Kubantu abaninzi, kucacile ukuba umahluko iintlobo zembewu Zibalulekile kubomi besijikelezi-langa, njengoko zibangela ukukhula kwezityalo ezintle yaye zikwabandakanyeka kwezolimo. Funda ngakumbi ngezi nkozo zincinci! Apha kanye.
Yintoni iMbewu?
Iimbewu ziinkozo eziphuhliswa zizityalo, kwaye xa zityalwe emhlabeni zivelisa ukwakheka okutsha okuhambelana nohlobo olufanayo, oluhambelana neentlobo ezininzi zeentlobo. Okokuqala, imbewu isisiseko sokutya okudliwa ngabantu, abathi ukususela ekuqaleni kwexesha bahlwayela kwaye bavune ukutya kwabo ngokusebenzisa imbewu.
Kuyaziwa ukuba ngokutya okuhlukeneyo okulungileyo nokunempilo kunokufumaneka, xa sicinga ngembewu, sicinga ngokukhawuleza ukuba inxalenye enzima engaphakathi kweziqhamo, nangona kunjalo, ukuba siphanda ngakumbi malunga nezi, singakwazi. uyazi ukuba Amalungu embewu Ziqulunqwe ngeenkqubo ezi-3 ezisisiseko, ezi: izicubu zokugcina, i-embryo kunye nezikhuselo zokukhusela.
Kwelinye icala, ikwakhona ukuba imbewu iyinxalenye yesityalo se-spermatophyte, ekubeni imbewu ifumana ekukhuleni kwe-ovula ye-gymnosperm okanye i-angiosperm, ethi, ibekwe endaweni eyiyo, ivelise izityalo ezitsha kwaye ngaloo ndlela ibe. imvelaphi yokutya kunye neminye imizekelo yezityalo. Iindidi ezivela kwimbewu zihlala zihluke kwizityalo zomama kwaye zivela kwimveliso yesondo yesityalo.
Ngendlela efanayo, imbewu inokubizwa ngokuba ngamanye amacandelo ezityalo ezingahambelani neziqhamo zezityalo, umzekelo: iziqu, iibhalbhu, ii-tubers, iingcambu, phakathi kwabanye, ekubeni zinokuhluma kwaye zivelise isityalo esitsha. imeko iya kufana nesityalo sikamama kwaye ziye zakhawulwa ngokuveliswa kwe-asexual.
Umsebenzi weMbewu
Imbewu izalisekisa umsebenzi ofanayo njengeqanda kwisilwanyana se-oviparous, oku kuthetha ukuba izityalo ze-spermatophytes okanye i-phanerogams zisasazeka ukwenzela ukuba intsapho yabo ikhule, nangona kunjalo, izityalo azikho amandla ezilwanyana zokukwazi ukudibanisa. , okanye ezinye iimpawu.
Kungenxa yesi sizathu kanye ukuba baye baphuhlisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufudukela kwiindawo ezintsha, kwaye ezona ziluncedo kakhulu kule nto zihamba ngeziqhamo okanye iintyatyambo zazo, kuba zinokuhamba ziye kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kwindawo yazo. kwaye ukusuka kolu hlobo kuyandisa ubukho bayo. Umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu wembewu kukuzala, kuba ngumsebenzi oqhubayo wembewu ye-embryo.
Phantse zonke iziqhamo ezaziwayo nezingaziwayo zinembewu, kwaye xa zigaywa ngabantu kunye nezilwanyana ziphela naphi na emhlabeni, ukuba nje ziwela kwindawo efanelekileyo, ukuveliswa kwazo kuveliswa ukusuka apho, ngale ndlela zinokusasazeka. kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwiplanethi.
Eyahlukileyo iintlobo zembewu bane-faculty kwaye oko kukuthi banokulinda de iimeko zokuhluma zithandeke okanye ezo zibonakaliswe ukuba zivelise, oko kukuthi ukuba ziwela kumhlaba ongenayo imiqathango yokuntshula, abakwenzi oko; de ilungele ukuzala kwayo ngendlela eyiyo, ngale ndlela abanye bachitha ixesha elide belindele iimeko ezichanekileyo zokuntshula.
Iindidi zembewu
Zininzi iintlobo zembewu, kodwa okwangoku zahlulwe ngokoncedo kunye nokusetyenziswa ezinikwe zona, ngezantsi singakhankanya ezinye iiklasi zembewu:
imbewu yemifuno
Imbewu yemifuno ikhona ngokwemilo kunye nobukhulu obahlukeneyo, umzekelo; sinokufumana kwiikomkom enye imbewu eluhlaza ekhanyayo ngendlela yethontsi kwaye ibekwe kwindawo ephakathi kwemifuno. Imbewu yekherothi yona ikhula phakathi kwamagqabi enxalenye yeentyatyambo zesityalo, ivelisa xa ingavunwanga kwaye iyekwe ukuba idubule.
