Iinyoka zizilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo ezinembali ezele lutshintsho kunye neenkqubo ezinkulu zendaleko, nganye nganye kwezi ziyinxalenye yento ezi ntlobo zikhoyo namhlanje. Zinokufumaneka kuzo zonke i-ecosystems zehlabathi, yiyo loo nto kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zeentlobo zezityalo neendawo zokuhlala, namhlanje sikuxelela yonke into malunga iintlobo zeenyoka.
Yintoni Iinyoka?
bayaxelelwa Iinyoka okanye i-ophidians kwizilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo ezaziwa ngokuba zingenawo amalungu aphezulu okanye angaphantsi, yiyo loo nto umzimba wazo ukwazi ukuhamba ngokudonsa, okukwabizwa ngokuba yi-winging. Ulwakhiwo lwabo lude kwaye lubhityile, nangona kunjalo, oku ayisosithintelo xa kufikwa ekufumaneni ukutya, kuba bayakwazi nokutya izilwanyana ezikhulu ngobukhulu.
Olu hlobo lunemvelaphi kwixesha le-Cretaceous, nangona ezinye iintlobo zeenyoka zinemizila encinci yento yayiyimilenze ngexesha elithile kwindaleko yazo, kwaye nangona iingcali ezininzi zikholelwa ukuba ezi zihluke kwicilikishe, okwangoku akukho bungqina obaneleyo bokuthi. inokuqinisekisa oku okanye nayiphi na ingqikelelo malunga nokunyuka kwayo imvelaphi.
Iimpawu zeeNyoka
Iinyoka zinesikhumba esenziwe ngokupheleleyo ngamaxolo, lo mba uzithanda kakhulu xa kufikwa ekujikelezeni komhlaba, kuba ziqhutywa lukhubalo olwahlukileyo olufumaneka emhlabeni, kwaye izikali zivumela kuphela ukuba zibaleke kuwo ngaphandle kokutyibilika. kuyo.
Ezi ntlobo ziyakwazi ukulahla ulusu lwazo ngezikhathi ezithile, zonke ngenjongo yokuphucula isakhiwo sabo somzimba, ukukwazi ukuhamba kunye nokulahla nayiphi na into ephilayo yangaphandle esongela impilo yezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo. Bazi Izilwanyana ze-Vertebrate Banokuba phakathi kwe-200 kunye ne-400 ye-vertebrae emzimbeni wabo wonke.
Ubungakanani bezi ntlobo zinokuhluka kakhulu, yonke into iya kuxhomekeka kwi iintlobo zeenyoka kunye neempawu zayo, kodwa kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba umehluko unokubonakala kakhulu, ekubeni incinci yeenyoka inokufikelela kwiisentimitha ezili-10 ubude, ngelixa inkulu inokufikelela kwiimitha ezili-10 ubude.
Xa ushukuma, umhlathi ubetha umhlaba, ovumela ukuba bafumane i-vibrations ekhutshwe yiyiphi na i-ejenti yangaphandle kwaye ngale ndlela bakhokelwa ukuba babalekele, bahlasele okanye bazingele. Kukwakho nenyaniso yokuba eli lungu lomzimba wabo alidityaniswanga ngokupheleleyo kukhakhayi, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuba bavule imilomo yabo ukuze baginye ixhoba labo.
Izivamvo zabo zokubona nokuva azisebenzi kakhulu, ngoko ke bancedisana nezinye izivamvo zabo zokusebenzisana nokusingqongileyo, kuquka nezinye izinto eziphilayo, ngelixa imihlathi ifumana ukungcangcazela, ulwimi lusebenza njengemvakalelo yokujoja kwaye banokuyibona lula indawo abakuyo ngenxa yoku. , ngenxa yeso sizathu kuqheleke gqitha ukuba iinyoka zikhuphe ulwimi lwazo kakhulu emilonyeni yazo, ekubeni zihlola imeko-bume.
