isinyithi, i-ceramics, njl. Nangona kungekho iiragi zisindileyo, iiminiatures zibonelela ngamaxwebhu abanzi ngeeragi ezintle ezenziwe ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Kule nto, i-motifs yejometri kwi-fashion yaseTurkey-Asian ibonakala ikhethiweyo.

Ngokwentelekiso, umkhandi wegolide omncinci okumgangatho ophezulu uye wasinda kwinzala yeTimurid, nangona kwakhona iiminiatures zexesha (inkcukacha ezithe kratya zibenza babe sisikhokelo esigqwesileyo kwizinto zangoku) zibonisa ukuba iijagi ezineepowuthi ezinde ezigobileyo zaphuhliswa ngeli xesha.

Izinto ezimbalwa ezibukekayo kodwa ezizimeleyo zinika ingcebiso kolu shishino lungasebenziyo, kubandakanya nesiseko sesikhandlela esenziwe ngamaqhina entloko yedragoni kunye nepere yeekhaldroni ezinkulu zobhedu.

Ngemisebenzi yegolide nesilivere, ngaphandle kwamaqhekeza ambalwa, akukho nto yasindayo kwinto emele ukuba ibe yimveliso ebalaseleyo yezinto kunye nemihombiso kwiintsimbi ezixabisekileyo. Imifanekiso emincinci ibonisa ubucwebe begolide ngamanye amaxesha bugqunywe ngamatye.

Ukusetyenziswa kwamatye anqabileyo kunye ne-semi-precious kwizinto zendlu kwasasazeka phantsi kweempembelelo ezithe ngqo zeemodeli zaseTshayina. IJade ingakumbi yayisetyenziselwa izitya ezincinci, iingqayi eziphathwa yidragoni, kunye namakhonkco okutywina. Uphando lwakutsha nje lubonise ukuba inani leekeramics ezisindileyo zaseTimurid alikho lincinci njengoko bekucingwa. Ekuqaleni kwexesha leTimurid akukho ziko lemveliso yodongwe laziwayo.

Nangona kunjalo, kuyinyaniso ukuba amakomkhulu eTimurid (iMashad kunye neHerat eKhurassan, eBukhara naseSamarkand kuMbindi Asia) yayinemizi-mveliso emikhulu, apho kungekuphela nje iithayile ezimangalisayo ezihombise izakhiwo zelo xesha, kodwa kunye neekeramics, zaveliswa.

Iporcelain yaseTshayina eblue namhlophe (ingakumbi izitya neepleyiti ezinobude obubanzi), ezaziswa ePersi kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-XNUMX, yaqalisa ifashoni entsha eyayilawula ukwenziwa kwezinto zomdongwe kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX.

Ngasemva emhlophe, iintyatyambo zelotus, amafu amile okweribhoni, iidragons, amadada kumaza anesitayile esinesitayile, njl. Esi simbo saqhubeka de kwayinkulungwane ye-XNUMX, xa kwaphuhliswa imizobo eyomelele ngakumbi enembonakalo yomhlaba kunye nenani elikhulu lezilwanyana.

Ukusuka kumbono woyilo, izinto ezintsha ezimbalwa zenziwe ngexesha leTimurid kunye neemosque ezisekelwe kwisicwangciso esidala seSeljuk. Elona galelo libalulekileyo loyilo lweTimurid; nangona kunjalo, kukuhombisa kwayo.

Ukuqaliswa kwe-faience mosaic (i-tile mosaic) yaguqula yonke inkangeleko yoyilo lweTimurid kwaye, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezitena ezinepateni, yaba yeyona nto ibonakalisa uphawu lokuhombisa uyilo. Imiphezulu emikhulu yayihonjiswe ngemizobo ekroliweyo yearabesque kunye neethayile ezibengezelayo. I-enamel yayiyi-turquoise okanye eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, emhlophe kwimibhalo ebhaliweyo.

Umncinci wamaPersi

Ipeyinti encinci yasePersi yaqala ngexesha leMongol ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, xa abapeyinti basePersi baboniswa ubugcisa baseTshayina kwaye abapeyinti baseTshayina basebenza kwiinkundla zase-Ilkan zaseIran. Akwaziwa ukuba amagcisa asePersi aye eTshayina ngaphambi kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX; kodwa kuyinyani ukuba amagcisa aseTshayina angeniswe ngabalawuli baseMongol aya eIran, njengalawo aseArghun apeyinta iindonga zeetempile zamaBhuda.

Ngelishwa, imisebenzi yala magcisa, kunye nayo yonke ingqokelela yemifanekiso eludongeni yehlabathi, yalahleka. Ipeyinti encinci yobugcisa yayiyeyona ndlela yodwa yokupeyinta ukusinda kweli xesha.

