Imbali yothixo uJupiter, iimpawu kunye nokunye

Ukufika kwamaRoma eGrisi, ngokuyinxenye azamkela iinkolelo zonqulo zesi sithethe, ngoko azenzela uhlobo oluthile lombhalo ngokuphathelele izithixo zawo. Kwaye le yindlela uthixo ophakamileyo wamaGrike uZeyus, kwiinkolelo zamaRoma angamela uThixo Jupiter, eli nqaku liza kukubonisa kancinci ngayo.

UJUPITER UTHIXO

uThixo Jupiter

Ngokutsho kwentsomi yamaRoma, uthixo onguJupiter ungukumkani. Enyanisweni, ngokufuthi kubhekiselwa kuye njengokumkani woothixo. Usenokungabi ngumdali wokuqala wezidalwa zasentsomini ezazilawula iintsomi zamaRoma; loo mahluko ngokayise uSaturn. Kodwa uJupiter yindoda yokuqala, kanye njengoZeus kwiintsomi zamaGrike.

Iintsomi zazilawula inkcubeko yenkolo eRoma de kwafika ixesha apho ubuKristu bukhona. Ngoko ngaphambi kokuba oko kwenzeke, uthixo uJupiter wayenguthixo wamandulo owayenqulwa. Wayenguthixo wesibhakabhaka yaye ekunye ngoncedo lookumkani belo xesha, waseka imigaqo yonqulo lwamaRoma.

Lo thixo unezinto ezininzi ezifanayo noZeyus kwaye iintsomi zamaGrike azizange ziphelele ekunxibelelaneni kwakhe nesibhakabhaka kunye nombane. Uthixo uJupiter wayengumzalwana wabanye oothixo ababini: uNeptune noPluto. NjengamaGrike, ngamnye kwaba thixo bathathu wayelawula ummandla wokuphila: isibhakabhaka (iJupiter), ulwandle (iNeptune), nehlabathi elingaphantsi (iPluto), yaye uJupiter ungoyena unamandla.

Unyango kunye ne-epithets

NgesiLatini, igama elithi "Jupiter" lalidla ngokuguqulelwa njenge-Iūpiter okanye i-Iuppiter (umlinganiswa "j" wayengeyonxalenye yealfabhethi yakudala yesiLatini kwaye yongezwa kumaXesha Aphakathi). Eli gama lineengcambu ezimbini: enye yayiligama leProto-Indo-European elithi dyeu- (ingcambu efanayo negama elithi "Zeus"), elithetha "into eqaqambileyo", "isibhakabhaka" okanye "usuku" (njengoko ngesiLatini lithetha usuku lokufa. ); enye yayingupater, igama elisetyenziswa kwisiGrike nesiLatini elithetha “utata.” Ngokuvisisana nezi ndibano zokuthiywa kwamagama, iJupiter maxa wambi yayibizwa ngokuba yiDiespiter okanye iDispiter.

Kwakhona, uZeus wayebizwa ngokuba nguZeu Pater ngesiGrike kwaye abantu abathetha isiSanskrit basebenzisa igama elithi Dyaus pitar (uyise wesibhakabhaka) ukubhekisela kuthixo wesibhakabhaka. Konke oku kukhomba kwi-archetypal "ubawo wasezulwini" nzulu kwimbali yabantu abathetha i-Indo-European, obunikazi babo bubekwe kwiinkcubeko ezahlukanayo ngokuhamba kwexesha. I-Jupiter yayiyaziwa ngee-epithets ezahlukeneyo, kuquka:

UJUPITER UTHIXO

  • Ukuzisa uloyiso, wayengu-Iuppiter Elicius okanye "uJupiter onika ukukhanya."
  • Ukuvelisa umbane, kwakuyi-Iuppiter Fulgur okanye "umbane weJupiter".
  • Ukunika ukukhanya kunye nokukhanya kuzo zonke izinto, wayengu-Iuppiter Lucetius, okanye "uJupiter wokukhanya," kunye no-Iuppiter Caelestis, okanye "uJupiter wamazulu."
  • Ngaphezu kwakho konke, wayengu-Iuppiter Optimus Maximus: "Jupiter, omkhulu kunye nomkhulu."

Umvelaphi

Imvelaphi kaJupiter yayifana kakhulu neentsomi zokudalwa kukaZeus. Ngaphambi kweJupiter, uSaturn walawula njengothixo wesibhakabhaka kunye nendalo yonke. Ngokuqinisekileyo, akuzange kube njalo, njengangaphambi kukaSaturn, uyise uCaelus (othetha "amazulu") walawula, kodwa uSaturn wambhukuqa uyise waza wathatha ulawulo lwezulu.

Emva koko, uSaturn watshata no-Ops waza wamshiya ekhulelwe, ngoko xa efumanisa ngesiprofeto esasifanekisela ukuwa kwakhe komnye wabantwana bakhe. Ethatha umlinganiselo wokuthintela umxhaphazi ekuboneni ubomi, waginya abantwana abahlanu bokuqala abaphuma esibelekweni sika-Ops. Ngoko xa umntwana wokugqibela wavela ekugqibeleni, u-Ops wayifihla waza wanika uSaturn ilitye eligqunywe ngelaphu, ngoko iSaturn engaqinisekanga yadla ilitye lonke.