Ukutya kweenyoka
zonke ezahlukeneyo iintlobo zeenyoka batya inyama kwaye ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo kunye nendawo abahlala kuyo, ukutya kwabo kuya kusekelwa, kodwa kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba oku kubandakanya iintlobo ngeentlobo zezilwanyana ezanyisayo, iintaka, iintlanzi, izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini, izinambuzane kwaye zinokutya nezinye izilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo. .
Iinyoka aziyi kutyumza ixhoba lazo ngamazinyo, ekubeni zingaqeqeshelwanga lolu hlobo lomsebenzi, kodwa ziyakwazi ukugwinya amaxhoba azo kwaye zigaye ngoncedo lweejusi zesisu ezifumaneka kwiindonga zezinto eziphilayo.
Njengoko sitshilo, ukutya kuxhomekeke kwiintlobo zeenyoka kunye nokusingqongileyo, kodwa ezi zilwanyana zinokuginya izilwanyana ezininzi ezikhulu, nangona oku kungabandakanyi abantu, ngoko akufanele ukhathazeke kakhulu ngaloo nto.
Ngombulelo kukutya okuninzi ezinokuthi zikugcine emzimbeni wazo, iinyoka zinokuchitha ixesha elide zingatyi, ngalo lonke eli xesha zimele ziphumle kwaye ziphephe ukwenza nawuphi na umsebenzi ofuna ukusetyenziswa kakhulu komgudu womzimba, kuba kuyo yonke loo nto. ixesha kukuba inkqubo yokwetyisa kwenzeka.
Udumo Lwenyoka
Iinyoka zinegama elibi kakhulu kwicala labantu ngenxa yeentsomi ezingenasihlahla, oku kungenxa yokuba kwiinkonzo ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkcubeko ezivela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi, ziyazicekisa iinyoka ngenxa yokuba zinenkolelo yokuba ngokwenene Zizenza umntu. ububi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwiindawo ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo, inyoka imele izinto ezininzi ezilungileyo, ezifana noothixo beyeza okanye ubomi, nangona iphinda ifanekisela imilinganiselo, njengobulumko, ubomi, ulwazi, ukukhuselwa kunye nokhuseleko. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kwayo yonke le nto, iintsomi ezingalunganga zinamandla ngaphezulu kokuqonda komntu, ngenxa yeso sizathu iimbono ezimbi malunga nolu hlobo zixhaphakile.
Iintlobo ngeentlobo zeentlobo
Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeenyoka zinenkangeleko efana kakhulu edla ngokuhluka kancinci kwimbonakalo yobukhulu kunye nombala wezikali, ngaphandle kokungafani okuninzi kwisakhiwo sabo, nangona kunjalo, zonke zineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokufumana ukutya kwazo.
Abanye iintlobo zenyoka zenza buthathaka okanye zibulale ixhoba lazo ngokulunywa apho zigalela ityhefu eyomeleleyo, ethi, ngokuxhomekeke kumandla ayo, ikwazi ukubulala izilwanyana ezikhulu kwanabantu. Kwelinye icala, kukho ezinye ezithintela ixhoba kuhlobo lokucudisa, olubizwa ngokuba kukucudisa.
Iintlobo zeenyoka
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ngaphezu kwe-3.400 iintlobo zeenyoka ezaziwa emhlabeni jikelele, ezinokuthi zihluke ngokuhlukahluka kwisakhiwo sazo, indlela yokutya, indawo yokuhlala okanye ummandla apho zihlala khona kunye nokuzala.
Iintlobo ngeentlobo zeeNyoka
Iinkqubo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeenyoka ziye zanika ithuba lokuba nohlobo oluthile lokuguqulwa kwezinto ezivumela ukuba zivumelane nokusingqongileyo okuzungezile, ukusuka kule ntlobo ezahlukeneyo esaziyo namhlanje ziye zavela. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, ukwahlukana okukhulu kweentlobo kuye kwahlelwa ngokufanelekileyo phakathi kwamaqela onokuwabona ngezantsi.