Kwimifanekiso emincinci ye-Ilkanid, umzobo womntu owawubonakaliswe ngaphambili ngendlela eyomeleleyo kunye ne-stereotyped ngoku uboniswa ngobabalo olungakumbi kunye nemilinganiselo eyinyani ngakumbi. Ngokunjalo, imiphetho yamakhethini yanika umbono wobunzulu.

Izilwanyana zazijongwe kakhulu kunangaphambili zaza zaphulukana nobungqongqo bazo bokuhombisa, iintaba zaphelelwa yinkangeleko yazo ethambileyo, saza isibhakabhaka sanyakazela ngamafu amhlophe ajikajikayo amile okweentyatyambo ezijijekileyo. Ezi mpembelelo ziye zadityaniswa ngokuqhubekayo kunye nemizobo yaseIran kwaye ekugqibeleni zadityaniswa zaba ziindlela ezintsha. Iziko eliphambili lomzobo we-Ilkan yayiyiTabriz.

Ezinye zeempembelelo zempembelelo yaseTshayina zingabonwa kumzobo weBahram Gur othi "Imfazwe kunye neDragon" evela kwiDemotte eyaziwayo "Shah-namah" (Incwadi yooKumkani), eboniswe eTabriz kwikota yesibini yekhulu le-XNUMX. . Iinkcukacha zeentaba kunye ne-landscape ziyimvelaphi yaseMpuma Ekude, njengokuba kunjalo, inamba apho iqhawe livalelwe ekulweni.

Ngokusebenzisa isakhelo njengefestile kunye nokubeka iqhawe ngomqolo walo kumfundi, umculi wenza ingcamango yokuba isiganeko senzeka ngokwenene phambi kwamehlo ethu.

Okungacacanga kangako, kodwa okubaluleke ngakumbi, kubudlelwane obungacacanga kunye nobungenasiphelo phakathi komphambili osondeleyo kunye nemvelaphi ekude, kunye nokusikwa kwesiquphe kwesakhelo macala onke. Uninzi lwee-miniatures zikaDemotte Shah-namah kufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo phakathi kobugcisa bexesha lonke, kwaye lo mbhalo-ngqangi uyenye yeekopi zamandulo zombongo we-epic kaFerdowsi ongafiyo.

I-Shah-namah yayisoloko iboniswa kwixesha le-Ilkhanid, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba amaMongol aphuhlisa incasa ephawulekayo ye-epic ngexesha le-XNUMX kunye ne-XNUMXth inkulungwane. Ababhali be-Ilkhanate kunye nezikhanyisi bazisa ubugcisa bencwadi phambili.

Izikolo zaseMosul naseBaghdad zakhuphisana nowona msebenzi ubalaseleyo kaMamluke, kwaye ngenene kusenokwenzeka ukuba zawubeka isiseko. Uphawu lwesi sikolo kukusetyenziswa kwamaphepha amakhulu kakhulu (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-75 x 50 cm, 28" x 20") yephepha laseBaghdad kunye nokubhala okukhulu okuhambelanayo, ngakumbi i-muhaqqaq.

ii-safavids

Ubukhosi beSafavid, bemvelaphi yaseTurkey, buthathwa ngokuba buhlala ukusuka kwi-1502 ukuya kwi-1737, kwaye phantsi kolawulo luka-Shah Isma'il imfundiso yeShiite yayiseyinkolo yelizwe. I-Safavids iqhubekile neenzame ze-Ilkani zokuqinisa ubudlelwane obusondeleyo bezozakuzo kunye namagunya aseYurophu, ukuze baqinise ubudlelwane ngokuchasene nama-Ottomans. Ngenxa yolu budlelwane busondeleyo, iiSafavids zavula umnyango wempembelelo yaseYurophu.

Ukususela kwinkcazo yabahambi baseNtshona kuyaziwa ukuba imizobo eludongeni yayikade ikhona; kunye nemiboniso yedabi eShiraz ebonisa ukuthinjwa kukaHormuz kwisiPhuthukezi, kunye nemiboniso evuselela inkanuko eJulfa, kunye nemiboniso yokwalusa kwibhotwe laseHazar Jarib e-Isfahan.

Ngaphakathi kwiibhotwe zeSafavid, ukuhonjiswa kwemifanekiso kwasetyenziswa ecaleni kwemihombiso yemveli eKashi okanye kudongwe. Umzobo wangaphambili weSafavid udibanise izithethe zikaTimurid, uHerat, kunye noTurkoman Tabriz ukufikelela kwincopho yokugqwesa kobugcisa kunye nokuchazwa kweemvakalelo, ezithathwa ngabaninzi njengeyona minyaka mikhulu yokupeyinta yasePersi.

ubugcisa beencwadi

Owona msebenzi ubalaseleyo welo xesha yiShahnama-yi Shahi (Incwadi kaKumkani yooKumkani, eyayisaziwa ngokuba yiHoughton Shah-nama) enemizobo engama-258, eyayiyeyona mizobo inemifanekiso kaShah-nama ebhalwe kuyo yonke imbali yasePersi.