Okulandelayo yaba sesona siganeko sibi sokungatyi kwimbali yentsomi. Ayinakukwazi ukwetyisa iliwa, iSaturn yalibuyisela kwakhona, kunye nabantwana abahlanu awayebaginyile: uCeres, uJuno, uNeptune, uPluto noVesta. Ngelo xesha, uJupiter wayesenza iyelenqe lokufa kukayise okwakusemnyango, nto leyo awayeyiceba encediswa ngabantakwabo noodade wabo. Ngokukhawuleza ukuwa kweSaturn kwafika kwizandla zothixo uJupiter, owathi ngoko nangoko wathatha ulawulo lwecosmos.

Nangona kunjalo, kamva uthixo uJupiter wayeza kuzifumana ekwindawo efanayo noyise, uSaturn. Ngoko emva kokuba ethabathe uMetis ngenkani waza wammithisa, uthixo uJupiter woyiswa luloyiko lokuba umntwana wakhe ongekazalwa usenokumbhukuqa. Ukunqanda elo shwangusha, uJupiter wamginya uMetis kunye nomntwana wakhe ongekazalwa.

UJupiter wamangaliswa ukuba usana aluzange lunikezele, kodwa lwaqhubeka lukhula de lwaphuma ebunzini lakhe kwaye lwaphuma emhlabeni. Loo mveku yayinguMinerva, uthixokazi wobulumko, wokubona izinto kusengaphambili, nowobuchule bemfazwe; ekugqibeleni lo thixokazi waba yinxalenye yeCapitoline Triad elawulayo.

Iimpawu zeJupiter

Ubume bokwenyama besithixo uJupiter yinto abantu abadla ngokuyilinganisa noZeyus okanye kwanothixo wamaKristu: indoda ende, emhlophe eneendevu ezimhlophe eziqukuqelayo. Uphethe umsimelelo okanye intonga, uhleli kwitrone ezukileyo, yaye ngokufuthi ukhozi emacaleni. Kwakhona, ngokufanayo nothixo weTestamente eNdala uthixo uJupiter wayenokubethelela uloyiko kubalandeli bakhe; wayesoloko ekhokela ekudaleni olo loyiko kwaye ngokuyinxenye, kwanceda ukuba asoloko ethwele umbane ongapheliyo.

Imiba yenkolo kaJupiter yafa kanye njengeenkolo zakudala. Nangona kunjalo, intsomi yakhe kunye nendawo yakhe kwinkcubeko kunye nembali isekhona nanamhlanje (kunye noZeus).

Imisebenzi

Njengokumkani woothixo kunye nabo bonke, imisebenzi kathixo uJupiter yayimininzi phakathi kwabo oku kulandelayo kunokukhankanywa:

  • Wazisa ukukhanya waza wayilawula imozulu.
  • Wayenika ukhuselo emfazweni kwaye ubanika uloyiso kwabo baphumeleleyo.
  • Ubukho bakhe babuyimfuneko ngamaxesha emfazwe, kodwa nangexesha loxolo apho wayegcina ucwangco kwaye ebonelela ngentlalo-ntle.

UJUPITER UTHIXO

  • Kwakhona kwakucingwa ukuba unguthixo wesibhakabhaka kungekhona nje isibhakabhaka, kodwa nehlabathi lokwenene nayo yonke into entywiliselwe kulo.
  • Yayinxulunyaniswa nobulungisa, ngakumbi xa kwakusekwa izifungo, izivumelwano nezivumelwano. Ngoko kwiRoma yamandulo xa abemi babephambi kwesifungo, kwakuqhelekile ukuba bachaze ibinzana elithi "Por Jove".
  • Uthixo uJupiter ngandlel’ ithile wayeyikhusela iRoma ekuphazamisekeni, ekungeneleleni nasekuhlaselweni kwamanye amazwe.

Iimpawu

Njengothixo wesibhakabhaka, uJupiter wayalela ukuba kubekho imibane, iindudumo nezaqhwithi, kanye njengokuba uZeyus wayesebenzisa umbane njengezixhobo. Efanelekela indima yakhe njengokumkani woothixo, uthixo onguJupiter wayedla ngokuboniswa ehleli etroneni ephethe intonga yasebukhosini okanye umsimelelo.

Noko ke, kunokuba abe nenxaxheba ngokubonakalayo kula madabi, wacinga ukuba uthixo onguJupiter wawongamela aze awalawule. Ngaphezu kwaso nasiphi na esinye isithixo, uJupiter wayebambe isiphelo sorhulumente waseRoma kwibhalansi. Ngoko ukuze amkholise, amaRoma anikela amadini kuthixo ukongezelela kwizifungo ezingcwele zokumhlonela.

Ukuthembeka ababekwenza ngako amadini nokugcina izifungo zabo kwakubonisa ukuziphatha kukaJupiter. AmaRoma ayekholelwa ukuba impumelelo yobukhosi bawo beMeditera yayinokubangelwa kukuzinikela kwawo okukhethekileyo kulo thixo.

UJUPITER UTHIXO

Ngokhozi, uJupiter wakhokela ekuthathweni kweendawo zokuvumisa, uqheliselo lokuvumisa apho abantu abavumisayo bazama ukutyhila imiqondiso nokuxela kwangaphambili ikamva ngokujonga ukubhabha kweentaka (amagama anjengathi “okuhle” kunye “nokungakhathali” avela kulo mkhuba). Ngenxa yokuba ukhozi yayisisilwanyana esingcwele sikaJupiter, amaRoma ayekholelwa ukuba indlela le ntaka iziphatha ngayo ichaza ukuthanda kwakhe. Izibikezelo ezixelwe ngokuziphatha kokhozi zazigqalwa njengezona zityhilayo.