Iinyoka
Iinyoka zinesakhiwo esiphuhliswe kakhulu, ngakumbi xa kuziwa kumazinyo, kuba zinamazinyo amade, avulekileyo anokuthi afihlwe ngaphakathi kwinkalakahla kwaye aphume xa isilwanyana singena kwimodi yokuzikhusela okanye yokuhlasela, kulapho ityhefu igeleza ukuya kwixhoba. , ukongezelela ekubeni netyhefu enokuba yingozi kakhulu kwizilwanyana nakubantu.
Ukhakhayi lwabo lunemilo engunxantathu, banezivamvo zobushushu kwicala ngalinye leentloko zabo kwaye zichanekile kwaye zikhawuleza xa bezingela, ngakumbi ebusuku, ziyi-ovoviviparous kwaye zifumaneka kwimimandla emininzi yehlabathi. Abanye iintlobo zerhamba Banokuba zezi:
intloko yobhedu
umlomo womqhaphu
iiMambas, iiCobra kunye neeCorals
Ezi zezosapho lwe-Elapidae, nangona iinyoka zaselwandle nazo zibandakanyiwe apha, kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba zonke iintlobo zale ntsapho ziyingozi kakhulu, kungekhona kwizilwanyana kuphela, kodwa nakubantu, kuba inxalenye enkulu yezi zinamandla amakhulu. ityhefu ekwaziyo ukuphelisa ubomi bayo nayiphi na indoda ukuba ukulunywa akunyangwa kwangethuba.
Zide kwaye zincinci, izikali ziba zikhulu ngokusondela entloko, zi-oviparous kwaye zivame ukuhamba kakhulu kwindawo yazo, ngokungafaniyo nezinye ezihlala zihleli kwaye zingenakushukunyiswa, zilindele ukuzingela.
Iintlobo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zineeyantlukwano ezininzi kwisakhiwo kunye nokuziphatha kwazo, enye into, i-cobras ye iintlobo zeenyoka ukoyikisa ngakumbi kunye nodumo olubi kakhulu phakathi kwabantu, banohlaselo oluchanekileyo nolubulalayo, kunye nokuba ne-hood ehluke kakhulu entloko, esuswayo kwaye bahlala behamba xa beziva besongelwa, ngenjongo yokunikela. umthamo ongaphezulu kwisakhiwo sayo.
Kwelinye icala, iimamba ngokuqhelekileyo zihlala emithini kwaye zihamba ngesantya esiphezulu kumasebe, zikwazi ukufikelela ngokukhawuleza kwixhoba lazo ngaphandle kokuwanika ithuba lokoyika. Iinyoka ze-coral zinesakhelo esincinci, kwaye zinokuluma kancinci, ngoko ke azijongwa njengezoyikiso, zinemibala eqaqambileyo kwaye eqaqambileyo. Kolusapho lweenyoka sinazo:
imamba emnyama
King Cobra
Culebras
Ezi zikwabizwa ngokuba ziinyoka zokwenyani, zigubungela uninzi lweentsapho zeenyoka ezigubungela phantse zonke iintlobo ze-1.800 kwiplanethi yonke. Umntu uzithiye ngokuba ziinyoka, gama elo elithatyathwe kwigama labo lokwenyani elithi "Colubridae".
Kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zeentlobo kule ntsapho, ezi nyoka azihlelwa njengeziyingozi, kuba azidli ngokuhlasela rhoqo, ngaphandle kokuba kufuneka zityise kwaye oku kuya kuxhomekeka kwindawo ezihlala kuyo, iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphila kuzo. beech kunye neempawu ezithile zesirhubuluzi.