I-Herat yayiliziko elikhulu le-Iranian miniature yokupeyinta kwexesha le-Timurid, kodwa ngo-1507 emva kokubanjwa kwayo yi-Safavids amagcisa ahamba phambili afudukela, abanye baya e-Indiya kunye nabanye kwi-Safavid capital Tabriz okanye i-Shaybanid capital Bukhara.

Enye yezinto eziphambili ezintsha ze-miniaturists yaseBukhara yayikungeniswa kwezityalo kunye nezilwanyana zezilwanyana kwimida yazo ezincinci. KwakuseTabriz, elinye iziko elincinane lelo xesha, ukuba ngowe-1522 uShah Ismail wamisela umlawuli odumileyo wethala lakhe leencwadi eBehzad.

Iimpawu zeempawu zesikolo saseTabriz zinokubonwa kwimifanekiso ephuma kumbhalo-ngqangi weKhamsa kaNezami; wabulawa phakathi kuka-1539 no-43 ngu-Aqa Mirak wase-Isfahan, umfundi wakhe uSultan Muhammad, amagcisa kaTabriz uMir Sayyid 'Ali, uMirza 'Ali kunye noMuzaffar 'Ali. I-Tabriz's miniatures ixhaphaza uluhlu olupheleleyo lwemibala, kwaye ukuqamba kwabo kuyinkimbinkimbi kwaye kugcwele amanani azalise indawo.

Owangena ezihlangwini zika-Shah Ismail, waqesha u-Shah Tahmasp ngokwakhe njengomzobi ngokwandisa iworkshop yasebukhosini. Noko ke, ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, uShah Tahmasp waba ngumdlali ophambili ngonqulo, waphelelwa ngumdla wokupeyinta waza wayeka nokuba ngumxhasi. Oku yaba sisiqalo sokuphela kwencwadi emnandi.

Uninzi lwamagcisa abalaseleyo ashiya inkundla, abanye baya eBukhara, abanye baya eIndiya apho baba negalelo ekusekweni kwendlela entsha yokupeyinta, iSikole seMughal. Amagcisa ashiyekileyo asuka ekuveliseni imibhalo-ngqangi enemifanekiso etyebileyo ukuze ahlule imizobo kunye nezinto ezincinci kubaxhasi abangathathi ntweni.

Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-1597, ngokukhutshelwa kwekomkhulu eShiraz (XNUMX), ukuyekwa ngokusemthethweni komgaqo wesithethe wokupeyinta iincwadi kwenzeka. Abanye abapeyinti baphendukela kwamanye amajelo, bazama ukugubungela iincwadi kwi-lacquer okanye ioli egcweleyo.

Ukuba imizobo yangaphambili ibimalunga nomntu kwindawo yakhe yendalo, leyo yasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kweye-XNUMX imalunga nomntu ngokwakhe. Umsebenzi osuka kweli xesha wonganyelwe yimifanekiso emikhulu yee-seedy dervishes, iisheikh zeSufi, abangqibi, abarhwebi… kunye nokuphoxa njengamandla aqhuba uninzi lwale mifanekiso.

Abanye bamagcisa afanayo baboleke iitalente zabo kuhlobo olwahluke ngokupheleleyo lokupeyinta, olunenkanuko kunye nenkanuko, enemiboniso yezithandwa, abafazi abazinikeleyo, njl. Zazithandwa kakhulu kwaye zaveliswa ngoomatshini kunye nomgudu omncinci.

Izinto ezimbini eziphambili eziphembelele amagcisa phakathi kwe-1630 kunye ne-1722; Imisebenzi kaRiza kunye nobugcisa baseYurophu. Kwimizobo kaRiza, ukujongwa kweefom ezisisiseko kukhatshwa kukunyanzelwa kukugotywa, okuhlala kugxininise ukugoba komzimba, kodwa rhoqo ukuya kwinqanaba lokutsalwa ngokupheleleyo.

Kwilizwe elinesithethe esinamandla se-calligraphic, ukubhala kunye nokuzoba zihlala zidibene, kodwa ngeli xesha ikhonkco ibonakala inamandla ngakumbi, ukuze umzobo uthatha imbonakalo yomzimba weShikastah okanye i-Nasta'liq calligraphy.