Intsapho

UJupiter wayengunyana kaSaturn uthixo wesibhakabhaka owandulela uJupiter kunye no-Ops (owaziwa ngokuba yi-Opis), uthixokazi womhlaba kunye nokukhula. Abazalwana bakhe yayinguNeptune, uthixo wolwandle, kunye noPluto, uthixo wehlabathi elingaphantsi komhlaba kunye nobutyebi (isinyithi, isiseko semali yamaRoma kunye nobutyebi, obafunyanwa phantsi komhlaba). Oodade wabo babequka uCeres uthixokazi wenzala owayelawula ukukhula kweenkozo, uVesta uthixokazi waseziko, noJuno uthixokazi ongumama onxulumene nomtshato, intsapho, uxolo lwasekhaya nenyanga.

Uthixo uJupiter wayetshate nodade wabo uJuno, owayeliqabane laseRoma likaHera. Phakathi kwabantwana bakhe kwakukho uMars uthixo wemfazwe owadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusekweni kweRoma noBellona, ​​uthixokazi wemfazwe. Abantwana abongezelelekileyo baquka uVulcan uthixo womlilo, umsebenzi wesinyithi kunye nokubumba, kunye noJuventus uthixokazi omncinci owayelawula inguqu ukusuka ebuntwaneni ukuya ebudodeni kwaye wayenxulunyaniswa namandla kunye nokuvuselelwa.

Nangona umbutho wamaRoma wentsomi wawungenawo amabali eengxwabangxwaba zomtshato awayedla ngokuchaza ulwalamano lukaZeyus noHera, kwakucacile ukuba uJupiter wayengathembekanga kuJuno. Iintsomi zabalisa ngokungathembeki okuninzi kukaJupiter kunye nabantwana abaphuma kubo.

  • Ekunye noMaya, uthixokazi womhlaba nokuchuma (ekusenokwenzeka ukuba walibiza igama lakhe kwinyanga yamaRoma enguMaius, okanye kaMeyi), uJupiter wayenoMercury ongumthunywa wothixo wezorhwebo, wabarhwebi, wokuhamba ngenqanawa nowokukhenketha.

UJUPITER UTHIXO

  • Ekunye noDione, wazala uVenus, uthixokazi wothando nomnqweno wesini (nangona amanye amabali amenza ukuba aphume egwebu lolwandle, njengoAphrodite wamaGrike).
  • Kunye nodade wabo uCeres, uthixo uJupiter wayeneProserpina ihlelo elibalulekileyo elinxulunyaniswa nomjikelo wokuhla kunye nokuzalwa ngokutsha, kanye njengokuba iPersephone yayinjalo kumaGrike.
  • Ekunye noMetis awamthatha ngenkani, uJupiter wayenoMinerva.

Jupiter, iRoma kunye nehlelo lakhe

Ngokwembali eyintsomi yokusekwa kweRoma, uNuma Pompilius, ukumkani wesibini waseRoma, wazisa uJupiter kumaRoma waza wamisela imilinganiselo yonqulo lwakhe. Kwiminyaka yokuqala yeRoma, uJupiter wayelawula njengenxalenye yeArchaic Triad, eyayiquka uMars noQuirinus, inguqulelo eyenziwe isithixo yomseki wesixeko, uRomulus. Ngokwamabali kaLivy kunye noPlutarch, iNuma yayijongene nobunzima kwaye yanyanzela oothixo ababini abancinci, uPicus kunye neFaunas, ukuba babizele uJupiter kwinduli yeAventine.

Emva koko uNuma wathetha nothixo ongusomandla owazisa iimfuno zakhe ngokuphathelele idini ledini, elaziwa ngokuba nguhostiae. Ukuze aqinisekise ukunqulwa kwabantu baseRoma, uJupiter wafundisa uNuma indlela yokuphepha umbane, ngokweemfuno zikaNuma. Isifundo sokuduma kwendudumo kaJupiter mhlawumbi sasebenza njengesikweko, esibonisa ukunikezelwa kwakhe okubanzi kokhuseleko kunye nenkxaso kubantu baseRoma.

Uthixo onguJupiter, enyanisweni, wasitywina eso sivumelwano noNuma namaRoma ngokuthumela ezantsi ezulwini ikhaka elingqukuva eligqibeleleyo elibizwa ngokuba yi-ancile, umfuziselo wokhuselo, ukuba lwakha lwabakho. Emva koko, uNuma wenza iikopi ezilishumi elinanye eziphantse zifane ezifanayo ze-ansile. Ezi zikhuselo zilishumi elinambini, ngokudibeneyo ezaziwa njenge-ancilia, zaba luphawu olungcwele lwesixeko kunye nesikhumbuzo esihlala sihleli sesivumelwano phakathi kweJupiter neRoma.

Jupiter kunye nenkolo yelizwe laseRoma

Ngokuhamba kwexesha, inkolo yeJupiter yaba yinxalenye yezithethe ezimiselwe kakuhle kwaye zajongwa ngurhulumente. AmaRoma akha itempile enkulu kaJupiter Optimus Maximus kwiNduli yeCapitoline; yakuba igqityiwe, yaba yeyona tempile inkulu kuzo zonke zaseRoma.