Ukuntshula kwahlukile kwizityalo ezininzi, nangona kunjalo, ubukhulu becala zonke iimbewu kufuneka zinkcenkceshelwe kakuhle ukuze zintshule kakuhle.
imbewu yeziqhamo
Imbewu yeziqhamo ikhona ngokobukhulu obahlukeneyo, imilo, kunye nokwakheka. Isiqhamo ngasinye sinembewu eyahlukileyo kwezinye, umzekelo; Kwimeko yeeavokhado, zinembewu enkulu embindini wesiqhamo ngasinye esityebileyo kwaye esikhazimlayo, kwaye zikwatyebile ngamafutha acid, i-omega 3 kunye nezinye ioyile ezisempilweni. Kwimeko yeepesika, zinemingxuma ngaphakathi kwipulp enokuthi ihlume emthini wazo ukuba zityalwe phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo.
Imbewu yeentyatyambo
Imbewu yeentyantyambo ihluke kakhulu ngokweempawu zombala, imilo kunye nokuthungwa, kwiimeko ezininzi ziyi-cream, ezimdaka kunye nomnyama, ngokumalunga nobukhulu bazo nazo zihluke kakhulu. Ezinye iintyatyambo zinembewu encinci kakhulu kuneyemifuno, ezi nkozo zincinci zikhaphukhaphu kakhulu kwaye umoya unokuzisusa ngokulula kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye.
Iimbewu ezityiwayo
Iimbewu ezidliwayo ziveliswa ngobuninzi ukuze zisetyenziswe ngabantu, njengoko kunjalo ngembewu kajongilanga. Ezi mbewu zisetyenziswa njengenxalenye yesnacks kwaye zineprotheyini, iivithamini B kunye neeminerali.
Phakathi kweminye imizekelo yembewu etyiwayo, sinokufumana eyeflakisi, yemostade, yeembotyi, ikumin nesesame kunye namandongomane nembewu yeziqhamo. Uninzi lwezinto ezityiwayo zityebile kwiivithamini B kunye neprotheyini, kodwa imbewu nganye ineenzuzo zayo ebantwini kunye neempawu zophuhliso. Nazi ezimbalwa:
- Iphuculwe: Ezona ziphuculweyo ziimbewu eziye zadlula kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokukhetha kunye nobuchule, obufana nokuhanjiswa kwepoleni okulawulwayo, ukukhulisa iimpawu ezithile zabo, kungoko igama labo.
- usana: Zizo ezo eziye zatshintshwa ukuze isityalo singaphuhlisi ngokupheleleyo, benza oku ngenjongo yokuba iinkozo zihlale zincinci, zivelise izityalo ezinobunono kunye nenkangeleko emnandi, ethambileyo kakhulu, enobumba obuqinileyo kunye nokukhanya. umbala.
- Iingxube: Le yimbewu eyimveliso yokudibanisa phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini zembewu ezahlukeneyo, ngokubanzi, zizityalo ezineempawu zokuxhathisa, iingcambu zazo zomelele kwaye zinamandla amakhulu okukhula ngokukhawuleza. Ezi zineempawu ezibalaseleyo, ezinje; ukufana, ukukhula ngokukhawuleza, iingcambu ezomeleleyo kunye neziqu, ngaphezu kokunika umgangatho ophezulu weziqhamo.
- iicreoles: Iimbewu zesiCreole zezo ziqhelanise nemeko-bume enikiweyo, ngokuthatha inxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo kwabantu okanye ngenxa yokuba zivelela ngokwemvelo. Ziimpawu zezolimo eziphilayo kunye nezithethe, ezisetyenziswa ngamafama asemasimini ukutyala nokuvelisa izivuno ezibalaseleyo, njengomzekelo sinemeko yetumato, itshili, imango, iavokhado, ipapaya, ipesika, phakathi kwezinye ezininzi iziqhamo zemveli zamasimi ethu.
Ukubaluleka kweendidi zembewu
Imbewu ibaluleke kakhulu, kuba isetyenziselwa izizathu ezininzi, nokuba kukuvelisa ukutya okanye njengeefom ezivelisa ubomi, zonke zineempawu ezibenza bahluke kwaye bahluke kwezinye, kukho imbewu enzima kakhulu ngelixa. ezinye zithambile kakhulu kwaye zinokuhlafunwa ngokulula, ziyafumaneka ngemibala eyahlukahlukeneyo, sinokuthi ukubaluleka kwazo kulele koku kulandelayo:
- Ziyinxalenye esisiseko kakhulu kwisondlo somntu.
- Benza inxalenye ebalulekileyo yezolimo, ivelisa imifuno kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo Iindidi zeziqhamo.
- Zisetyenziswa njengokutya okuphambili kwenani elikhulu leentlobo zezilwanyana, zombini ezo zifuywa ngamadoda, kunye nezo zifumaneka endle.
- Ezi zinokuhlala zigcinwe ixesha elide, ngale ndlela ukutya kwabantu kwiplanethi yomhlaba kunokuqinisekiswa.
Iintlobo ngeentlobo zembewu
Phakathi ezahlukeneyo iintlobo zembewu ezikhoyo, zinokwahlulwa ngokweempawu ezininzi, njengomzekelo kwimeko yokuba ziyatyiwa okanye azityiwa. Ngezantsi siza kukhankanya ezinye ze iintlobo zembewu eziqhelekileyo
imbewu kajongilanga
Imbewu yejongilanga iyindlela enempilo kakhulu yokutya njenge-snack, kuba zizityebi kwiiprotheni zemifuno kunye ne-fatty acids ezibalulekileyo, ziqulethe ezinye izondlo kunye neemaminerali ezifana ne-magnesium, i-potassium okanye i-vitamin E kunye ne-B eyinkimbinkimbi.
Imbewu yeLinseed okanye iLinseed
Imbewu yeflakisi okanye i-linseed luhlobo lweenkozo ezidliwayo kwaye zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kubomi bemihla ngemihla, ziqulethe i-lignans eyenza umsebenzi we-antioxidant.
Imbewu yethanga
Kule meko, imbewu yethanga imele ukhetho olufanelekileyo lwemifuno kwi-vegan okanye i-vegetarian diet, ezi zimbewu eziqulethe inani eliphezulu leeprotheni zemifuno ekhoyo.
iimbwe zechai
Ezi zithandwa kakhulu kwihlabathi lokupheka kunye nesondlo, ekubeni ngenxa yeempawu zabo zokuqina, zenza ukuba kube yinto engenye yeemveliso ezifana noshukela kunye nomgubo ocoliweyo, phakathi kwabanye. Ezi zikwanazo iifiber ezininzi kunye neeproteni zemifuno.
Imbewu yeMoringa
Imbewu yeMoringa nayo iyatyiwa, ngokunjalo neengcambu zesi sityalo. Zineempawu zondlo kuba zingumthombo olungileyo weevithamini kunye neeminerali eziyimfuneko kakhulu kumzimba womntu.
Imbewu yeSesame
I-Sesame okanye i-sesame ixhaphake kakhulu, idla ngokubonwa ikakhulu kwizonka kunye neebhondi. Ezi zihlala zizityebi kwi-calcium kunye neprotheni, phakathi kwezinye izondlo, kunye nokuba yi-antioxidant yendalo.
Imbewu yeFennel
Zinekhalsiyam eninzi kwaye zingumthombo we-iron, i-fiber, i-potassium kunye ne-magnesium, ezi zimbewu ezityiwayo kwaye zinokongezwa njenge-condiments ekutyeni okwahlukeneyo okanye zinokubekwa kwisonka.
imbewu yepapaya
Ezi mbewu zityiwa ngokupheleleyo kwaye zinokutyiswa ngokupheleleyo, zicunyuzwe, okanye zidibene namanzi. Ezi ziqhele ukusetyenziselwa iipropathi zazo zonyango ukuthintela ukusilela kwezintso okanye isitshisa, phakathi kwabanye.
imbewu yeapile
Imbewu ye-apile ineempawu ezintle nezinempilo entle ebantwini, iqulethe uhlobo lwevithamin ebizwa ngokuba yi-amygdalin okanye i-B17 ethi, xa icoliweyo okanye ihlafunwa, ijike ibe yihydrogen cyanide. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngobuninzi (malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-20), ingaba yityhefu ebulalayo.
iimbewu zemostade
Imbewu ye-mustard ibonwa njenge-seasoning eneempawu ezikhethekileyo zokunambitha, ukongeza kwezinye iindlela zokuzisebenzisa, ezinje nge-infusions yamayeza.
Amacandelo embewu
Ukusuka ngaphandle, imbewu ngokuqhelekileyo ibonakala ihlangene kwaye i-homogeneous, nangona kunjalo, ngaphakathi kuzo zonke iindawo zabo ziyakwazi ukuhlukana, ezihluke kakhulu. Phakathi kweendawo ezahlukeneyo zembewu sinokufumana oku kulandelayo:
Umbungu
I-embryo ifana kakhulu neyezilwanyana, sisityalo esincinane apho isityalo esitsha siya kukhula khona. Ibekwe ngaphakathi kwembewu kwindawo yokulala, ilindele umzuzu wokuntshula. Oku ke kuqulathe amanye amalungu ama-4 alandelayo:
- Radicle: Yingcambu engundoqo ye-embryo, kule nto zonke ezinye iingcambu zesityalo ziyaphuma.
- Plumele: Eli lihluma, ekugqibeleni lijongene ne-radicle.
- i-hypocotyl: Sisithuba esiphakathi kwamalungu amabini angaphambili, athi xa ekhula enze isiqu.
- Cotyledon: Idla ngokuba yinye okanye ezimbini kuphela, kuxhomekeke ekubeni isilivere yidicot okanye imonocot. La ngamagqabi okwenyaniso okuqala esityalo.
Endosperm
Ihambelana nokuba yinxalenye ethatha umthamo omkhulu wembewu, zenziwe ngokuyinhloko ngesitashi, yindawo yokugcina izondlo kunye nokutya ukuze i-embryo idle ngexesha lamanqanaba okuqala okukhula.
Episperm
Ngumaleko ongaphandle wembewu kwaye ubukhulu becala inzima, ibeka i-embryo kunye ne-endosperm kumarhamncwa kunye nezisongelo.