La ufudo lwaselwandle lweleatherback, luhlobo lwesilwanyana esirhubuluzayo esihambelana nelona likhulu lofudo lolwandle. Ayinalo iqokobhe elinamathambo, inokulinganisa ngaphezu kweemitha ezi-2 ubude kwaye ubunzima bayo budlula iikhilogram ezingama-900. Ikuzo zonke iilwandlekazi kwaye ukukwazi ukuyifumana luhambo oluhle kakhulu.
ufudo lwaselwandle lweleatherback
La ufudo lwaselwandle lweleatherback, yaziwa ngokwesayensi phantsi kwegama elithi "Dermochelys coriacea", ngokwebhayoloji ihlelwa njenge dermochelid reptile, yosapho iDermochelyidae. Kuyaziwa ukuba kuhlobo lwayo iDermochelys, ngoku kuphela kwesilwanyana esisindileyo. Kuyo yonke iLatin America ichongiwe ngamagama e-leatherback turtle, i-leatherback, i-canaá, i-cardón okanye i-leatherback, phakathi kwabanye.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iifudo zaselwandle ezibhalisiweyo, yileyo iphuhlisa ubude kunye nobunzima obukhulu. Apho iirekhodi ziqinisekise imilinganiselo yobude obungaphezulu kweemitha ezi-2. Kunye nobunzima obungaphezulu kwe-900 kilograms, zombini kumadoda.
Nto leyo eyenza ibe sisirhubuluzi sesine esinobona bukhulu bukhulu, emva kokuba iindawo ezintathu zokuqala zazihlala zizalamane zayo zeengwenya:
- Amanzi etyuwa Crocodylus pososus.
- KwiNayile (Crocodylus niloticus).
- Kwaye Orinoco (Crocodylus intermedius).
I-avareji yobunzima be-leatherback turtle ngokuqhelekileyo malunga neekhilogram ezingama-600. Ngokumalunga nophuhliso lwayo, ibonakaliswa ngokubakho kuzo zonke iilwandlekazi, ikhetha ulwandle olushushu, olusezantsi kunye nolwandle olusezantsi. Iphawulwa ngokuba luhlobo olufudukayo olukwaziyo ukuhamba imigama engenakucingelwa ngesantya esiphezulu kunye nokuchasene nomsinga.
Ukongezelela, ngokumangalisayo, izazinzulu zinoluvo lokuba inamandla okuvelisa ubushushu bomzimba wayo. Ngenxa yokuba inobuqhetseba bokugcina ubushushu bomzimba obuyi-18 ° C ngaphezu kobushushu bamanzi apho bukhoyo.
Ngokubhekiselele kwinqanaba lomngcipheko wakhe, oko kukuthi, Ukuphela kweentlobo, ufudo lweleatherback, ngokutsho kweManyano yeZizwe ngezizwe yoLondolozo lweNdalo okanye i-IUCN. Ihlelwe “kuLuhlu oluBomvu” lokubhanga, phantsi koluhlu “lokuVulanwa”. Apho umntu kunye nokuziphatha kwakhe kubonisa umngcipheko wakhe oyintloko.
Igama lakho livela phi?
Xa kujongwa into enayo kwiqokobhe lalo, elingelothambo, kodwa ngumaleko wethishu okanye ulusu kunye namanqatha, apho imigca esixhenxe eqaqambileyo ephawulwe ecaleni kwalo maleko yahlulwe ngokucacileyo. Kusikhumbuza into echazwa yilute, esisixhobo somculo semvelaphi yama-Arabhu.
Esi sixhobo, ngaphezu koko, sinikezelwa ngebhokisi le-oval, enentamo emfutshane kunye neentambo eziza kuhluthwa. Ukuba ke yonke le seti yeempawu okanye inkangeleko, nto leyo eye yanika ngokumangalisayo igama le ufudo lolwandle olungaqhelekanga.