Ngasekupheleni kwesiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-XNUMX, xa u-Shah Abbas II wathumela umzobi u-Muhammad Zaman ukuba afunde eRoma, imfuneko yokufumana iindlela ezintsha zokuthetha yavuka kumagcisa. UMuhammad Zaman ngokwakhe wabuyela ePersi ngokupheleleyo phantsi kweempembelelo zeendlela zokupeyinta zaseItali. Nangona kunjalo, oku kwakungeyona inkqubela phambili kwindlela yakhe yokupeyinta. Ngapha koko, iiminiatures zakhe ze-Shah-nama zihlala zivaliwe kwaye azinangqondo yolungelelwaniso.

Xa kuziwa kulwakhiwo lwezakhiwo, indawo yembeko kukwandiswa kwe-Isfahan, eyilwe ngu-Shah Abbas I ukusuka kwi-1598, enye yezona zicwangciso ezinqwenelekayo nezintsha zokucwangcisa iidolophu kwimbali yamaSilamsi.

Kwimihombiso yezakhiwo ukubaluleka okukhulu kwancanyathiselwa kwi-calligraphy, eyatshintshwa yaba bubugcisa bemibhalo yesikhumbuzo, uphuhliso lobuchule obuthile bobugcisa kwi-kashi. Oyena mdlali uphambili wayo yayinguMuhammad Riza-i-Imami owayesebenza eQum, Qazvin kwaye ngaphezu kwako konke, phakathi kwe1673 kunye ne1677 eMashad.

Iiceramics

Ukufa kuka-Shah Abbas I ngo-1629 kwaphawula ukuqala kokuphela kwexesha legolide lezakhiwo zasePersi. Iinkcukacha ngezitena ezikhazimlisiweyo kwiSheikh Lutfullah Mosque e-Isfahan, ebonisa umbhalo weQuranic ngoonobumba abasisitayile beKufic.

Ishumi leminyaka lokugqibela lenkulungwane ye-XNUMX libone ukuvuselelwa ngamandla kweshishini lezobumba eIran. Iindidi ezintsha ze-Cubachi eziphefumlelweyo ze-polychrome ze-polychrome eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye nomhlophe zaveliswa ngababumbi be-Safavid, mhlawumbi ngenxa yempembelelo yababumbi baseTshayina abangamakhulu amathathu kunye neentsapho zabo ezihlala e-Iran (eKerman) ngu-Shah Abbas I.

Iithayile zeCeramic zaveliswa ngokukodwa, eTabriz naseSamarkand. Ezinye iintlobo zeengqayi zibandakanya iibhotile kunye neengqayi ezivela e-Isfahan.

umbhoxo wasePersi

Iingubo zaphuhliswa kakhulu ngexesha le-Safavid. I-Isfahan, i-Kashan kunye ne-Yezd yavelisa i-silika kwaye i-Isfahan kunye ne-Yezd yavelisa i-satin, ngelixa i-Kashan yayidume nge-brocades. Impahla yasePersi yenkulungwane ye-XNUMX yayihlala ineentyatyambo zokuhombisa kwimvelaphi ekhanyayo kwaye i-motifs yakudala yejometri yanikezela indlela yokubonisa imifanekiso ye-pseudo-realistic ezaliswe ngabantu.

Iikhaphethi zikwindawo ephambili kwibala lelaphu, namaziko okuluka angundoqo eKerman, eKashan, eShiraz, eYezd nase-Isfahan. Kwakukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zeendidi ezifana netyali yokuzingela, ityali yezilwanyana, ityali yegadi, kunye netyali yevazi. Umlinganiswa owomeleleyo wemizobo emininzi yeSafavid utyala kakhulu kwipeyinti yencwadi yeSafavid.

Ukunyibilikisa isinyithi

Kumsebenzi wesinyithi, indlela yokukrola eyaphuhliswa eKhurassan ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX yahlala idumile ukuya kutsho kwixesha leSafavid. Umsebenzi wesinyithi we-Safavid uvelise izinto ezintsha ezibalulekileyo kwifom, uyilo, kunye nobuchule.

Zibandakanya uhlobo olude oluthwele itotshi oluxande kwisiseko esisetyhula, uhlobo olutsha lwengqayi ephefumlelweyo yaseTshayina, kunye nokunyamalala phantse ngokupheleleyo kwemibhalo ekroliweyo yesiArabhu kulungiselelwa ezo zinemibongo yesiPersi, edla ngokubhalwa nguHafez noSa'di.

Kumsebenzi wegolide nesilivere, iSafavid Iran igxile ekuveliseni amakrele kunye neentyantyambo, kunye nezitya zegolide ezinjengezitya kunye neejagi, zihlala zibekwe ngamatye anqabileyo. Imisebenzi yesinyithi ye-Safavid, njengobunye ubugcisa obubonakalayo obuninzi, yahlala isemgangathweni kumagcisa amva kwixesha leZand kunye neQajar.