Iinyoka zenzeka ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na into kwimimandla yaseYurophu, kodwa ngethamsanqa uninzi alunatyhefu kwaye ukuba lunjalo, kunokwenzeka ukuba alubulali ebantwini, nangona oku kunokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwinyoka kwaye isilumkiso siyacetyiswa xa sijongana nayo nayiphi na into. isirhubuluzi solu hlobo. Abanye amagama eenyoka Zizo:
Inyoka Enemibala
inyoka yombona
Python kunye neBhowa
Ezi nyoka azinalo naluphi na uhlobo lwetyhefu, kodwa ziingcali zokuxinana, ngoko ke zinkulu ngokwaneleyo kwaye zomelele ngokwaneleyo ukuba zingazisonga kwixhoba lazo zize ziwakhame de igazi liyeke ukuphuma aze amalungu aqalise ukusilela ngequbuliso.
Amazinyo abo, ekubeni bengenamingxunya apho ityhefu ihamba khona, ngoko banamazinyo asebenza njengamanzi, abambe isilwanyana ukuze singasivumeli ukuba sibaleke. Olu sapho lweenyoka lunokuchazwa njengolona ludala, kuba kwanasemzimbeni kusekho umkhondo wento eyayikade iyimilenze yawo.
Kweli qela kukho iinyoka ezinkulu ezaziwayo, ezifikelela kwiimitha ezili-10 ubude, ezinobunzima obukhulu obuzinceda xa zizingela ukutya. Nazi iinyoka ezifana:
I-Boa Constrictor
inhlwathi yasebukhosini
Ukuhlelwa kweenyoka ngokwendawo yokuhlala
Olu luhlobo oluye lwakwazi ukusasazeka kulo lonke ubude kunye nobubanzi beplanethi yomhlaba, ngaphandle kwemimandla ebanda kakhulu, kwaye nangona kunjalo, sinokufumana olu hlobo lwezilwanyana phantse kulo naluphi na uhlobo lwendawo yokuhlala onokucinga ngayo, ukusuka emahlathini. kunye neentshinyela, ukuya kwiintlango kunye namathafa, anokufunyanwa ahlala elwandle nasemilanjeni.
Iintlobo zeenyoka zomhlaba
Iinyoka zomhlaba zihlala kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zeplanethi kwaye ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lokusingqongileyo apho zifumaneka khona, zingahlala kwiitonela eziphantsi komhlaba, phakathi kwamatye, kwiindawo zezolimo kunye nasemithini.
Ziyakwazi ukusinda phakathi kwezilwanyana ezizingelayo ngenxa yemibala yezikali zazo, ekubeni zingathathi hlangothi, zimdaka okanye ziluhlaza, ziyakwazi ukuzifihla kakuhle ngokusingqongileyo. Kwimeko echaseneyo, ezi ntlobo zinemibala eyomeleleyo kwaye eqaqambileyo elumkisa ezinye iintlobo malunga netyhefu yazo okanye ityhefu ezinokuthi zibe nayo njengendlela yokuzikhusela.
Iinyoka Zomthi
Xa sithetha ngeenyoka ezihlala kumahlathi ashinyeneyo okanye kumahlathi afumileyo, kufuneka siqaphele ukuba uninzi lwazo zihlala kwaye zihamba phakathi kwemithi, oku kuzinceda ukuba zibaleke kumarhamncwa azo kuba zigcina umgama ngobulumko emhlabeni.
Izikali zabo zihlala zinemithunzi efana nemdaka okanye eluhlaza okhanyayo, nto leyo ibanceda ukuba badibanise neziqu, amasebe kunye namagqabi emithi. Le nkalo ikwabanceda xa befuna ukutya, ekuzingeleni izilwanyana ezihamba emithini, njengeempuku ezincinane okanye iintaka. Eminye imizekelo yezi inokuba:
IBejuquilla eluhlaza
iinyoka zesanti
Ezi zizinto ezihlala kwiintlango kunye ne-savannahs, apho amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kwaye amanzi anqabile kakhulu, ngokuqhelekileyo kufuneka alungelelanise nolu hlobo lokusingqongileyo ukuze akwazi ukuhamba emhlabeni kunye nesanti ngaphandle kokuchatshazelwa ngokuyingozi yimitha enamandla yelanga. ilanga. , kanye njengoko befanele balungelelanise indlela abaziphatha ngayo ukuze xa bezingela, akuyomfuneko ukuba bagqibe amandla abanawo.