Ukuhlelwa ngokweRhafu yoFudo lwaseLwandle lweLeatherback
Ngale ndlela, ulwahlulo lwetaxonomic lolo lunoxanduva lokufaneleka ngokwesayensi zonke izinto eziphilayo ezikhoyo. Ukubaluleka koku, ukuhlukanisa ukufana kwabo, kunye nokusondelana kwe-phylogenetic. Ukuba ngoko ke ukuba ufudo lwaselwandle lweleatherback, ngokutsho kwesazi ngendalo saseFransi, isazi ngezilwanyana kunye nenzululwazi yezilwanyana nezityalo uHenri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville, ngonyaka we-1816, ulwahlulo lwayo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
- UBukumkani baseAnimalia
- Edge: Chordata
- Iklasi: Sauropsida
- Umyalelo: Testudines
- I-suborder: Cryptodira
- Usapho: Dermochelyidae
- Uhlobo: Dermochelys
Apho iintlobo zayo ze "Dermochelys coriacea", zivela kwiminyaka edlulileyo yisazi sendalo sase-Italiya, uDomenico Agostino Vandelli, kanye ukusuka kwi-1761.
Indawo yokuhlala kwezi Fudo
La ufudo lwaselwandle lweleatherback, inesidima sokufunyanwa phantse kuzo zonke iilwandlekazi, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba inokuba semanzini anobushushu obufudumeleyo. Njengakwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi kakhulu lamanzi, ngaphandle kwale nto okanye emele ukungazinzi kwindlela yokuziphatha eqhelekileyo.
Kuqhelekile ukuyibeka kwiindawo ezishushu, ezishushu kunye neelwandle ezisezantsi. Ngoko ke, ibhalwe njengeyona isasazwe kakhulu. Ngokuchasene noko, akukho lula ukubonwa, kuba abafane basondele kumphezulu, eyona nto ikhethwa kakhulu kubunzulu, ngokwesiqhelo ngaphezulu kwe-1.000 yeemitha ukuya ezantsi.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukugcinwa kwayo ngokuqhubekayo kobushushu bomzimba yinto eyenza kube lula ukuba iphuhliseke ngolu hlobo, iluhlu ngokwayo njenge-reptile kuphela egcina ukuziphatha okusebenzayo kwiqondo lokushisa elingaphantsi kwe-40 degrees Fahrenheit okanye i-4,44 degrees Celsius.
Iimpawu zeLeatherback Turtle
Esi sirhubuluzi sinamandla sahlulwa ngokuba nezi mpawu zilandelayo:
- Zombini ulusu lwayo kunye neqokobhe layo elithi "non-bony" limnyama okanye lingwevu elimnyama, linamachokoza amhlophe okanye apinki akhanyayo. Ukuba lo mbala uyakhula ukusuka entloko ukuya kumaphiko angasemva.
- Uluhlu oluqinileyo lwesikhumba (iqokobhe) lincinci kwaye liyirabha, lixhotywe ngamawaka eepleyiti ezincinci zamathambo.
- Inamaphiko amabini amakhulu angaphambili anokulinganisa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-avareji ye-2,7 yeemitha ubude, ukusuka ekupheleni ukuya ekupheleni, kwawona madoda abalaseleyo.
- Amaphiko ayo angaphambili awanawo amaxolo okanye amaxolo kwaye amaphiko angasemva anemilo ethile yokubheqa.
- Into ekhangeleka njengeqokobhe lofudo lwaselwandle lulusu nje namafutha, lubonelelwe ngamaphiko asixhenxe agqame kakuhle okanye izahlulo.
- Inokufikelela kubude obuziimitha ezi-2,3 kwaye inobunzima obumalunga neekhilogram ezingama-900.
- I-leatherback turtle ayinamazinyo, kodwa incam ebukhali kakhulu okanye i-cusps ejoliswe ngasemva, efana kakhulu nameva. Oko kuyamnceda, athabathe izityalo zaselwandle aze abambe ixhoba lakhe de aligqibe.
