Yintoni uKhenketho lwe-Ecological okanye i-Ecotourism ▷➡️ Postposmo

Ukususela kwiminyaka yoo-1980 yenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, indlela entsha yokwenza ukhenketho yaqala ngenjongo yokujonga nokonwabela imisebenzi yokunxibelelana nendalo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Ecological Tourism, Ecotourism okanye uKhenketho lweNdalo. Le ndlela yokwenza ukhenketho ifuna ukukhuthaza ukhenketho apho eyona nto iphambili iluzinzo kunye nolondolozo lwendalo esingqongileyo kunye nezithethe zenkcubeko yeendawo ezityelelweyo. Ndiyakumema ukuba wazi ukuba i-Ecological Tourism iqulathe ntoni, apha kweli nqaku.

Ukhenketho lwendalo okanye ukhenketho lwendalo

Olu hlobo lokhenketho luhlobo lwezindululo zokukhuthaza ukhenketho olunomtsalane ophambili kukubonisa iimbonakalo zomhlaba ezahlukeneyo ezibonelelwa yindalo, ngenxa yale njongo ifumana amagama oKhenketho lwe-Ecological, ukhenketho lwendalo okanye ukhenketho lwendalo. UKhenketho lwe-Ecological yindlela esesikweni yokwenza ukhenketho kwabanye abantu abathanda imisebenzi yendalo kwaye banonxibelelwano nabemi bendawo kunye neenkcubeko zabo. Ngenxa yoku, imisebenzi ecwangcisiweyo icaciswe ngemithetho-siseko yozinzo lokusingqongileyo.

Le ndlela yokwenza ukhenketho yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-80, yaze yakhawuleza yaba licandelo lokhenketho elinomtsalane, yaba lelona candelo liguqukayo nelikhulayo lokhenketho kwihlabathi jikelele. Ngenxa yomdla obangelwe kuluntu oluthanda olu hlobo lokhenketho, uMbutho weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo (UN) wakhetha unyaka wama-2002 ukuze ukhuthaze imisebenzi eyahlukahlukeneyo eyenziwa kuKhenketho lweNdalo.

Ngo-1990, i-International Ecotourism Society (i-TIES) yasekwa ngenjongo yokukhuthaza olu hlobo loKhenketho lwe-Ecological, kunye nokuzalisekisa umsebenzi walo okanye isizathu sokuba ... uhambo olwenziwe noxanduva lokulondoloza indalo kunye negalelo ekuphuculeni imeko elungileyo yabemi bendawo. I-TIES izibophelele ekuphumezeni lo msebenzi ngokukhuthaza ulondolozo lwenkcubeko yendalo kunye nokwalathisa amanyathelo kukhenketho oluzinzileyo kwihlabathi liphela. Ukuze ifezekise injongo yayo kunye nombono, uKhenketho lwe-Ecological kufuneka luhambelane nale migaqo ilandelayo:

Ukunciphisa iimpembelelo ezimbi zokusingqongileyo nezenkcubeko eziveliswa ngulo msebenzi.
Ukuphumeza intlonipho nolwazi lwendalo esingqongileyo kunye nezithethe zenkcubeko
Nikezela ngamaxesha alungileyo kubamkeli nabakhenkethi
Ukubonelela ngeenzuzo zoqoqosho kulondolozo lwendalo esingqongileyo nenkcubeko
Ukubonelela ngeenzuzo zemali kwaye ukhuthaze ukuthatha inxaxheba ekuthathweni kwezigqibo zasekuhlaleni
Ukuseka ukuqonda ngokubhekiselele kwimiba yezopolitiko, yendalo esingqongileyo neyentlalo yamazwe abambeleyo
Xhasa amalungelo oluntu jikelele kunye nemithetho yezabasebenzi

UKhenketho lwe-Ecological, nangona iluhambo lwamva nje kunye nohambo, lujongwa ngamaqela aliqela okusingqongileyo, imibutho karhulumente kunye nemibutho engekho phantsi kukarhulumente kwibala lamazwe ngamazwe njengomsebenzi onokwenzeka wophuhliso oluzinzileyo. Umsebenzi woKhenketho lwe-Ecological kumazwe afana ne-Costa Rica, iPuerto Rico, iKenya, iMadagascar, iNepal ne-Ecuador (iZiqithi zeGalapagos) ungenisa ingeniso ebalulekileyo kwicandelo lokhenketho lwaloo mazwe kunye nakwamanye amazwe kuqoqosho lwawo.

Ikamva Lethu Elifanayo

Ngo-1987, i-UN World Commission on Environment and Development yabhala incwadi ethi Our Common Future, nekwaziwa ngokuba yi “Brundtland Report”, ngenxa yokuba usihlalo wayo ingugqirha waseNorway uGro Harlem Brundtland. Olu xwebhu lwalungiselelwa ngenjongo yokunikezela ngothotho lwezindululo ezinokuthi zenziwe, ukuthintela ukuqhubela phambili kweengxaki zokusingqongileyo ezibangelwa luphuhliso lwehlabathi.