Ngokwentsomi yamaRoma, yayiyinkosi yesihlanu yaseRoma, uTarquinius Priscus, owaqala ukwakhiwa kwetempile, kunye nokumkani wokugqibela waseRoma uTarquinius Superbus, owagqiba ngo-509 BC. C. Nangona itempile yatshatyalaliswa kudala ngaphambi kwale mihla, ngelo xesha itempile yayiyinqaba engaphezulu kweCapitol.

Encotsheni yetempile unokufumana umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaJupiter eqhuba inqwelo yamahashe amane. Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaJupiter opeyintwe bomvu ngexesha lemibhiyozo kunye nesibingelelo samatye esibizwa ngokuba yi-Iuppiter Lapis ("ilitye likaJupiter"), apho abafungayo benza izifungo zabo ezingcwele, bobabini babephakathi kwetempile. ITempile kaJupiter Optimus Maximus yayiyindawo yokwenza amadini apho amaRoma ayenikela khona ngezilwanyana (ezaziwa ngokuba yihostiae) kuthixo onamandla.

Imikhosi kaJupiter yayiyinkomo, imvana (inikelwa minyaka le nge-Ides kaMatshi) nebhokhwe okanye ibhokhwe ethenwayo, eyayinikelwa njengesipho nge-Ides kaJanuwari. Ukongamela le minikelo, amaRoma enza iofisi yecawa uFlamen Dialis, umbingeleli omkhulu kaJupiter.

I-Flamen Dialis nayo yakhonza njengelungu eliphezulu lekholeji yeFlamines, iqumrhu lababingeleli abalishumi elinesihlanu ababephethe imicimbi yenkolo karhulumente. Ngoko i-ofisi ye-Flamen Dialis yayihloniphekile ukuba kuphela abo bazalwa ngokusemthethweni, iipatricians, bavunyelwe ukuba bayibambe (abaqhelekileyo okanye abancinci babengavumelekanga).

itempile yejupiter

ITempile kaJupiter Optimus Maximus yayiyeyona ndawo ithandwayo kwimibhiyozo yomkhosi eyaziwa ngokuba luloyiso. Owayekhokela loo mingcelele yayiyinjengele eyoyisayo okanye eyoyisayo. Umngcelele ngokwawo wawuquka umkhosi walowo uphumeleleyo, amabanjwa, nezinto eziphangiweyo, ezaziza kunqumla izitrato zaseRoma ngaphambi kokuba ziye kuphelela kwitempile enkulu. Apho umngcelele wenza amadini waza washiya inxalenye yamaxhoba awo kuJupiter.

Kuyo yonke le minyhadala, ophumeleleyo wayeza kuthwala imigibe kaJupiter ngokwakhe. Wayedla ngokukhwela amahashe amane, anxibe itoga emfusa, aqabe ubuso bakhe bubomvu, ade aphathe nentonga kaJupiter. Njengoko uMaurus Servius Honoratus wabhala kwiNgxelo yakhe kwiVirgil's Eclogues:

"Iinjengele ezoyisayo zinxiba i-Jupiter insignia, intonga, kunye ne'palmata' toga, eyaziwa nangokuthi 'kwidyasi yeJupiter,' njengoko bejonge ngombala obomvu womhlaba oqatywe ebusweni babo."

Owoyisayo kwakucingelwa ukuba ufanekisela uthixo njengoko wayekhwele kwitempile kaJupiter. Ihlelo likaJupiter laphumelela eRoma ukususela ekusekweni kwalo, elalidume kakhulu ngenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo, de kwaba yinkulungwane yokuqala yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo.

Ngeli xesha, urhulumente wabuyisela umdla othandwayo wonqulo ukusuka koothixo bamandulo ukuya kubalawuli baseRoma. Ngexesha abalawuli bokuqala bamkela ubuKristu ngenkulungwane yesine yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo, intsomi kaJupiter kunye nemikhosi yamaRoma yayingasathandeki kwaphela.

Ukwehla kweJupiter 

Indima kaJupiter kunqulo lwaseRoma iba neenkcukacha ezininzi kwaye iyatshintsha ngokutshintsha kwemeko yobukumkani. Ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, amaqela akhuphisanayo athi ungumthombo wawo wokusesikweni yaye uqiqa ngelithi ulungile kwiingxabano ezingekapheli. Kanye njengokuba unqulo olukholelwa kuThixo omnye ngokufuthi lucaphula ukuthanda kukaThixo kwiingxoxo kwelinye icala okanye kwelinye, kwakunjalo namaRoma kunye noJupiter.

Njengoko uluntu luhambela phambili, ngokunjalo iimvakalelo ezijikeleze indawo kaJupiter kwinkcubeko; njengoko kuchaziwe, waqalisa njengokumkani woothixo. Loo mvakalelo yavela ngokuyintloko ngexesha lobukumkani bamaRoma, xa obo bukhosi babulawulwa ngookumkani.

Ngoko xa abalawuli baqalisa ukulawula babenenkolelo yokuba bangoothixo abaphilayo okanye bayinzala yoothixo ngokwabo, ngokuyintloko uthixo onguJupiter. Ngoko ngokwenene ukuwohloka kwaqala emva kokuba ulawulo lukaKesare luphelile. UKesare walandelwa ngumlawuli uAwugusto, owathi ngoko nangoko waqalisa unqulo lobukhosi njengoko wayengathabatheki ncam yingcamango yokuba nguthixo. Noko ke, njengoko abalawuli abatsha babelandela omnye komnye, bonke babefuna ukugqalwa njengoothixo kungekhona abantu.