- Umqala wayo uneentsimbi ezikhomba ngaphakathi, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuba igqibe ukuginya ukutya.
Ezinye Iimpawu eziphawulekayo
Ngaphandle kweempawu esele zibonisiwe, kukho ezi zilandelayo, ezikwanokubaluleka ukuzikhankanya, zezi:
- Yahluka ngokuba sesona sirhubuluzi sikhawulezayo.
- Ubume obukhethekileyo bomzimba wakhe bumvumela ukuba ahambe ngesantya esiphezulu, kunye nokuchasene nomsinga.
- Itshona kubunzulu obuziimitha ezingama-1.280, ihlala ngaphantsi kwamanzi kangangemizuzu engama-85 iyonke. Ukuphuma nje ukuya kuphefumla nanini na evakalelwa kukuba kuyimfuneko ngelo xesha okanye xa esondela kumda wokunyamezela.
- Kucingelwa ukuba ufudo lwaselwandle lweleatherback lunobude obude obususela kwiminyaka eyi-80, kodwa eli xabiso yintelekelelo nje kuba kude kube ngoku elo nani alikaziwa ngokuchanekileyo. Kwelinye icala, kukho abo bangqinayo ukuba uphila ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka engama-30, kukodwa nje, ubunyani bomndilili wakhe buyinto eyimfihlelo.
- Ufudo lwaselwandle oluneleatherback lunamandla angaqhelekanga okufunyanwa kuzo zonke iilwandlekazi, lukhetha amanzi ashushu, ashushu kunye namanzi angaphantsi komhlaba okanye iilwandle.
- Okwangoku, kuphela kwesilwanyana esisindileyo kuhlobo lwayo iDermochelys.
- Ibonakala ngokukwazi ukugcina ubushushu bomzimba wayo nge-18 ° C ngaphezu kobushushu bamanzi apho bukhoyo.
- Yinxalenye ye izilwanyana ezifudukayo, ebonisa ubuchule obupheleleyo bokuhamba imigama ongenakuyicinga.
- Iinkunzi azifiki elunxwemeni, ngoxa iimazi zikwenza oko kuphela xa sele ziza kubekela amaqanda azo. Ukuba ukuziphatha ebusuku, ukuba kamva ubuyele elwandle.
I-Leatherback Turtle Feding
Kungenxa yokuba ufudo lwaselwandle lweleatherback Inomhlathi othambileyo, ukutya kwayo kusekelwe kwijeli okanye ijeli, enomzimba wegelatinous. Kunye neealgae ezininzi zaselwandle.
Ngaphandle koku, okanye njengokutya okuhambelanayo, inokhetho lwesibini phakathi kwezi:
- Iintlanzi ezincinci.
- Iicrustaceans, ezifana noononkala, iiprawns, ishrimps, kunye neebarnacles.
- Iiurchins zolwandle.
- Isineyile.
- Calamari, phakathi kwabanye.
Apho sinayo idatha, ukuba ngosuku olunye ikwazi ukutya ubunzima bayo kwi-jellyfish, oku kuthetha ukuba inokutya ukuya kwi-50 yezi zilwanyana zaselwandle. Eyona nto inceda ngokucacileyo kwi-ecological balance, kuba ngokuyigcina, kunokwenzeka ukugcina ukuloba.
Ukukhumbula ukuba i-jellyfish inoxanduva lokutya intlanzi encinci, ngaloo ndlela ibangela ukuba kwixesha elizayo akukho ngokwaneleyo ukuloba. Kodwa oku akwenzeki ngenxa yongenelelo kunye neemfuno zesondlo ze-leatherback turtle, etya isixa esikhulu semihla ngemihla.
Ukuveliswa kwakhona kwezi ntlobo
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iminyaka yokuzala, oko kukuthi, apho i ufudo lwaselwandle lweleatherback ifikelela ekuvuthweni ngokwesondo, imalunga ne-10 leminyaka yobomi. Ukukhwelana kwezi zinto kwenzeka elwandle kwaye kwenziwa lufudo lwemazi rhoqo emva kweminyaka emi-3 okanye emine. Nangona kukho izifundo ezikhabanayo le rekhodi, besithi bangayiqhuba ngonyaka.