Izazinzulu kunye nabezopolitiko abavela kumazwe angama-21 bathathe inxaxheba ekulungiseleleni incwadi ethi Ikamva Lethu Eliqhelekileyo okanye iNgxelo yaseBrundtland, eyahlalutya iingxelo ezibhaliweyo ezifunyenwe kwiminyaka emithathu yeengxoxo zikawonke-wonke kunye neemvavanyo ezibhaliweyo ezingaphezu kwama-500. Elinye lawona mnikelo ubalulekileyo wale ngxelo yayikukucacisa ukuba ukulondolozwa kwendalo kuye kwadlula ekubeni yingxaki yendawo, yengingqi kunye neyesizwe ukuba ibe yingxaki yehlabathi, ngoko ke onke amazwe kunye nabantu kufuneka basebenze ukuze bafezekise isisombululo, ngenxa yokuba uphuhliso kunye nophuhliso kunye noluntu. okusingqongileyo zizalana ngokusondeleyo.

Isiphumo esibalulekileyo sale ngxelo, esiphunyezwe emva kweminyaka emithathu yokuhlalutywa kwezimvo ezivela kwiingcali ezivela kumazwe angaphezu kwama-21, yaba ligalelo elenziwe kumgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo kwibala lezizwe ngezizwe apho ingcamango yophuhliso oluzinzileyo yachazwa "leyo eyanelisayo iimfuno okwangoku ngaphandle kokuchaphazela iimfuno zezizukulwana ezizayo”… apho kwaququzelelwa iNgqungquthela yoMhlaba eyayibanjelwe eRio de Janeiro, eBrazil ngo-1992.

I-World Ecotourism Summit 2002

Ngenxa yokubaluleka koKhenketho lwe-Ecological oluye lwathabatha ngokukhawuleza ukukhuthaza ulondolozo lwendalo esijikelezi-langa, ngenjongo yokumanyanisa imigaqo nokukhumbula uNyaka wama-2002 njengoNyaka weZizwe ngeZizwe woKhenketho lweNdalo, owasekwa yiUN, lwabhiyozelwa eQuebec, eKhanada. I-World Ecotourism Summit ukususela ngoMeyi 19 ukuya ku-22, 2002. Kule ngqungquthela kwaxutyushwa le mixholo ilandelayo:

Umgaqo-nkqubo wezoKhenketho kunye noCwangciso. Lo mxholo ushukuxa imigaqo-nkqubo, iinkqubo nezicwangciso ezahlukeneyo kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo yasekhaya, yengingqi neyehlabathi. Izindululo zezicwangciso zophuhliso oluzinzileyo; ukusetyenziswa kwe-ecotourism kwiipaki zelizwe kunye neendawo ezikhuselweyo zolawulo olulodwa. Ukucwangciswa kwendawo kunye nokucwangciswa. Hlalutya imvisiswano phakathi kophuhliso nolondolozo. Iinkqubo kunye nenkxaso-mali yoKhenketho lweNdalo kunye nophuhliso lwabasebenzi.
Xoxa ngoLawulo lwezoKhenketho lweNdalo
Isiphakamiso kunye nophuhliso lweemveliso, ukuthengisa kunye nezindululo kunye nophuhliso lweemveliso ezizinzileyo, igalelo lee-arhente ezahlukeneyo, imfundo yendalo esingqongileyo, ubudlelwane obucwangcisiweyo phakathi kwecandelo likarhulumente nelabucala.
Uphononongo lweeNdleko kunye neZibonelelo ngegalelo lazo kulondolozo lwendalo esingqongileyo, iimpembelelo ezinokubakho, ukwamkelwa kwamanyathelo othintelo, umanyano kulawulo novavanyo, ukucacisa iinkqubo zophando kunye nolawulo.

Kwiingxoxo zeNgqungquthela, bagxininise ekuxhaseni uKhenketho lwe-Ecological kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezifana nokusingqongileyo, intlalo-nkcubeko kunye noqoqosho, kunye nentsebenziswano kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kuluntu lwengingqi, ulawulo, ulawulo kunye nokuhlolwa kwemisebenzi kunye nokusasazwa kwenjongo yeengeniso ezirekhodiweyo. .

UKhenketho lweNdalo kunye noKhenketho oluHlaza

Kukho iinkcazo ezininzi zoKhenketho lwe-Ecological, oluchaphazela indlela olwenziwa ngayo, oku kungenxa yokuba akukacaci ukuba yintoni uKhenketho lwe-Ecological kwaye akunjalo, kunye noku akukho qumrhu lamazwe ngamazwe elichaza kwaye liqinisekisa oku. umsebenzi. Ngenxa yoko, iiarhente zabakhenkethi zibonelela ngezindululo zabakhenkethi kunye nemisebenzi edityaniswe nemisebenzi yendalo kunye nolunye ulonwabo lwasedolophini. Ukwenza imisebenzi yendalo, efana nosuku elunxwemeni, ukukhempisha, ukuloba, ukhenketho lokukhenketha kunye nezinye izinto ezinxibelelene nendalo, ayiloKhenketho lwe-Ecological. Kunokuthiwa lukhenketho oluluhlaza okanye ukhenketho lwendalo nje.

Ngenxa yezi meko, amaziko afana neWorld Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) kunye neNkqubo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo (UNEP), epapashwe kwiimagazini ezahlukeneyo kunye namaphepha abonakalayo inkcazo ye-Ecological Tourism okanye i-ecotourism kunye neengcebiso zemigaqo-nkqubo yendalo kunye nezenzo ezilungileyo zokwenza. iyazinzileyo. Kwezi nkcazo kucacile ukuba igama elithi ecotourism linentsingiselo ephindwe kabini, ngokujonga kwelinye icala lijoliswe kwicandelo lemarike kunye nelinye inxalenye, lilawulwa phantsi koluhlu lwemigaqo.

Yintoni uKhenketho lweNdalo okanye i-Ecotourism?