Ngandlela-thile, oku kwakumela amaqela kukhuphiswano olujikeleze izithixo zaseRoma, ngakumbi iJupiter, oku: kwelinye icala, umfanekiso wamandla obukhosi kunye nobuninzi bobuthixo babantu. Kwaye kwelinye, ukumela oko ubukhosi obudala babumele ngoku: into embi neyalelweyo; ofanelwe sisohlwayo nokudelwa.

Yaba koku kukodwa ekugqibeleni okwakhokelela ekuweni konqulo eRoma. Eye yabonakala emva kokuwa koBukhosi kwinkulungwane yesihlanu kunye nokunyuka kobuKristu.

Ilifa

Ngokuqhelekileyo, phakathi kwawona mabali abalulekileyo anxulunyaniswa nothixo wamaRoma uJupiter, sinokufumanisa ukuba wayebalaseliswa ngakumbi koko kuthethwa lulwimi, kambe ke ngaphandle kokuqwalasela impembelelo enkulu okwakunokuba nayo oku kumaRoma ngexesha lakhe. Phakathi kwawona mabinzana axhaphakileyo avela: "nguJove" eyayidla ngokusetyenziswa kwizifungo okanye amadlelo kwiinkundla zamaRoma amandulo kunye neesenethi, Ngendlela efanayo, igama elithi jovial livela, eliphuma kulowo wangaphambili kwaye ngokusondeleyo. edibene nalo thixo.

Igama langaphambili lalisetyenziswa ngokusisiseko ukuchaza umntu onothando, oyonwabisayo kwaye ochwayitileyo, ngoko lo mntu kunokuthiwa unento kathixo uJupiter. Kuya kuba kuhle ukuba amagama anentsingiselo enye kuphela, kodwa hayi, siphila kwihlabathi le-polysemic.

Enye yelifa kulo thixo kukuba igama lakhe lalisetyenziselwa ukubiza iplanethi yesi-5 kunye neyona inkulu kwisixokelelwano selanga. Esi sijikelezi-langa, kunye neMars, iVenus kunye neSaturn, zathiywa ngezithixo zezithixo zaseRoma, kuquka ilanga nenyanga nazo zinegama lazo.

Ekugqibeleni, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba igama losuku lweveki "uLwesine" libophelela kulo thixo. Ukongeza, kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba uluntu lwenzululwazi lusebenzise igama likathixo uJupiter ngaphambi kokuba kufunyanwe.

Ngubani uJupiter kwiintsomi zamaGrike?

Uthixo uJupiter unxulunyaniswa noZeyus kwintsomi yamaGrike, owabhalwa njengokumkani weeOlympians nothixo wesibhakabhaka, imozulu, izaqhwithi, imibane, imimoya namafu. Ukongezelela, yayifuzisela umthetho, ucwangco, ubulungisa, amandla, ikamva lomntu kunye nohlanga loluntu. Ngokuqhelekileyo phakathi kwabemi bamandulo bamaGrike, wayebizwa ngokuba "nguyise woothixo okanye ukumkani wabo bonke". Iimpawu ezibophelelayo kulo thixo ngumbane, ukhozi, inkunzi yenkomo kunye nom-oki.

Ukungafani kunye nokufana

UZeus noJupiter ngoyena thixo baziwa kakhulu kwiGrisi yaMandulo nakwiRoma yaMandulo. UZeus wayengukumkani wase-Olympus (indawo yasentsomini apho oothixo babehlala khona kwiintsomi zamandulo zamaGrike), apho indawo yakhe yokulawula uluntu yayilizulu kwaye isimboli sakhe sisibane esinamandla segolide. UJupiter endaweni yoko wayeyinkokeli kunye nomlawuli wabo bonke oothixo kunye nomntu kwiRoma yaMandulo (kwixesha elinye, emva kweGrisi yamandulo), wayekwayinkosi yesibhakabhaka kwaye isimboli sakhe sasingumbane onamandla.

Imbali yemvelaphi, ukuthathwa kwegunya kunye nomlibo wabo wokuzalwa ifana kakhulu, phakathi kwabo singabalula indlela bobabini ababhukuqa ngayo abazali babo ngenxa yokuthatha igunya eliphezulu, indlela ababasindisa ngayo abazalwana babo kunye nokwabiwa phakathi kwabo kwiindawo ngeendawo zokuhlala. ihlabathi elingaqondakaliyo, kunye namabali ahlukeneyo malunga nemicimbi yakhe yothando emininzi kunye nenzala.

Noko ke, ukufana kwaba thixo babini bempucuko yamandulo kuphelela apho, njengoko uZeyus wayenguthixo owongamileyo; kodwa eneempawu ezahlukeneyo zobuntu ezifana neemvakalelo zothando, umona nokudelela. Wayejongwa njengomntu ophaphazelayo yaye ngokufuthi echazwa njengongakhathaliyo nophenjelelwa ngokulula ngokukhethekileyo ngoothixo abangamabhinqa, ababesebenzisa amakhubalo abo kuye.