Zand kunye Qajar amaxesha

Ubukhosi baseQajar obulawula iPersi ukusuka kwi-1794 ukuya kwi-1925 yayingeyona ukuqhubeka ngokuthe ngqo kwexesha leSafavid. Uhlaselo lwezizwe zase-Afghan Ghilzai ngokuhlala ngo-1722 kwikomkhulu leSafavid i-Isfahan kunye nokuwa koBukhosi baseSafavid kwiminyaka elishumi elandelayo kwafaka i-Iran kwixesha lesiphithiphithi sezopolitiko.

Ngaphandle kwesithuba seZand (1750-79), imbali ye-Iran yenkulungwane ye-1796 yonakaliswe lugonyamelo lwezizwe. Oku kwaphela ngokuthweswa isithsaba kuka-Aqa Muhammad Khan Kayar ngowe-XNUMX, okwaphawula ukuqala kwexesha lozinzo lwezopolitiko oluphawulwa ngokuvuselela ubomi benkcubeko nobugcisa.

Ipeyinti yaseKayar

Ixesha leZand kunye neQajar labona ukuqhubeka kwepeyinti yeoli eyaziswa ngekhulu le-XNUMX kunye nokuhlobisa kweebhokisi ze-lacquer kunye nokubopha. Imibhalo-ngqangi yembali enemifanekiso kunye nemifanekiso enephepha elinye nayo yaveliswa kubaxhasi abahlukeneyo, ngesimbo esingqinelana neso sikaMuhammad Ali (unyana kaMuhammad Zaman) kunye nabantu bexesha lakhe.

Nangona ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo kwezithunzi ngamanye amaxesha kunika le misebenzi umgangatho omnyama, ibonisa ukuqonda okungcono komdlalo wokukhanya (ovela kumthombo owodwa) kwiifom ezintathu-dimensional.

Indaleko yobugcisa basePersi ngenkulungwane ye-1750 neye-79 inokwahlulwa ibe ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo, ukuqala kulawulo lukaKarim Khan Zand (1797-1834), uFath Ali Shah (1848-96), kunye noNasir ad-Din Shah (XNUMX-) XNUMX).

Ngexesha leZand, iShiraz ayizange ibe likomkhulu kuphela kodwa yaba liziko lokugqwesa kwezobugcisa eIran, kunye nenkqubo yokwakha kaKarim Khan esixekweni yazama ukulinganisa i-Isfahan kaShah Abbas. IShiraz yaphiwa iinqaba, amabhotwe, iimosque kunye nezinye izinto eziluncedo ekuhlaleni.

UKarim Khan wayekwangumxhasi owaziwayo wokupeyinta, kwaye isiko leSafavid-yaseYurophu lokupeyinta umfanekiso omkhulu lavuselelwa phantsi kobukhosi bukaZand, njengenxalenye yovuselelo jikelele lobugcisa. Amagcisa eZand ayenoguquguquko njengabanduleli bawo.

Ukongeza ekuphuhliseni imizobo yobukhulu bobomi (i-murals kunye neoli kwi-canvas), imibhalo yesandla, imifanekiso, imibala yamanzi, imisebenzi ye-lacquer kunye ne-enamels ye-Safavid dynasty, bongeza i-medium entsha yokuzoba amanzi.

Kwimizobo yakhe, nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zazihlala zibonakala ziqinile, njengamagcisa eZand, ukulungisa oko bakubona njengokugxininiswa okungaphezulu kobuthathu, bazama ukuphungula ukubunjwa ngokuzisa izinto zokuhombisa. Iiperile kunye namatye ahlukeneyo ngamanye amaxesha zazipeyintwa kwi-headdress kunye nempahla yezifundo.

imifanekiso yasebukhosini

UKarim Khan, owakhetha isihloko seRegent (Vakil) kunekaShah, akazange afune ukuba abapeyinti bakhe bahombise inkangeleko yabo. Wayevuyiswa kukuboniswa kwindibano engacwangciswanga nengahoywanga kwindawo yolwakhiwo olundilisekileyo. Ithoni yale mizobo yeZand ihluke ngokukrakra kunye nemifanekiso yamva kaFath Ali Shah (owesibini kubalawuli abasixhenxe bomnombo kaQajar) kunye nenkundla yakhe.

Kukho ilifa elingathandabuzekiyo leZand kubugcisa basePersi bokuqala bukaKayar. Umseki wobukhosi be-Qajar, uAqa Muhammad Khan, waziwa ngokuhombisa inkundla yakhe yaseTehran ngemizobo ephangwe kwibhotwe laseZand kwaye uMirza Baba (omnye wamagcisa enkundla kaKarim Khan) waba ngumzobi wokuqala owongwe nguFath 'Ali Shah.