Igama elithi Ecological Tourism lichazwa nguMbutho weHlabathi wezoKhenketho, njengomsebenzi owenziwa kwindawo yendalo kwaye eyona njongo yomkhenkethi kukwazi, ukujonga, ukufunda, amava kunye nokuxabisa izithethe nezithethe zenkcubeko ngengqondo enoxanduva. ngentlonipho malunga nesiza esityelelweyo, ngenjongo yokugcina i-ikhosistim yendalo kunye nokuphumeza intlalontle yoluntu lwasekuhlaleni. Umsebenzi we-ecotourism kufuneka ulawulwe ngokulandela iimpawu ezithile ukunciphisa impembelelo engalunganga kwi-ikhosistim kunye nabemi bangaphambili.

Ngokutsho kweKomiti yezoKhenketho kunye noKhuphiswano (CTC), ithatha uKhenketho lwe-Ecological njengomsebenzi ongaphakathi wenjongo yophuhliso oluzinzileyo, luhlobo lokhenketho olugxile kwindalo eneempawu zokunxulumana ngokusondeleyo nophuhliso oluzinzileyo kwaye ngoko ngokusekelwe kwizikhokelo zophuhliso oluzinzileyo kwaye, ngenxa yoku, ixhaswa kukuzaliseka kwamacandelo alandelayo.

Ithanda ulondolozo lweyantlukwano yebhayoloji
Inegalelo kwintlalontle kunye nozinzo lwabemi bendawo
Olu hlobo lokhenketho lunamava okutolika nokufunda kokusingqongileyo
Oku kuthetha ulawulo olunenkathalo ngabatyeleli kunye neshishini lezokhenketho.
Imisebenzi iqhutywa ikakhulu ngamaqela amancinci ziinkampani ezincinci.
Ngethuba lolu hlobo lomsebenzi, ixabiso eliphantsi kakhulu lezinto ezingenakuhlaziyeka zisetyenziswa kwaye imisebenzi yayo ixhaswa yimithombo yobutyebi ehlaziyiweyo efana ne: ilanga, umoya, amandla e-biomass, phakathi kwezinye.
Iqaqambisa unxibelelwano olufanelekileyo kunye nemisebenzi yendawo, iipropati kunye namathuba othethathethwano kubemi bendawo.

Inkcazo yoKhenketho lwe-Ecological ngokutsho kukaNobhala wezoKhenketho waseMexico (i-SECTUR) "zezo hambo zinenjongo yokubandakanya ukuzonwabisa kwiindawo zendalo kunye nokonwabela izithethe zenkcubeko yokusingqongileyo kunye nesimo sengqondo kwiindwendwe kunye ne iinkampani zokhenketho ukuba zazi, zihloniphe, zonwabele kwaye zithathe inxaxheba ekugcinweni kobutyebi bendalo nenkcubeko”. I-Ofisi kaNobhala wezoKhenketho eMexico (i-SECTUR), iyahlula uKhenketho lwe-Ecological kuKhenketho lweNdalo kwaye yahlulahlule kwimigca emithathu engundoqo: uKhenketho lwe-Ecological, ukhenketho lwe-adventure kunye nokhenketho lwasemaphandleni.

Ke ngoko, ingqikelelo ye-Ecotourism ichazwa “njengohambo olulungelelanisiweyo olunenjongo esisiseko yokunxibelelana, ukwazi nokujonga indalo nokusebenzisana kulondolozo lwayo. Olu khenketho luqhele ukwenziwa kwiindawo ezingatshintshwanga kancinane yimisebenzi yabantu kwaye lubandakanya imisebenzi yokwazisa ngokusingqongileyo kunye nezithethe zenkcubeko”. UKhenketho lwe-Ecological lukwachazwa “njengohambo oluya kwiindawo zendalo ezinesimo sengqondo sokwazi, ukufunda nokulondoloza okusingqongileyo nokuba negalelo kuphuculo loluntu olutyelelweyo”.

Iindidi zoKhenketho lweNdalo

Ngokuxhomekeke kuthintelo loKhenketho lwe-Ecological okanye umsebenzi we-ecotourism, iindidi ezintathu zinokwahlulwa, zichongwe ngenani. Iya kuba yi-Ecotourism yoHlobo loku-1. Xa ukhenketho lwendalo lujoliswe kulondolozo lwendalo; Uhlobo 2 lwe-ecotourism Kuxa ijolise kulondolozo lwendalo kwaye ikwakhuthaza ulondolozo lwenkcubeko yendawo etyelelweyo kunye nelifa lemveli layo. Uhlobo lwesi-3 lwe-ecotourism luya kuba xa umsebenzi wokhenketho oluzinzileyo ngokwentlalo longezwa kulondolozo lwendalo kunye nenkcubeko, ngenjongo yokuzuza abemi bengingqi.

Olu hlobo lokugqibela lwe-ecotourism, ngokudibanisa ulondolozo kwisikhokelo esibanzi kunye nolawulo lwayo olwaneleyo lokubandakanya umsebenzi wenkonzo, lukhokelela kumgangatho ongcono wobomi babantu abafumanayo kunye nokusasazwa okungcono kobutyebi obuveliswa ngumsebenzi wabakhenkethi, okuchaphazela kancinci abahlali kunye nendalo yabo yendalo.