Kunoko, uJupiter kwiRoma yamandulo wayechazwa njengenkokeli yamaStoyike, engenazimvakalelo kwaphela (njengenkoliso yoothixo kwiRoma yamandulo) yaye indlela yakhe yokulawula ngokufuthi yayifaniswa naleyo yendlu yebhodi elungelelanisiweyo, enabacebisi abathile; nangona kunjalo, isigqibo sokugqibela sasihlala sihlala kunye noJupiter. Ngelixa uZeyus wayebonwa njengomntu oguquguqukayo kwaye engakhathali, uJupiter waboniswa ngokubala kunye nokukhuthaza.

Ikakhulu uZeyus noJupiter banguthixo omnye, belawula indawo enye, ngeempucuko ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. AmaGrike amandulo ayekho ngaphambi kwamaRoma, ngoko kunokuphikiswa ukuba iJupiter ikukurhoxiswa kukaZeus, kunye neenguqu ezifihlakeleyo ezibonisa utshintsho olwenzekayo kuluntu. Ngoxa amaGrike ayebagqala oothixo njengabantu abanikwe amandla akhethekileyo nokungafi, amaRoma ayebagqala oothixo babo njengeentsika zokuziphatha nemilinganiselo engenakufikeleleka.

Njengokuba kunjalo ngexesha lamaGrike, iintsomi zoothixo zazibandakanya iimpazamo zomgwebo (njengoko abantu besenza) kunye neempawu zomona nokuziphindezela. Noko ke, kumaRoma oothixo babefezekile, ngoko kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba benze iimpazamo ekubeni babeqiqa kakuhle.

USaturn uyise kaJupiter

AmaRoma ayezithanda zonke izinto zamaGrike, ngoko ke ezona ntsapho zizizityebi nezinamandla eRoma zazide ziqeshele oonyana bazo abafundisi abangamaGrike. Uncwadi, ubugcisa, ifilosofi kwaye ngaphezu kwayo yonke inkolo yeRiphabhlikhi (kwaye kamva yoBukhosi baseRoma) yayiza kutshintsha ngonaphakade. Omnye weyona mizekelo yakudala kunye neyona ndlela ibalaseleyo yolu tshintsho lwenkolo ijikeleza umntu ogxothiweyo: uthixo okhutshwe eGrisi kodwa wafumana ikhaya kwiinduli zaseRoma, igama lakhe lalinguSaturn.

Abanye ababhali bakholelwa ukuba uSaturn wayekho kwiintsomi zaseRoma ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba "ukuhlasela" kwenkolo yamaGrike kwaye idibanise nothixo wase-Etruscan uSatre; nangona kunjalo, ukuba oku kuyinyani okanye akunjalo kuyintelekelelo ngokupheleleyo. Njengoko unqulo lwamaGrike lwalusiya lusiba nobuRoma, uSaturn okanye uSaturn, owayedla ngokuboniswa ephethe isikele, wanxulumana ngokusondeleyo nothixo wamaGrike uCronus, inkosi yendalo iphela nothixo owayeqwenga abantwana bakhe.

Wayengunyana kaUranus (isibhakabhaka) kunye noGaia (umhlaba). Emva kokuba uZeus kunye nabazalwana bakhe (uPoseidon kunye neHadesi) baphumelele iTitans, uSaturn waxoshwa kwikhaya loothixo bamaGrike, iNtaba yeOlympus. Ngokutsho kwentsomi, uSaturn wahlala eLatium kwindawo ezayo yaseRoma. Ukufika kwakhe kwamkelwa nguthixo wamaRoma uJanus, uthixo onobuso obubini, uthixo wesiqalo nowokuphela. Ngokukhawuleza uSaturn wazimisa apho, wada waseka isixeko esikufuphi saseSaturnia.

Ngokutsho kwentsomi yamandulo, uSaturn walawula iLatium ngobulumko ngexesha layo legolide, ixesha lokuchuma okukhulu noxolo. Kungelo xesha ke awathi wanxulumana ngokusondeleyo nezolimo (njengothixo wembewu yombona), kungoko isizathu sokubonakaliswa kwakhe kubugcisa obubambe isikele. Wayalela abantu kwimigaqo esisiseko yezolimo kunye nokulima kweediliya (ukuveliswa kweediliya). Ukwancede abantu balapha ukuba bayeke iindlela zabo "zobuqhetseba" kwaye endaweni yoko bamkele indlela yokuphila yoluntu kunye nokuziphatha okuhle.

Ngelixa ababhali-mbali bephikisana ngemvelaphi kaSaturn kunye nendima yakhe kwiintsomi zamaRoma, indawo yakhe kwimbali yaseRoma ikhunjulwa ngezinto ezimbini: itempile yakhe kunye nomthendeleko wakhe, lo mva ungomnye wemithendeleko emininzi elindelwe kwikhalenda. . Itempile yakhe, eyakhiwa malunga nowama-498 B.C. C., yayikumazantsi eNduli yeCapitoline yaye yayinovimba waseRoma, kwakunye neengxelo nemimiselo yeNdlu yeeNgwevu yaseRoma.

Xa iwile, yayiza kuphinda yakhiwe ebudeni bolawulo loMlawuli uAgasto. Umbhiyozo wakhe, iSaturnalia, wawubhiyozelwa ngoDisemba ukususela ngowe-17 ukusa kowama-23 yaye wawunxulumene nokuhlwayelwa kweenkozo zasebusika. (Kukho abo babeka umnyhadala ngo-Agasti).