Zibonakaliswa ngokuba zizilwanyana zesithembu, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ufudo olubhinqileyo luya kukhwelana namadoda aliqela, oko kwenziwa ngokwesayensi ukuze kuphunyezwe isidoda esikumgangatho ophezulu. Emva kokuba iimazi zikhuliswe, ziya kunxweme lolwandle olufanayo apho zizalelwe khona, ukuze zibeke amaqanda.
Esi sithethe, esiqhutywa ebusuku, eli lixesha apho banokumelana nobushushu be-ambient, apho iimazi ziya kugrumba esantini kunye nokuzala. Emva koko baya kubagubungela ngesanti, balungise indawo ukuze bangaphulwa ngamarhamncwa kwaye baya kubuyela elwandle.
Ekuzaleni iyakuba namandla okuzala ngaphezulu kwe-100 amaqanda, apho malunga namaqanda angama-70 aya kuba makhulu kwaye achume kakhulu. Ngelixa ezinye, ngaphandle kokuba nobungakanani obuncinci, zinyumba, zizo eziya kubonelela ngokhuseleko kwabo baya kuba nethuba lokuqandusela.
Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba iqondo lobushushu lendlwane lilo eliya kuseka isini sokuqanduselwa. Apho, kubushushu obuphezulu, iimazi ziya kuqandusela, ngelixa kwindawo epholileyo okanye ebandayo, amadoda aya kuqandusela. Ixesha lokufukamela limalunga neentsuku ezingama-60, apho amantshontsho aqanduselayo aya kwaphula iqokobhe aze aye elwandle ngeendlela zawo. Ukuba ulwe ukuze ungadliwa ziintaka kunye nezirhubuluzi.
I-Leatherback Behaviour
La ufudo lwaselwandle lweleatherback yahlulwa ngokuba sisirhubuluzi esisebenza sodwa. Nangona ubukhulu bayo bukhulu, ayibonisi zimpawu zobundlobongela. Iintshukumo zabo ziqhelekile phambi kwabantu, ngoko rhoqo enye yezi ifika elunxwemeni, inokwenzeka ngokupheleleyo ukuyiphanda. Kanye njengokuyibamba, ukuyilinganisa kunye nokuyijonga.
Kakade ke, ekuphela kwendlela yokuthintela ethathelwa ingqalelo kukuhlala kude kancinane emihlathini yakhe, ngenxa nje yobulumko okanye inkathalo. Ngoko abakhenkethi ngabokuqala ukuba nomdla xa omnye wabo esondela elunxwemeni. Kuba ivula ithuba abanokuthi ngalo bayibukele, bayithathe iifoto zayo baze basondele kuyo ukuze bayichukumise ngaphandle kokuba imele ingozi yokuhlolwa.
Kuyimfuneko ukuba, elwandle, babonise ukuziphatha okufanayo okuzolileyo kubukho bomntu, ukuthembela kunye nokuzola. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, malunga nokuba yintoni ukusebenzisana kwayo okanye ukuziphatha phakathi kohlobo olufanayo, kufuneka lubonakaliswe ngokuba noqhagamshelwano oluzimeleyo kunye nemizuzu embalwa.
Apho ukuziphatha kwakhe kuthetha ukuba ngokuqhelekileyo ufumana uqhagamshelwano kuphela ngexesha lokukhwelana. Ngenxa yokuphumla ikhetha ukuba yedwa, ukuzola, ukukhangela ukutya kunye nokuhamba ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye ngaphandle komqobo.
Izoyikiso eziLatent to Leatherback Turtles
Olu didi lwezilwanyana lusona sisongelo saso sisona sitshaba sibi kakhulu, esingumntu, apho kufuneka:
- Ingcolisa amanzi ngenkunkuma egqibela ngokuthatha ubomi babo, kuba ngokuginya ingxowa, ngokuyiphosa ngempazamo ijellyfish okanye into ethile, ibangela ukufa.