Inkcubeko nezithethe

Ngo-2003, i-World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), yahlula-hlula i-ecotourism “njengaloo mashishini e-Ecological Tourism alawulwa ngokuthanda uluntu” icacisa ukuba olu khenketho lwendalo lwenziwa liqela labantu abayinxalenye yolo luntu. kwaye ngubani ohlala kuloo ndawo. Kolu didi loKhenketho lwe-Ecological, abemi bendawo ababandakanyekanga kuphela kumsebenzi wokhenketho, kodwa nabantu abafanayo bendawo banoxanduva lweprojekthi ye-Ecological Tourism, ethanda onke amalungu, abanye ngokuthe ngqo kunye nabanye ngokungathanga ngqo.

Ukulandela le ndlela yokwenza, i-ILO (i-International Labour Organisation) ngo-2003, yabonisa ukuba isiphakamiso soKhenketho lwe-Ecological kunye noluntu lwemveli kunye noluntu lwasemaphandleni lujoliswe kumnqophiso othile, njengokuphucula umgangatho wobomi boluntu kwezo ndawo; ukuze kugcinwe isazisi senkcubeko kunye ne-ecosystem. Ngokufaka isandla kuphuculo lwamandla kamasipala okukhuthaza ukhenketho oluzinzileyo nolunokhuphiswano.

KwiNgqungquthela ye-169 ye-ILO ekhuthaza amalungelo abantu bomthonyama, kwinqaku layo lesi-7, ithi: “Abantu bafanele babe nelungelo lokugqiba ukuba zeziphi ezona zinto zibalulekileyo kubo ngokuphathelele inkqubela nophuhliso lwabo, kuxhomekeke kwimpembelelo efanayo kubomi babo. ubomi babo, iimfundiso, izinto eziphilayo kunye nentlalontle yabo yokomoya, nakwimimandla abahlala kuyo okanye abayisebenzisayo kuphela kwaye baqhubele phambili, kangangoko banako, uphuhliso lwabo lwezoqoqosho, lwentlalo kunye nenkcubeko.

Ngokunjalo, abantu bomthonyama bakhankanywe ngasentla kuya kufuneka bathathe inxaxheba kuqulunqo, ekucacisweni, ekwenziweni nasekuvavanyeni izicwangciso zophuhliso zesizwe nezengingqi ezinokuthi zibe nefuthe elithe ngqo kubo. Ithathela ingqalelo oku kungasentla, imibutho iphakamise uthotho lwamabango acace kakhulu ukuze yazi kwaye icace malunga nefuthe lenani leeprojekthi zokhenketho, ezisanda mihla le, eziqhutywa kunye noluntu okanye ezenziwayo. ngeendleko zabo.

Inkxalabo ye-ILO ixhomekeke kwizinto ezimbini ezinomdla, eyokuqala yileyo ibhekiselele kwimpembelelo yoKhenketho lwe-Ecological kwimithombo yendalo, inkcubeko yayo, kunye neemeko zokuphila. Ngokusekelwe kwezi mfuno zixoxwa kakuhle, i-ILO iye yaqulunqa inkqubo yeeNkonzo zoPhuhliso lwezoShishino kukhenketho loluntu, eyaziwa kangcono njengeNethiwekhi yokusebenza noluntu olubonise umdla wabo kukhenketho, amabango acacile : Amaqhinga okuxhasa enza akufuneki ukuba baguqule ubutyebi kunye nomphezulu womhlaba, okanye ukuvuselela ubuntu, ngenjongo yokungaphikisani neziseko zezithethe zemveli ezingobomi, okusingqongileyo kunye nembono yazo yehlabathi ngokubanzi.

Ukuze kuthintelwe izisongelo kwimihlaba yemveli, ngenxa yeeprojekthi ezinokubakho zeoli kunye nemigodi kunye nokhenketho olungalawulwayo, wayekhokela imibutho yemveli ebizwa ngokuba yi-Confederation of Nationality of the Ecuadorian Amazon (CONFENAIE) kwaye, ngoLungelelaniso lwemibutho yaBantu boMthonyama I-Amazon Basin (COICA) ukuphuhlisa ngo-1990 iziseko zoKhenketho oluSekwe kuLuntu lweNdalo (EBC) kwimpuma ye-Amazon, eyenze ukuba kube nokwenzeka ukuphumeza ezinye iindlela ezinengqondo okanye ezizinzileyo zoqoqosho.

Ezopolitiko zoluntu

Kutsha nje ishishini lezokhenketho belikwelona shishini likhulu lenkonzo. Kweli candelo, uKhenketho lwe-Ecological luye lwanyuka izinyuko kwaye lwazibeka kwindawo yokukhula ngokukhawuleza, kuba ngo-1990 kwakukho umdla wokukhuthaza ukhenketho oluluhlaza kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zempahla kunye neenkonzo. Ngokutsho kweengcali zehlabathi, ukhenketho lwendalo lukhule nge-10% ukuya kwi-15% kwisijikelezi-langa sonke.

Ezi pesenti zokukhula koKhenketho lwe-Ecological zivumela uphuhliso lweziphakamiso zabakhenkethi njengempendulo yokuphucula umgangatho wobomi boluntu kunye neendawo, ngabantu abazimeleyo, ii-NGOs, imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe, amaziko karhulumente, kunye nokubonelela ngempendulo ejongene nengozi yeeprojekthi zamahlathi. , imigodi, ukugawulwa kwemithi kunye nokusetyenziswa kweoli, okuchaphazela kakubi indalo kunye noluntu.