Zidla ngokuhlala kumatonela enziwe zizodwa okanye zezinye izilwanyana, kwaye zihamba ngokwemba umngxuma ongekho nzulu esantini zize zihambe ngaphantsi kwawo, emva koko zivele phezu komhlaba imizuzwana embalwa, ukuze zizike emva esantini. Ezinye iintlobo zeenyoka zesanti zinokuba:
Red Diamond Rattlesnake
Iintlobo zeenyoka zamanzi
Abanye iintlobo zeenyoka Baye bafudukela kwiindawo ezihlala emanzini kwaye baye baziqhelanisa ukuze bahlale kuzo ngokusisigxina, kungekuphela nje emilanjeni namachibi, kodwa nakwiilwandle ezinkulu. Ezi zilwanyana zinokuthi zithathwe njenge-semi-aquatic, kuba nangona zichitha ixesha elininzi lobomi bazo ngaphantsi kwamanzi, zisafuna ukuphefumla umoya.
Iinyoka zasemanzini
Ezi nyoka zihlala elunxwemeni lwemilambo namachibi, zidla ngokuchitha imini eninzi phezu kwamanzi kwaye zintywile ikakhulu ukuze zifumane ukutya. Abanye badla ngokuhamba emhlabeni kwaye baye kuphela emanzini ngenjongo yokuzingela iintlanzi okanye izilwanyana ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini.
Uninzi lwezi ntlobo Iinyoka zaseSpain, ezisasazwa kuyo yonke imimandla yaseYurophu, nangona zinokufumaneka kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi. Ezinye zezi nyoka zinokuba:
Anaconda
iinyoka zolwandle
Ezi iintlobo zeenyoka Baziqhelanise ngokupheleleyo nobomi baselwandle, kwanesakhiwo sazo siye savela ukuze umsila wabo uzivumele ukuba zihambe ngokukhawuleza kwaye umzimba wazo osicaba uzivumela ukuba zigzag ngokukhululekileyo emanzini. Ngokuqhelekileyo bahlala kwiikorale, ematyeni okanye kubunzulu besanti, apho banokuzifihla lula ebumnyameni, ngoncedo lwezityalo zolwandle.
Ezi ntlobo ziqhelene nezilwanyana zaselwandle kangangokuba nokuba zinokufika phezu komhlaba, azinakushukuma emhlabeni. Kwelinye icala, ezi ntlobo zisafuna ukuphefumla umoya, ngoko ke kufuneka zize kumphezulu amaxesha ngamaxesha, kodwa zinokubamba umoya wazo ngaphantsi kwamanzi ukuya kuthi ga kwiiyure ezi-5.
Inyaniso enomdla kakhulu kukuba phakathi kwezi nyoka zolwandle kukho iintlobo ezinobuthi obunamandla kwaye bunamandla, ezikwazi ukubulala ixhoba labo ngemizuzu embalwa ngokuluma nje. Ezinye zezi ntlobo zezi:
Inyoka yoLwandle yaseJerdon
Ukuhlelwa Kweenyoka Ngetyhefu
Kweli candelo siya kukwazi ukucacisa ulwazi olubaluleke kakhulu malunga neenyoka ezinobuthi kunye nezingenatyhefu, ngaphezu kokukhumbula ukuba iintlobo ezinobuthi zizondla kwaye zizikhusele ngale tyhefu, kodwa abo bangenayo ityhefu basebenzisa ezinye iindlela zokukhusela. nokuzingela, njengokucudisa.