- Iqokelela amaqanda azelweyo ukuze isetyenziswe njenge-aphrodisiac okanye njengokutya kokutya.
- Ingcolisa iilwandle apho amafudo angamabhinqa aya kuzalela amaqanda awo.
- Njengoko izibane zikufuphi nonxweme oluzalela kuyo, iphazamisa amantshontsho aqanduselayo, athi endaweni yokuya elunxwemeni azingise ezindleleni apho agilwa khona.
Kwelinye icala, kukho izoyikiso zendalo, phakathi kwazo oku kulandelayo kwahlulwa:
- Amantshontsho aqanduselwayo anomsebenzi ophantse ungenakwenzeka wokusinda kuhambo lwawo lokuya kufika elwandle, kuba endleleni yawo kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zezilwanyana. Iintlobo zeentaka, izirhubuluzi ezinjengamacikilishe, iimongoose kwaneeraccoon. Bonke bajonge ezona zidlo zilungileyo, ezingabavumeli ukuba baphile kwabaninzi.
- Xa amantshontsho eqanduselwa ekwazile ukufikelela elwandle, ingozi ayiyeki ukuwoyikisa, kuba amanye amarhamncwa awalindile. Njengookrebe kunye neentlanzi ezinkulu ezibandakanya ezi zisanda kuqanduselwa ekutyeni kwazo.
- Ufudo oludala lweleatherback lunababulali babo, kubandakanya ookrebe abakhulu kunye neminenga ebulalayo.
UFudo lwaseLwandle olusemngciphekweni wokuphela
La ufudo lwaselwandle lweleatherback, zenza uhlobo oluku "Luhlu oluBomvu" lweManyano yaMazwe ngaMazwe yoLondolozo lweNdalo okanye i-IUCN, phantsi kodidi olulishwa "lwesichengeni" sokuphela. Ukuba ngoko, njengezizathu eziphambili, ezi zilandelayo:
- Ukulahlekelwa yindawo yabo yokuhlala, ngokungenelela komntu, ngexesha apho ehlasela ummandla wakhe kunye nokwakhiwa kwamaziko ehotele. Apho imazi ichaphazeleke kakhulu, xa ikhangela indawo efanelekileyo yokubeka amaqanda ayo.
- Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi olwandle, apho indoda iphinda ingenelele emva kokuvumela inkunkuma eninzi ukuba ifike elunxwemeni ize irhuqwe emva kokungena nokususwa okuqhelekileyo kolwandle. Eyona nkunkuma iyichaphazelayo ziingxowa zeplastiki, ezithi, xa zisemanzini, ufudo lwe-leatherback ludideke nejellyfish, olukukutya kwalo okuphambili. Ngoko iyawatya ize ife, ngaphandle kokuba yingxaki enkulu kwimekobume.
- ukubambisa, apho olu fudo luchaphazeleka khona xa luzifumana lubanjwe ngendlela engaqondakaliyo phakathi kweminatha. Xa ezinye izilwanyana zaselwandle zithathelwa urhwebo olwenziwa ngumntu. Kwelinye icala, kukwakho nothungelwano olulahliweyo, apho baye babanjiswa de ekugqibeleni baphulukane nobomi babo.
- ukubiwa kwamaqanda abo, apho lo mkhuba uye wenza ukuziphatha okuqhelekileyo, okwenziwa ngumntu. Apho abanye benza oko ukuze bazondle, ngelixa abanye beyenza ngomyinge omkhulu ukuze bazithengise kwinto ebizwa ngokuba "yimarike emnyama". Ngenxa yokufaneleka ukuba baye banikezela kuyo ukuba ibe yinto enamandla yokuvuselela umzimba. Ukukhumbula ukuba le ntengiso ayikho mthethweni ngokupheleleyo, kodwa iyaqhubeka iqhutywa ngaphandle kokulawulwa kunye nokupheliswa kwabasemagunyeni abafanelekileyo.