Ukongeza koku, icandelo lezoKhenketho lwe-Ecological linamandla okukhuthaza imisebenzi, utshintshiselwano lwangaphandle kunye nezibonelelo eziphucula uphuhliso lwasekhaya. Nangona kunjalo, malunga nokubanakho kwe-ecotourism, kukho ukuhlangana okuncinci kwinkcazo ye-ecotourism kwaye le ngxaki ikhokelele ekuveleni kwezindululo ezinombhalo othi "green" kunye ne-ecotourism, ngaphandle kokuthobela imigaqo ye-ecotourism. . Ngokutsho kuka-Azevedo Luíndia (2005) ngenxa yale nto ingachanekanga kwinkcazo yayo ... "Ukhenketho lwe-Ecological lunokuba nantoni kwaye yonke into ngexesha elifanayo ayinakuba nto"...

Impembelelo yezoQoqosho neNtlalo

Ngelishwa, uluntu lwasekuhlaleni okanye abo basondeleyo kwi-ecosystem yendalo abafumani galelo laneleyo kwezoqoqosho. Ukuziva kusetyenziswe iinkampani ze-ecotourism kwaye ngokukodwa ngokunyuka kwabakhenkethi, ukujonga indlela imali efikelela ngayo kumaqela angaphandle kwaye zimbalwa iimpembelelo ezintle ezifikelela kumaqela asekuhlaleni. Kanye nale mpembelelo imbi, ezinye iimpembelelo kuluntu zinokuchazwa.

Ifuthe elibi kwezentlalo loKhenketho lwe-Ecological lutshintsho kubunini bomhlaba kwiindawo kwaye naxa uthengisa uqikelelo lwentengiso lwenzeka malunga nexabiso layo lokuthengisa kwaye oku kuchaphazela ikakhulu abantu basekhaya abaziva bengakhululekanga ngenxa yobukho babantu bamanye amazwe abasebenzisa iindawo ezisecaleni ezikhuselweyo. iindawo kunye nezinye iindawo ze-ecotourism, ngamanye amaxesha ngokungathembeki.
Kwiindawo zendalo ezibuthathaka kakhulu ngenxa yokuba ziindawo apho abantu bengazange bangene khona, banokuchaphazeleka kakubi ngabakhenkethi abathi, ngenxa yokungazi, bachaphazele ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo kwizityalo nezilwanyana zabo. Ngokomzekelo, xa betyisa izilwanyana ezinjengeenkawu, iintaka okanye iingwenya ukuze iindwendwe zikwazi ukufota. Ukutshintsha amandla okutyisa izilwanyana.
Ungquzulwano lwemidla luqiniswa kukusetyenziswa kwezithethe zabantu basekuhlaleni, kwiindawo apho ngokwesiko bebesenza khona, njengokugawula iinkuni, ukuzingela, ukukhupha izityalo zamayeza kwaye kwezinye iimeko basebenzise amagqabi esundu ukwakha uphahla lwezindlu zabo. Oku kungenxa yokuba ngokuvula utyelelo lwe-ecotourism, izithintelo zisekwe kuluntu olungqongileyo lwendalo yendalo, njengoko imiselwe njengeendawo ezikhuselweyo.
Ulwakhiwo olutsha loKhenketho lwe-Ecological olufana nezakhiwo zeehotele, iivenkile ezahlukeneyo, iiresityu, zakhiwe kufutshane kakhulu neendawo zendalo, zinefuthe elibi kubume bomhlaba kuba ezinye zinoyilo loyilo olungahambelaniyo nendalo yendalo. Ukuguquguquka kokusetyenziswa kwazo kunokubangela ukungcoliseka kwendalo, ngenxa yokuqokelelana kwenkunkuma eqinileyo, ungcoliseko lwengxolo, ukungcoliseka kwamanzi ayo, ukukhanya kwasebusuku kufutshane kakhulu neendawo apho kuhlala khona izilwanyana zasekuhlaleni.
Uyilo lweendlela zokutolika eziza kusetyenziswa ngabakhenkethi ngokuqhelekileyo ziyilwe ngokulinganiselweyo kwaye kuyenzeka ukuba indlela ibe yinto engafanelekanga kuba yindlela efanayo apho nasemva, endaweni yendawo evumela isekethe yesangqa. Ngenxa yoku, iingxaki zokhukuliseko zinokubangelwa kukunyathelwa kwaye ngamanye amaxesha abakhenkethi bakhokelwa ngabantu abanolwazi oluncinci ngendawo kunye nesikhokelo, ukwenza ukhenketho olubi ngolwazi olubi.
Ukunqongophala kwezifundo zomthamo womthwalo kwiindawo ezityelelweyo, ngakumbi kwezona ndawo zibuthathaka kulo naluphi na uhlobo lweempembelelo ezimbi zokusingqongileyo. Kwenzeka ukuba kukho ucwangciso oluncinci lokukhawulela okanye indawo yokungena kwiindawo okanye kwiindlela xa umthamo wabo wokuthwala ugqithisiwe.
Ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka ukuba ezininzi izindululo zoKhenketho lwe-Ecological zinomdla kuphela ekutsaleni abakhenkethi abavela phesheya, ngenxa yengeniso ephezulu kwimali yangaphandle ebonelela ngolu hlobo lokhenketho. Ngenxa yoko, kunikelwa ingqalelo encinane kubakhenkethi bomthonyama kwakunye neqela lesikolo sasekuhlaleni, abanezinto ezimbalwa zokuhamba.