Iintlobo zeenyoka ezinobuthi
Le yinto ethile eyenza ingqalelo enkulu ebantwini kwaye ichaza iinyoka njengezilwanyana eziyingozi kakhulu, nangona abaninzi bengazi ukuba uninzi alunatyhefu kwaye nokuba lukhona, alubonakalisi ingozi yokwenene ebantwini, ekubeni abawahlaseli, kuphela kwimeko ekude apho baziva behlaselwe.
Kuyimfuneko ukunciphisa ukuba kuphela 10% of the iintlobo zenyoka Ehlabathini lonke zinetyhefu, ezi ntlobo zezilwanyana zinamazinyo akhethekileyo enza kube lula ukuba zilume kwaye zitofe ityhefu kwixhoba lazo. Ayizizo zonke ezinobuthi obunamandla alinganayo, ngoko ke ukufa kwayo kuya kuba nefuthe ekutyeni kwabo kunye nobukhulu bexhoba labo.
Los iintlobo zeenyoka ezinobuhlungu, ingahlelwa ngokwamaqela ahlukeneyo:
- Ii-Solenoglyphs: Zinamazinyo amade, anomgongxo agqobhoza lula ulusu lwexhoba lawo kwaye ityhefu etofwayo iqukuqela kwaloo mingxunya inye de ifike emzimbeni wesinye isilwanyana ukuze iqalise ukusebenza ngemizuzwana. Uninzi lwezi ntlobo zinetyhefu enokuchaphazela abantu.
- Iiprotroglyphs: Banama-fangs kunye ne-slit encinci apho i-poison ibaleka kwaye ifike kwixhoba, le ngqungquthela ivalwe ngokwaneleyo kwaye ivumela ukuba i-toxin ifikelele kwisilwanyana ngokukhawuleza, nangona inkqubo ide kunabanye. iintlobo zeenyokaNangona kunjalo, ityhefu yayo inamandla kakhulu.
- Opisthoglyphs: Zinetyhefu ebuthathaka kakhulu kwaye ayichaphazeli abantu, ngoko ayijongwa njengesisongelo. Njengale yangaphambili, banamazinyo adibanisa kunye nomngxuma apho ityhefu ihamba khona, kodwa le ivuleke ngakumbi kwaye yenza inkqubo ibe nzima.
- Iiaglyphs: Amazinyo ayo awakhelwanga ukutofa ityhefu, igqalwa njengetyhefu kuba ulwelo olusemlonyeni wayo luyityhefu.
Kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba umntu akayonxalenye yokutya kweenyoka, kodwa kukho iinyoka ezinobuthi ezinokubulala okanye zibe neengxaki ezikhoyo emzimbeni womntu. Ezinye zeenyoka ezinobuhlungu zezi:
Diamond Rattlesnake
Iindidi zeeNyoka ezingenabuthi
Ukukhumbula oko kwakuthethwe ngaphambili malunga ne iintlobo zeenyoka ezinobuhlungu, Kufuneka sazi ukuba i-90% yeentlobo eziseleyo azinalo naluphi na uhlobo lwetyhefu okanye i-toxin, kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba ziyingozi, kuba ngenxa yolwandiso olukhulu abanalo, banokufunxa amaxhoba abo de banqumle ukujikeleza kwegazi. kwaye kubangele ukufa ngemizuzu.
Ngaphandle koku, abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba ezi ntlobo zeenyoka zinokusebenza njengezilwanyana zasekhaya, kuba njengoko zihlala zizolile kwaye zingenayo i-toxins, abaninzi bathatha njengezilwanyana zasekhaya, nangona oku kunokwenzeka, akukhuthazwa, kuba zizilwanyana zasendle. abangakhange bahambe kwinkqubo eyaneleyo yokuziqhelanisa nobomi basekhaya. Eminye imizekelo yolu hlobo lweenyoka ingaba:
ikorale yobuxoki