UFath Ali Shah wayenomdla kakhulu kwiimpembelelo zamandulo zase-Iranian, kwaye amaninzi amatye aqingqiweyo ayeqingqwe ngendlela ye-neo-Sassanid, ebonisa umlawuli we-Qajar kwi-guise ye-Khosroe. Ezona zihlangu zaziwa kakhulu zifumaneka eChashma-i-Ali, eTaq-i-Bustan nakwindawo ekufutshane neSango leKoran eShiraz.

Ngaphantsi kweFath Ali Shah kwakukho ukubuya okucacileyo kwisithethe. Nangona kunjalo, kwangaxeshanye isitayile senkundla yaseYurophu ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX savela kumabhotwe aseTehran. Iimpembelelo zaseYurophu nazo zixutywe kunye nemixholo yeSassanian kunye ne-Neo-Achaemenid kwi-stucco eqingqiweyo yeli xesha (njengoko kunokubonwa kwizindlu ezininzi eKashan).

Kwakhona wasebenzisa imifanekiso eqingqiweyo emikhulu kunye neeseyile ukwenza umfanekiso wobukumkani. Imizobo yeenkosana neyembali yayisetyenziselwa ukuhombisa amabhotwe awo amatsha yaye yayidla ngokumiliselwa okweaatshi ukuze ingene kwindawo ebiyelwe eludongeni. UFath Ali Shah ukwasasaze imizobo emininzi kumagunya angaphandle anje ngeRussia, iGreat Britain, France, kunye noBukhosi baseAustro-Hungarian.

Ukudityaniswa kwesimbo soluntu kunye nempembelelo yaseYurophu kubonakala ngakumbi kumzobo, kunye neFlemish kunye neFlorentine element ezivela kuMadhi Shirazi's (1819-20) umzobo we "Mazda" Dancer. Ngokungeniswa koshicilelo olukhulu kunye nokupeyinta, amanye amagcisa abalaseleyo kaKayar ajikela kumsebenzi welacquer onje: izibophelelo zeencwadi, iibhokisi, kunye neekesi zokubhala (qalamdan).

Isitayile sibaluleke kakhulu kwaye sinophawu lwenkundla eyazama ukudibanisa izitayile zePersepolis, Isfahan kunye neVersailles.

Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-XNUMX, uNasir al Din Shah, ukongeza ekuqokeleleni imisebenzi yobugcisa yaseYurophu, waxhasa isikolo sasekhaya semifanekiso esashiya isimbo sikaFath Ali Shah ngokuthanda isimbo semfundo esinempembelelo yaseYurophu. Imisebenzi yala magcisa asekuhlaleni yayisusela kwimifanekiso yaseburhulumenteni kwioyile ukuya kwimibala yamanzi yendalo engazange ibonwe ngaphambili.

Ngoku ukufota kwaqalisa ukuba nempembelelo enkulu ekuphuhliseni imizobo yasePersi. Kungekudala emva kokwaziswa kwayo e-Iran kwi-1840s, abantu base-Irani bathatha ngokukhawuleza iteknoloji. Umphathiswa woshicilelo kaNasir-al Din Shah, u-I'timad al-Saltaneh, uthe ukufota kuye kwanceda kakhulu kubugcisa bemizobo kunye nembonakalo yomhlaba ngokomeleza ukusetyenziswa kokukhanya nesithunzi, ubungakanani obuchanekileyo kunye nombono.

Ngo-1896 uNasir al-Din Shah wabulawa kwaye kwisithuba seminyaka elishumi i-Iran yaba nepalamente yayo yokuqala yomgaqo-siseko. Eli xesha lotshintsho lwezopolitiko kunye nentlalontle labona amagcisa ephonononga iikhonsepthi ezintsha, ngaphakathi nangaphaya kwemida yemifanekiso yobukhosi.

Kumfanekiso ophindwe kabini ka-Muzaffar al-Din Shah, umlawuli owaluphele ngaphambi kwexesha uboniswa ephumle ingalo enye entongeni kwaye enye kwingalo exhasayo yenkulumbuso yakhe. Umzobi apha uhambisa zombini impilo ebuthathaka yeMonarch kunye noBukhosi. Elona gcisa libalulekileyo lexesha lika-Ajar kade yayinguMuhammad Ghaffari, owaziwa ngokuba nguKamal al-Mulk (1852-1940), owakhuthaza isimbo esitsha sendalo.

Iithayile

Iithayile zeKayar zidla ngokungathandabuzekiyo. I-repertoire yezinto ezibizwa ngokuba ziithayile zentambo ezomileyo zibonisa umka otsha ngokupheleleyo kwelo xesha le-Safavid. Okwesihlandlo sokuqala, ukumelwa kwabantu nezilwanyana kungumxholo oyintloko.