Nangona uMlawuli uAgasto wabunciphisayo ubude balo mbhiyozo baba ziintsuku ezintathu (uCaligula noKlawudiyo kamva bawunyusa waba zintlanu), inkoliso yabantu yayiyityeshela imimiselo yaza yawubhiyozela kangangeentsuku ezisixhenxe ezipheleleyo. Njengenxalenye yekhalenda kaNuma, ukumkani wesibini waseRoma, umthendeleko ngokukhawuleza wandulela umthendeleko we-Ops, umlingane kaSaturn kunye nothixokazi wesivuno: wayenxulumene nonkulunkulukazi ongumGrike uRhea. Kwakhona uSaturn wayedityaniswe nesinye isithixo samandulo saseItali, uLua.

Umthendeleko wawufana neminye emininzi apho ixesha lalichithwa kutyiwa, kuselwa kwaye kudlalwa: kwakukho imidlalo emininzi kunye namatheko (ababhali-mbali abangamaKristu bayazibuza ukuba ngaba kwakukho ama-gladiators kunye namadini abantu). Ukongamela umthendeleko yayiyikumkani yobuxoki, uKumkani weMisrule okanye iinkosana zikaSaturnalicius. Izipho zatshintshwa, ngokuqhelekileyo amakhandlela okanye imifanekiso ye-ceramic. Noko ke, ebudeni beveki yokubhiyoza, amakhoboka ayenethuba elikhethekileyo. Banikwa umlinganiselo othile wenkululeko.

Enye into, kwakunganyanzelekanga ukuba banxibe umnqwazi wemveli okanye i-pilleus. Iimpahla zokuzonwabisa nazo zavunyelwa, kwaye ngokukodwa, iinkosi kunye namakhoboka batshintshiselana ngeendima. Amakhoboka ayenikela imiyalelo kwiinkosi zawo zize iinkosi zawo ziwanyamekele amakhoboka. Lo mnyhadala wawuya kuhlala kude kube lixesha lobuKristu, apho wawuya kuthatha isazisi negama elitsha: iBrumalia.

Namhlanje, imisitho nemibhiyozo yaphela kudala yaye, njengezinye izithixo ezininzi zamaGrike namaRoma, amagama azo afumaneka kuphela kwincwadi endala enothuli. Nangona kunjalo, abanye, njengoSaturn, baye bafumana ingqiqo ethile yokungafi. Sikhumbula uSaturn ngeendlela ezimbini, enye yazo ephelisa iveki yethu yomsebenzi exakekileyo: ngoMgqibelo. Kwaye, xa sijonga esibhakabhakeni ngamanye amaxesha sinokubona iplanethi yesithandathu ukusuka elangeni: iSaturn.

Iintsomi kunye neJupiter

Uthixo uJupiter udlala indima kwiintsomi ezininzi zamandulo zamaRoma, apho lo thixo aphindaphindayo sinokukhankanya oku kulandelayo:

  • Abantu okanye oothixo abancinci bahlala beza kuJupiter befuna ubulungisa okanye uncedo. Ngoko kuthiwa ngenye imini uPhaethon woyiswa kukulawula inqwelo yokulwa kayise eyayitsalwa ngamahashe amane, athwala ilanga esibhakabhakeni. Ubushushu belanga obugqithisileyo ngenxa yokusondela kwalo kwatshisa umhlaba, kwabangela imililo kwadala neentlango ezinkulu. Ngoko bekhunga abantu abafayo bacela uncedo kuthixo onguJupiter, owaphendula imithandazo ngokutshabalalisa inqwelo yokulwa ngemibane nangendudumo yakhe.
  • Kwenye intsomi efana nengxelo yeBhayibhile engomkhukula kaNowa, uthixo uJupiter uthabatha imo yomntu ukuze abone ukuba amarhe obubi bomntu ayenyanisile. Ekhwankqisiwe zizenzo zabo, uhlabela mgama ebohlwaya bonke ngomkhukula omkhulu.

Ibali laBantwana leJupiter

Ukuba abancinci kufuneka bazi onke amabali agxininise koothixo, izidalwa ze-mythological kule meko ezivela kwi-mythology yamaRoma, banokunikwa ulwazi malunga nalo ngendlela efihlakeleyo, yokudala kunye neyonwabileyo kulo mbandela. Esinye sezixhobo ezinokusetyenziselwa oku ngamabali abantwana okanye iimuvi. Ngoku ucinga ngale njongo, sikuzisa ngezantsi ukutolikwa kwakhona okufanelekileyo kwabantwana malunga nentsomi yeJupiter, Juno kunye ne-Io.

Ngenye imini uthixo weendudumo uJupiter wayekruqukile kwibhotwe lakhe elisezulwini, ekubeni wayengenanto yakwenza ngelo xesha. Ngoko kwafika engqondweni yakhe ukutyelela abanye babazalwana bakhe, njengoNeptune owayephantsi kolwandle okanye uPluto owanikwa indawo yabafileyo. Kodwa, uthixo wokucinga nje ukuba kufuneka ajike abe yingwane ukuze atyelele umninawa wakhe uNeptune wamenza wonqena, kwenzeka into efanayo ngokundwendwela iPluto ngenye intsasa yangeCawa, owathi ngokuqinisekileyo ngenxa yobumnyama obuninzi endlwini yakhe wayeya kutyelela. Hlalani nilele.

Ebudeni belo xesha lokucinga ngento emayenziwe, wabuza ukuba wayengenako ukuhla aye emhlabeni ukuze ancede abantu abafayo njengoko babekusuku lwabo lokuphumla lwangeCawe besabelana kwaye besonwaba nosapho, ngoko ke inkonzo yakhe kunye nabo yayingeyomfuneko ngaloo mzuzu. Kwakhona wacinga ngokufowunela umfazi wakhe, kodwa wayexakeke kakhulu esenza umsebenzi wakhe onguthixokazi enika iingcebiso kubafazi abatshatileyo ngendlela yokuba nomtshato owonwabileyo, ngoko ngokuqinisekileyo wayengenakwabelana naye.

Emva koko ingcamango eqaqambileyo iyenzeka kuye, ukutyelela umntu ofayo ngaphandle kokubonwa ukwenza umdlalo okanye ububi. Kulapho xa enyula abantu ababini ababehamba endle, wasondela ezindlebeni zabo bobabini waza wacengceleza oku kulandelayo: “Ndive sisidenge. Abo babebhidekile yaye bengathethanga babambana ukuze balwe, ekubeni bobabini babecinga ukuba omnye uthethe ibinzana elinjalo komnye. Ngale nto, uJupiter waqala ukuhleka kakhulu ebona ukuba isiqhulo sakhe sisebenzile kwaye wakwazi ukuzonwabisa ngaso okwethutyana.

Nangona kunjalo, uthixo wagqiba kwelokuba aqhubeke ejonge emhlabeni naseRoma ukuze abone ukuba loluphi olunye ulonwabo anokulufumana. Ngoko ngaxa lithile wabeka amehlo akhe ku-Io, inyosi entle yamanzi, ngoko ke ukudibana naye wadala ibhulorho yamafu athambileyo ukuze afikelele esibhakabhakeni. Noko ke, uJuno, umfazi kaJupiter, efuna ukwazi ngale meko yemozulu, wagqiba ekubeni asondele ukuze abone ukuba kwenzeka ntoni.

Xa uthixokazi efika kule bhulorho, wafumanisa ukuba umyeni wakhe wayephethe inkomo entle nencinane. Ngelo xesha, uJupiter wayezibuza ukuba esi silwanyana sincinane sifike njani kwibhotwe lakhe phezulu kangaka. Kodwa, uJuno wayenombono wokuba kukho into engaqhelekanga eyayisenzeka kuJupiter nokuba uJupiter wayenokwenza umntu abe yinkomo. Ngoko wacinga ukuba, ukuba esi silwanyana sincinane sasingabalulekanga kangako kumyeni wakhe, wayenokusigcina ngaphandle kokuchasa.

Wacela umyeni wakhe ukuba amnike inkomo, yaye ngaphandle kwexesha lokwala, wavuma. Wandula ke lo thixokazi wathabatha inkomo wayisa ethafeni apho isigebenga sasiyigadela nakuphi na ukuphazamisa komyeni waso uJupiter. Ekubeni wayeyithanda kakhulu inkomo, ngenye imini wagqiba kwelokuba ayihlangule. Ngenxa yoko, wacela uncedo kunyana wakhe uApollo, wakwazi ukukhohlisa waza walala isigebenga, ethabatha inkomo awayegqiba ukuyishiya elunxwemeni lomlambo, kodwa ephazamisekile, akazange ambuyisele kuye. ifom yoqobo yenymph.

Xa uthixokazi uJuno waphawula ukunyamalala kwenkomo, wathumela iqela leempukane ezilumayo ukuba liyikhangele. Ukufumana u-Io usaguquka waba yinkomo, bamsukela baza bamhlaba ixesha elide, ngaphambi kokuba inkomo ikhuphe isandi kuphela: Muuuuu Muuuu, kwaye yaqhubeka ibaleka de yaya kufika eYiputa, apho uthixokazi uJuno wamguqula waba yimo yakhe. nymph Uthixokazi wamcela ukuba akhangele umyeni olungileyo aze ahlale kuloo ndawo intsha. Kodwa elahlekelwe likhaya lakhe kakhulu, u-Io i-nymph wagqiba ekubeni aqubhe abuyele ekhaya eRoma.

kumaxesha angoku

Kumaxesha anamhlanje, iJupiter yayisaziwa kakhulu ngokuboleka igama layo kwindawo yesihlanu ngobukhulu kwisixokelelwano sethu selanga. Abafundi basenokuba baye bamjongile bengazi iJupiter ngokuthi bathethe isikhuzo esidumileyo "Por Jove!" Enye inguqulelo yegama likaJupiter, uJove, yabonwa njengesikhuzo esamkeleke ngakumbi kumaKristu azinikeleyo, awayesoyika ukusebenzisa igama lothixo wawo ilize; ngokunjalo eli gama kuthiwa ukongezwa kosuku lweveki ngoLwesine.

Kwimithombo yeendaba ezininzi zenkcubeko, uZeus uthandwa kakhulu kuneJupiter. Oku kuvisisana nokuthandwa ngokubanzi kwezithethe zezithixo zamaGrike kunezamaRoma.

Ukuba ulifumene linomdla eli nqaku malunga noThixo uJupiter wentsomi yaseRoma, siyakumema ukuba wonwabele ezi ezinye:


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