Nokuba yeyiphi inkcazo kunye nemigaqo yoKhenketho lwe-Ecological, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo ngokufanelekileyo lishishini lezokhenketho, kukho amaqela ezoqoqosho aqwalasela ukukhula okukhulu kwecandelo le-ecotourism. Kubonwa kule mbono, uKhenketho lwe-Ecological lungadlala indima entle kuphuhliso lwamazwe aliqela eHlabathi leSithathu ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo: ingeniso yengeniso kunye nokwanda kwengqesho, uphuhliso lweziseko ezingundoqo kunye nokwanda koqoqosho olungekho sikweni.

Amazwe anokukhula okuncinci koqoqosho ngenxa yamanye amacandelo oqoqosho kunye nenkqubo yendalo enomtsalane kakhulu kunye nezithethe zenkcubeko ezinomdla, ezinjengeBrazil, iPeru, iBolivia kunye ne-Ecuador. Ngokubanzi, icandelo le-Ecological Tourism lifuna utyalo-mali oluncinci licandelo likarhulumente kwiziseko ezingundoqo, xa kuthelekiswa nokhenketho oluqhelekileyo; nangona, uKhenketho lwe-Ecological okanye i-ecotourism inokuzisa izibonelelo ezingcono kuluntu lwengingqi kunokhenketho lwemveli.

Ngokuphathelele kulo mba, ukhenketho lwe-ecological kumda walo wezoqoqosho luxubene nemisinga ephambili ye-anthropocentric kunye ne-egocentric social philosophies. Xa kuziwa kumxholo we-ecotourism, enye yeengongoma ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka kuxoxwe ngazo kukuba ingaba inokuba lulutho kangakanani na ukhuphiswano ngokwembono yezoqoqosho kuluntu lwasekuhlaleni nakwilizwe eliyamkelayo. Njengoko ikwangumthombo olungileyo wengeniso kubasebenzi bamanye amazwe, ngakumbi njengoko eli candelo lentengiso liqhubeka nokukhula.

Ukubangela ingxabano, ngenxa yokuba le nhlanhla yezoqoqosho ayiqhelekanga ukufikelela kumazwe ekuyiwa kuwo kwaye ingaphantsi koqoqosho loluntu lwasekuhlaleni apho iindawo zendalo zobuhle obungavamile kunye nesithethe sookhokho babo zikhona. Ngokwezifundo ezingefuthe loqoqosho lomsebenzi woKhenketho lwe-Ecological, kukho ithiyori ephambili ebonisa ukuba uKhenketho lwe-Ecological lonyusa ingeniso kwiindawo ezintathu:

Kwilizwe apho ubutyebi bendalo kunye/okanye benkcubeko bukhoyo, ngenxa yotshintshiselwano lwangaphandle olufunyanwa ngabakhenkethi bendalo.
Kubemi bengingqi ngokubona kwentatho-nxaxheba yabo kwimisebenzi yecandelo lezokhenketho, nangamanye amacandelo ancedisayo.
Kumlawuli wendawo yendalo okanye imisebenzi yenkcubeko ngegalelo abalifumana ngokuthe ngqo kubakhenkethi xa behlawula ukufikelela.

Imiqobo kuphuhliso lwe-Ecotourism

Kukho izifundo ezimbalwa eziqinisekisa ukuba i-ecotourism inokunika njani impendulo epheleleyo malunga nendlela yokwanelisa ukonyuka okuqhubelekayo kwemfuno ngabakhenkethi bendalo. Ngenxa yokunqongophala kocwangciso kwixesha elifutshane neliphakathi, lisebenza ngokusombulula iimeko ezingxamisekileyo (nokuphucula) xa kukho intlekele okanye intlekele. Ngaphandle kokuvavanya ukuba kutheni le nto yenzekile ukuze sithathele ingqalelo kwithuba elizayo.

Nangona kukho uncwadi oluphangaleleyo oluveliswa yiWorld Ecotourism Society, ukanti kuncinane okuboniswayo okanye amava akwamanye amazwe ahlolisiswayo. Kukho ulwazi ngeelwimi ezahlukeneyo, njengeSpanish. Kwelinye icala, igalelo lohlahlo lwabiwo-mali liphantsi ukwenza isicwangciso, ukwenziwa kunye nokubeka iliso kukhenketho lwendalo, ngakumbi kwiindawo zehotele. Okwangoku, kukho ulwazi lwentshukumo elungelelanisiweyo yokufaneleka kunye nokuqinisekisa iihotele, ngokuhambelana novakalelo lwabo olubonakalisiweyo malunga nokusingqongileyo, nangona kunjalo, iziphumo kunye neempembelelo zabo kubunyani bomsebenzi wabakhenkethi kusafuneka zihlolwe.

Kukho amaziko emfundo ambalwa kwaye akumgangatho ophezulu kwimfundo ye-ecotourism. Iziko lemfundo elivunyiweyo kwaye linamaxwebhu aqinisekisayo, ukuze libe ngumqinisekisi ekuqeqeshweni kweengcali kunye nabaphandi kwi-Ecological Tourism kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kunye namanqanaba oqeqesho kunye neengcali. Kwakhona, ube nobudlelwane obuhle nabahlali bala maziko ukuze bathathe ithuba lolwazi lwabo lwebhayoloji, lwezokupheka, lwemveli, lwezobugcisa olunokusetyenziswa.