Kukwakho nemiboniso yokuzingela, imizobo yamadabi eRostam (iqhawe le-epic yesizwe, uShah-nama), amajoni, amagosa, imiboniso yobomi beli xesha, kunye neekopi zemifanekiso kunye neefoto zaseYurophu.

Ubuchwephesha beKayar ngokugqwesa, kwakhona buqhutywa yimpembelelo yaseYurophu, kule meko iglasi yaseVenetian, yayisipili. Iiseli ze-Mugarnes ezijongene nezibuko zavelisa umphumo wokuqala kunye nombono omangalisayo, njengoko kunokubonwa kwiGolestan Palace eTehran okanye kwiHolo yeMirrors kwi-Mashad Shrine.

Amalaphu

Kwintsimi yobugcisa obusetyenzisiweyo, ukuluka kuphela okushiyekileyo kubalulekile okudlulele ngaphaya kwemida ye-Iran, kwaye ngexesha le-Qajar, ishishini lekhaphethi ngokuthe ngcembe livuselelwe kwinqanaba elikhulu. Nangona uninzi loyilo lwemveli lugciniwe, lubonakaliswe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, rhoqo kumlinganiselo omncinci kuneeprototypes zabo zeSafavid, ngokusetyenziswa koluhlu oluqaqambileyo lwemibala.

umculo

Umculo wokuqala wasePersi uqulethe into ebizwa ngokuba yi-Dastgah (inkqubo yomculo womculo), ingoma kunye ne-Avaz. Olu hlobo lwe-contusica lwalukho ngaphambi kobuKristu kwaye lweza ubukhulu becala ngomlomo. Iindawo ezintle nezilula zigcinwe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.

Olu hlobo lomculo lwaba nefuthe kuMbindi weAsia, eAfghanistan, ePakistan, eAzerbaijan, eArmenia, eTurkey naseGrisi. Ukongezelela, ngamnye kubo waba negalelo ekuyilweni kwayo. Phakathi kweemvumi ezidumileyo zasePersi zaseIran yamandulo, zezi:

• Barbod
• Nagisa (Nakisa)
• Ramtin

Imizobo esezindongeni zomqolomba wamandulo ibonisa umdla wabantu base-Irani kumculo kwakudala. Umculo wesintu waseIran njengoko ukhankanyiwe kwiincwadi uye waba nefuthe kumculo wehlabathi. Isiseko senqaku elitsha lomculo laseYurophu sihambelana nemigaqo ka-Mohammad Farabi, isazinzulu esikhulu sase-Iranian kunye nomculi.

Umculo wasePersi waseIran yingqokelela yeengoma kunye neengoma ezidalwe kwiinkulungwane ezininzi kweli lizwe kwaye zibonisa isimilo sama-Irani. Kwelinye icala, ubuhle kunye nohlobo olukhethekileyo lomculo wasePersi luphembelela abaphulaphuli ukuba bacinge baze bafikelele kwihlabathi elingenamzimba. Kwelinye icala, inkanuko kunye nesingqi salo mculo zimiliselwe kumoya wakudala kunye ne-epic yama-Irani, oqhuba umphulaphuli ukuba ahambe kwaye azame.

Iincwadi

Uncwadi lwesiPersi luluhlu lwemibhalo ekwiNew Persian, uhlobo lolwimi lwasePersi olwabhalwa ukusukela ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX ngohlobo olwandisiweyo lwealfabhethi yesiArabhu kunye namagama amaninzi emboleko yesiArabhu. Uhlobo loncwadi lweNew Persian lwaziwa ngokuba sisiFarsi eIran, apho ilulwimi olusemthethweni lwelizwe kwaye lubhalwe ngoonobumba besiCyrillic yiTajiks eTajikistan naseUzbekistan.

Kangangeenkulungwane, iNew Persian ibilulwimi oludumileyo lwenkcubeko eNtshona kuMbindi Asia, kwilizwekazi laseIndiya naseTurkey. Inkcubeko yase-Irani mhlawumbi yaziwa kakhulu ngoncwadi lwayo, olwavela ngohlobo olululo lwangoku kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Abafundisi abakhulu bolwimi lwasePersi:

• Ferdowsi
• Neami Ganjavi
• Ḥafeẓ Shirazi
• ijem
• UMoulana (Rumi)

Ngubani oqhubeka nokukhuthaza ababhali baseIran kule mihla. Uncwadi lwasePersi olungachazwanga lwaphenjelelwa ngokunzulu luncwadi lwaseNtshona kunye nezithethe zentanda-bulumko kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX kunye nesama-XNUMX, kodwa luhlala luyinto edlamkileyo yenkcubeko yaseIran. Nokuba ikwiprose okanye isihobe, iye yasebenza njengesithuthi sokuzazisa ngokwenkcubeko, ukuchasana kwezopolitiko, kunye noqhanqalazo lobuqu kubabhali abanempembelelo eIran njengale:

• Sadeq Hedayat
• Jalal Al-e Ahmad
• Sadeq-e Chubak
• sohrab sepehri
• UMehdi Akhavan Saales
• ahmed shamlu
• KwiFarrokhzad.

Umnxeba obhaliweyo

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe kuwo wonke umxholo wangaphambili, i-calligraphy kwi-art yasePersi ekuqaleni yayisetyenziselwa indalo yokuhombisa nje, ngoko kwakuxhaphake kakhulu ukuba amagcisa ayisebenzise ukushiya olu hlobo lobugcisa: izitya zetsimbi, izinto zobumba, kunye nakwi. imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yokwakha yamandulo. Umbhali waseMelika kunye nombhali-mbali uWill Durant unike inkcazo emfutshane ngayo:

"I-calligraphy yasePersi yayinoonobumba be-36, apho ama-Irani amandulo ayesebenzisa iipensile, ipleyiti ye-ceramic kunye nezikhumba zokubamba."

Phakathi kwemisebenzi yokuqala enexabiso elikhulu ngoku, apho olu hlobo lobuchwephesha bemizekeliso kunye ne-calligraphy lusetyenzisiwe, sinokukhankanya:

• IQur'an Shahnameh.
• Divan Hafez.
• eGolestan.
• Bhotani.

Uninzi lwale mibhalo lugcinwa kwaye lugcinwe kwiimyuziyam ezahlukeneyo kunye nabaqokeleli kwihlabathi liphela, phakathi kwamaziko agada ezi:

• Imyuziyam yaseHermitage eSaint Petersburg.
• Igalari yasimahla eWashington.

Ukongeza, kubalulekile ukugxininisa ukuba ubugcisa basePersi kolu luhlu busebenzise izitayile ezahlukeneyo zecalligraphy, phakathi kwazo ezi zilandelayo zibalaseleyo:

• Shekasteh
• Nasta'liq
• naskh
• uxolo

Iithayile zokuhombisa

Iithayile zaziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yezakhiwo zasePersi malunga nokwakhiwa kwee-mosque, ngenxa yesi sizathu ukugqithiswa kwesi sixhobo kunokubonwa, umzekelo, e-Isfahan apho intandokazi yayiyeyona ithoni eziluhlaza. Phakathi kweendawo zakudala eziphawulwe kakhulu kwimveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwethayile yasePersi yiKashan kunye neTabiz.

Izizathu

Ubugcisa bexhoba bubonise ixesha elide, indalo ekhethekileyo yoyilo oluye lwasetyenziselwa ukuhombisa izinto ezahlukeneyo okanye izakhiwo, mhlawumbi zikhuthazwa:

• Izizwe ezifudukayo, ezazinobugcisa bokudala uyilo lwejometri olusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-kilim kunye noyilo lwe-gabbeh.
• Ingcamango malunga nejometri ephuculweyo ephenjelelwa yiSilamsi.
• Ukuqwalaselwa koyilo lwasempumalanga, olubonakaliswa naseIndiya nasePakistan.

Obunye ubugcisa obunxulunyaniswa nobugcisa basePersi

Ubugcisa bamaPersi bunokubonwa nakwezinye iindawo ezithi ngenxa yokuba kufuphi nePersi zaphenjelelwa yile nkcubeko, nangona kwezinye zazo okwangoku kungekho zinto zibambekayo zokubonakaliswa kwayo kobugcisa, ubukho bayo bunokuqondwa kunye negalelo lenkcubeko. ubugcisa bakhe. Phakathi kwezi nkampani, sinokukhankanya:

• Ama-Aryans okanye ama-Indo-European Iranians, afika kwi-plateau ngexesha lenkulungwane yesibini ye-BC, e-Tappeh Sialk.

• Inkcubeko yomfundisi waseMarlik.
• Abemi besithili samandulo esikufuphi nePersi, eMannayi.
• AmaMedi, uhlanga lwama-Indo-European olwathi, njengamaPersi, lwangena kwintshona yeIran.
• I-Ghaznavids, abathatha igama labo kwinzala eyasekwa yi-Turkish sultan Sabuktagin, iinkokeli zayo ezazilawula eGhazni (kwinto ngoku eyi-Afghanistan).

Ukuba ulifumene eli nqaku malunga nobugcisa basePersi kunye nembali yalo enomdla, siyakumema ukuba wonwabele ezi ezinye:

• ubugcisa bobukoloniyali
• Ubugcisa beKinetic
• Iimpawu zeGothic Architecture