Imeko yoLondolozo okanye izivumelwano
Okwangoku e ufudo lwaselwandle lweleatherback, kwinto ebhekiselele kwii-Arhente zoKhuseleko lweZilwanyana zase-United States yaseMelika, ihlelwe kunye nomgca weentlobo "Ingozi". Okuthetha ukuba kwixesha elizayo elingekude kakhulu iya kuba semngciphekweni omkhulu wokuyeka ukubakho.
Oku kwahlulahlulwe koko kwasekwa yiManyano yaMazwe ngaMazwe yoLondolozo lweNdalo. Oko kuyibeka "kuLuhlu oluBomvu", phantsi koluhlu lwe "Vulnerable", kwinto enxulumene nehlabathi lonke. Oko ngokuqinisekileyo akuyeki ukumela umngcipheko kubukho bayo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukho izivumelwano okanye izivumelwano, ezinokuthi zisekwe njengezivumelwano kwinqanaba lehlabathi, apho "i-Dermochelys coriacea" inikwe ukhuseleko olufunekayo. Zombini kwinto ebhekiselele ikakhulu ekulobeni ngengozi, kunye nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma ngabatyeleli okanye abakhenkethi kwiilwandle.
Noko ke, oku kungumbandela wesazela somntu okanye ingqiqo. Kuba ukwenza ushishino lokuloba akuyomfuneko ukuchaphazela zonke ezinye izilwanyana. Kanye njengokonwabela usuku elunxwemeni, akuyomfuneko ukubona okusingqongileyo njengendawo yokulahla inkunkuma, ngenxa yokuba lula kunye nokungakhathali kokungasebenzisi isitya esifanelekileyo.
Yiyo loo nto, ngelishwa, izivumelwano okanye izivumelwano aziyi kuba nentsingiselo okanye izehlo, okoko nje ingumntu olahlekileyo kwi-ecosystem. Kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo zePlanethi yoMhlaba.
Ukubhaliswa komfanekiso
Irejistri ngoku elawulwa yi ufudo lwaselwandle lweleatherback ehlabathini lonke, ibonelela ukuba kukho abantu abaphakathi kwama-20.000 nama-30.000 bolu didi. Eli nani liyothusa xa lithelekiswa nenkcazelo yenzululwazi eyanikelwa ngonyaka we-1982, apho kuye kwaqikelelwa ukuba kukho abali-115.000 XNUMX kwaba.
Kunikwe ke ngoko, ukuba abaphandi abahlukeneyo kunye nezazinzulu bacinga ukuba kwixesha eliya kujikeleza iminyaka engama-30, lo mnye osindileyo weentlobo zayo uya kutshabalala emhlabeni.
Ngelo xesha, i-Ofisi yeSizwe yoLawulo lwe-Oceanic kunye ne-Atmospheric, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-NOAA, i-acronym yayo, ikhuphe ingxelo. Apho ithi inani libalwe ukusuka kuma-640 abantu ababhubhileyo kwezi sampuli xa bebadala ngonyaka. Imveliso yokuloba ehlelwe njengengozi, ziinkampani ezithengisa ukutya kwezilwanyana zaselwandle.
Ngaphandle koko, kuyafuneka ukuba kwiSiqithi saseNew Guinea, esiseMantla eOstreliya, baziqhelanise nokuzingela olu hlobo ukuze batye inyama yalo njengokutya, kwizitya ze-haute cuisine. Yiyo loo nto, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, yonke into ejikeleze esi sirhubuluzi simangalisayo, sodwa kwaye sizolile ngumcimbi wesazela kwaye. Umgaqo-nkqubo wendalo. Ukuba ayivandlakanywa kwaye ilungiswe ngexesha, iya kubangela ukuphela ngokuthe ngcembe kwaye kamva okuqinisekileyo kokuphela kohlobo.