Zimbalwa iinjongo zovavanyo lweenkcukacha-manani kunye nokubekwa kweliso okuthe kwenziwa ingxelo eneenkcukacha ngefuthe le-Ecological Tourism, ukuze ithathelwe ingqalelo kwaye, ngokusekwe kolu lwazi, yenza uphuculo okanye utshintshe indlela yokubaluleka nokukhuthaza iindlela ezintsha zokufikelela kukhenketho lwendalo. ngendlela enoxanduva nezinzileyo ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Iimbono zoKhenketho lweNdalo

Iimbono zomsebenzi woKhenketho we-Ecological owenziwe kakuhle unokuba sisixhobo esikhulu sokukhuthaza ulondolozo kunye nokukhuselwa kwemekobume yendalo kunye nezithethe zenkcubeko yoluntu, ukuba isenzo esilungileyo solu hlobo lokhenketho luyenziwa kwaye, nangona kunjalo, ukuphumeza. isenzo sokungakhathali soKhenketho lwe-Ecological lunokubangela iimpembelelo ezingalunganga kwifauna, izityalo kunye nabo bonke ubutyebi bendalo kunye nenkcubeko yommandla.

Olu hlobo loKhenketho lwe-Ecological luyaqhubeka nokusabela kwiincasa kunye neemfuno zabemi babakhenkethi bendalo, abanomdla okhulayo wokufumana indawo yendalo kunye nokusabela kwiimfuno zokusabela kwindlela yokudibanisa ulondolozo kunye neeprojekthi zophuhliso. Kunye nenkxaso encinci ekunikeni uluntu olufumanayo indima ebaluleke ngakumbi kwinxaxheba yabo esebenzayo, njengoko bengabaxhamli bokuqala. Ngenxa yoku, inzuzo yezoqoqosho, ukuya kuthi ga ngoku, ihleli isezandleni zabakhenkethi neenkampani, kodwa ayiphinda ityalwe ekomelezeni uluntu kunye nokusingqongileyo.

Nangona kukholelwa ukuba umsebenzi woKhenketho lwe-Ecological ubandakanyekile kwinkqubela phambili yoqoqosho loluntu lwasekuhlaleni, kunoko ijolise ekuboneleleni ngolawulo oluqikelelwa ngummandla okanye ilizwe elifunyenweyo, ekubeni nesibonelelo esingaqhelekanga se-ecosystem engekachukunyiswa kunye nokwandisa amazwe ngamazwe. urhwebo lokuhamba njengesixhobo sokungenisa elizweni.

Iimarike

Inkampani ye-ecotourism iye yakhula kwiminyaka yakutshanje kwihlabathi jikelele, nangona kunjalo, into yokuba ayingawo onke amazwe amisele imigaqo-nkqubo okanye iziqinisekiso zeenkampani zokhenketho ezithobela yonke imigaqo yeli candelo labakhenkethi elijolise ekusebenziseni ngokuzinzileyo, nto leyo ebangele ukubhideka. kwindlela enikezela ngayo ngeenkonzo kunye nento enikezela ngayo.

Okwangoku, unikezelo loKhenketho lwe-Ecological kwihlabathi lukhanya kuphela uKhenketho lwe-Ecological okanye i-greenwashing, oko kukuthi, isibhengezo esinemifanekiso ekhangayo yeendawo zendalo kunye neleyibhile yokhenketho lwendalo, ngenjongo yokutsala abakhenkethi kunye nokubanika imisebenzi ethile. awuqhelekanga ukuhlangabezana nemigaqo yokhenketho lokwenyani lwendalo.

Ngokwenyani, iihotele zesiqhelo ezakhiwe kufutshane nonxweme okanye, kufutshane nendawo ecocekileyo yendalo ebalaseleyo ngobuhle bayo obungaqhelekanga, zihlala zibonwa. Ukhenketho oluninzi ludla ngokuvelisa iimpembelelo ezininzi ezingalunganga kwaye abo bathandwayo ngabanini beehotele kunye nabaqhubi bezokhenketho, ngaphandle kwalo naliphi na igalelo kulondolozo lwendalo esingqongileyo kunye noluntu kunye nabemi balo, ngaphandle kwemisebenzi ehlawula kancinci edalelwe ukwamkela abakhenkethi. UKhenketho lwe-Ecological lufumene izigxeko ezininzi ngenxa yokunqongophala kwemimiselo ecacileyo, yiyo loo nto kwimarike yehlabathi inikezela nge-ecotourism engeyonyani ngokungathi kunjalo.

Imizekelo yoKhenketho lweNdalo

Kukho iiprojekthi ezimbalwa zoKhenketho lwe-Ecological ezinokuchazwa njengemizekelo ebalaseleyo, oku kumbono wokuba nangona iindawo zendalo ziwela ngokupheleleyo kwimigaqo ye-Ecological Tourism okanye ye-ecotourism, ezi projekthi zichatshazelwa kakubi yimpumelelo efanayo ekhoyo kolu hlobo lokhenketho. . Ngenxa yobuhle bayo kunye namanye amaxabiso endalo, itsala abatyeleli abaninzi, nangona kukho izithintelo zokufikelela. Eminye imizekelo yoKhenketho lwe-Ecological kwiindawo zendalo, ezinemigaqo yazo yokusetyenziswa ukuba zibe ziindawo zokukhusela kunye nolawulo olukhethekileyo.

Iziqithi zaseGalapagos e-Ecuador.
UFernando de Noronha National Marine Park eBrazil.
La Selva Biological Station, yabucala OET Biological Reserve e Costa Rica.
IChubut ePatagonia eArgentina.
IPico Duarte kunye neSan Juan de la Maguana National Parks eDominican Republic.
Olmos-Lambayeque ePeru.
I-Kruger National Park eMzantsi Afrika.
Ipaki yoLondolozo: iMaasai Mara, eKenya.
I-Souss-Massa National Park, eMorocco.
Ipaki yeSizwe yaseTuruépano, ilizwe laseSucre eVenezuela.
eRio Negro, eAmazon.
Ipaki yeSizwe yaseTingo Maria, eHuánuco ePeru.
ISierra La Macarena eColombia.
Ipaki yeNdalo yeSizwe yaseLos Nevados, eColombia.
El Yunque National Forest, Puerto Rico.
I-Crax-iZiko lokuHlangula ePeru.
ILas Estacas-Morelos Natural Park, eMexico.
Isiqithi saseGuadalupe eBaja California, eMexico.
Cerro el Chumil- Jantetelco, eMorelos Mexico.

Isiqithi saseFernando de Noronha

Iziqithi zaseBrazil zeAtlantiki zibhengeze iiReserves zeFernando de Noroña kunye neAtoll of the Rocks kunye neNdawo yeLifa leMveli yeHlabathi yi-UNESCO ngo-2001. Ibekwe ngaphakathi kwemida yelizwe lasePernambuco eBrazil. Liqhina lentaba-mlilo elibekwe kuLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki nommandla oziikhilomitha ezingama-26² kwaye yenziwe ngeziqithi ze-21 ezingahlaliyo kwaye kuphela ezona ziqithi zikhulu kunazo zonke ezinabemi, ezinomlinganiselo we-17 km.² ebizwa ngokufana nechwebakazi. Ezinye iziqithi ziyinxalenye yePaki yeSizwe yaseLwandle, ngoko ke kuvunyelwe ukubandwendwela kuphela ukwenza uphando.

Eli chwebakazi, kunye ne-Atol das Rocas kunye ne-Abrolhos, zixatyiswa kakhulu ngabantu abahlukeneyo, yiyo loo nto abakhenkethi abaninzi besiya kwi-archipelago ukuya nje ukuntywila. Kwiminyaka eli-15 eyadlulayo izibonelelo zokhenketho zaziselula kakhulu yaye zisisiseko, yayiziinkozo zeentsapho neendawo zokutyela ezimbalwa; kule minyaka izibonelelo ziye zahlaziywa kwaye kwakhiwa izindlu zokulala ezintsha ngenkonzo ejolise kubakhenkethi. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba abakhenkethi abatyelela i-archipelago bahamba kuphela ukuze banandiphe indawo yokuntywila kwaye banandiphe ubuhle bendalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba kukho ukuphazamiseka okuncinci.

Ipaki yeSizwe yaseTuruepano

Le yipaki yesizwe eVenezuela, ekwiState of Sucre, kumda osemantla weSan Juan naphambi kweGulf of Paria. Le paki yesizwe ibalasele ngamathafa ayo anempembelelo yaselwandle, ekhethekileyo eVenezuela. Imangroves, imibhobho kunye nemijelo yayo ibalasele kwaye ilungu elibalaseleyo lezilwanyana zayo yi-manatee. Umphezulu wayo umalunga neehektare ezingama-72.600.

Monteverde Cloud Forest Biological Reserve

I-Monteverde Cloud Forest Biological Reserve yindawo yokugcina yabucala ebekwe eCosta Rica, kumaphondo asePuntarenas naseAjajuela, ecaleni kweSierra Tilarán. Lo vimba wasekwa ngo-1972, kwaye unommandla oziihektare ezingama-10.500, ufumana umndilili weendwendwe ezingama-70.000 ngonyaka. I-90% yendawo yogcino lihlathi elinyulu kwaye ngaphakathi kwendawo yokugcina unokubona iindawo ezi-6 zendalo.

Ibonakala ngeentlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziphakamileyo kwizityalo nakwizilwanyana, kule ndawo yogcino zingaphezu kwe-2500 iintlobo zezityalo ezichazwe, ezibonisa ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kweentlobo ze-orchids, iintlobo ezili-100 zezilwanyana ezincancisayo, iindidi ezingama-400 zeentaka, iintlobo ze-120 zezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo kunye nezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini. .namawaka ezinambuzane.

Isikhululo sebhayoloji saseLa Selva

Esi sikhululo sebhayoloji sityelelwa kakhulu ziingcaphephe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezinje ngeherpetologists, izazi ngezityalo, ichthyologists, iintomologists kunye nezinye iingcali. Imi ePuerto Viejo de Sarapiquí, kummandla osemantla weCosta Rica. Isitishi siyinxalenye yendawo enkulu ekhuselweyo, uMmandla woKhuseleko waseLa Selva. Esi Sikhululo seBiological sixhaphake kakhulu ukwenza uphando kwimithombo yendalo yetropiki.

Esi sikhululo sikwiNdawo yoLondolozo lweNdalo enommandla okhuselweyo omalunga ne-15Km² yehlathi lokuqala letropiki. Lo mmandla wolondolozo ungqongwe ziindawo ezingenelelayo kwezolimo kwaye umda weBraulio Carrillo National Park, nolwandiso loMmandla woLondolozo lweVolcanic kuMbindi. Yindawo yokugcina yabucala kwaye iqhutywa ngumnini wayo, uMbutho weZifundo zeTropiki (OET).

Ndiyakumema ukuba uqhubeke nokwazi indalo emangalisayo kunye nendlela yokuyikhathalela, ufunda ezi zithuba zilandelayo: