Kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zemithi efunwa ngabantu ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo, ibalaselisa phakathi kwazo iPine, uhlobo olulodwa lwezityalo ngenxa yokumila kwayo kwecone, ukuphakama okukhulu kunye nobuninzi obuninzi; eyaziwa ngokuba ngamaplanga akumgangatho ophezulu asetyenziselwa ukwenziwa kweemveliso ezininzi kunye neempawu zonyango ngokuchasene nobunzima bokuphefumla. Kwinqaku elilandelayo siza kufunda malunga neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zepineyini ezifumaneka emhlabeni wonke kunye neempawu zazo eziphambili.
Iphayini
Izityalo ziphawulwa ngokuzalisa umhlaba wonke kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zezilwanyana eziqhelana nemozulu kunye neemeko zejografi, phakathi kwezinye iimeko ezibonelelwa kwilizwekazi ezisuka kulo, ngenxa yoko kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zeemeko zendalo ezinokubakho kuthathwa njengobuhle obukhethekileyo kunye nokhethekileyo. Phakathi kwazo, imithi ibonakala njengezityalo ezibaluleke kakhulu kuluntu, zombini ukuqhuba inkqubo ye-photosynthesis kunye nokuba yinxalenye yemihombiso yasezidolophini.
Ezinye zezona ntlobo zibalulekileyo ziyipineyini, imithi emihle enesimo sepiramidi kunye namaqabunga enaliti. Igama elithi pine livela kwisiLatini ipayina, ibandakanya uhlobo lomthi okwintsapho ye-conifers, iintlobo ezifika zibe ne-cone shape nangona kukho ezinye ezinemilo engqukuva, ebanzi kwaye edangele. Inesethi yamasebe adibeneyo anommiselo omncinci. Imbewu inesakhiwo esifana nephayinapile, yodwa kolu hlobo lomthi.
Kukho inani elikhulu leentlobo ezisasazwa kulo lonke ihlabathi ezineempawu ezininzi, ezo ze-hemisphere esemantla zithathwa njengemipayina yendalo efana neJack pine, inokubonwa eMzantsi Melika njengepineyini yeCaribbean. Ukugxininisa into yokuba imithi enentsingiselo enkulu kuluntu njengenxalenye yokuhombisa ikhaya, ngokukodwa ngexesha leKrisimesi, ngoko banentsingiselo yendabuko ehonjiswe ngemihombiso, iinkwenkwezi, iibhola, izaphetha kunye nezibane ezidanyazayo.
Ukongeza, kubaluleke kakhulu kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo zoluntu, ukugqamisa uqoqosho, apho iinkuni zepine ziqulethe izinto eziluhlaza ezifanelekileyo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo, ngokukodwa ngenxa yokuba zinokuqina okwaneleyo kunye nokuchasana, apho isetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo. izixhobo ezisisiseko ezifana neetafile, izitulo, imiboniso, phakathi kwezinye. Okwangoku, zonke iimveliso ezenziwe ngokusekelwe kuyo zibhekwa njengomgangatho ophezulu.
Ikwanayo neempawu zonyango, iyasebenza kwiingxaki zokuphefumla okanye izifo zesifuba, kuba iyakwazi ukunciphisa i-bronchial spasms. Inemigaqo ye-antibacterial ngenxa yomxholo ophezulu we-tannins, yingakho kuthathwa njengeyeza elisebenzayo ukunciphisa umxholo we-mucous kwi-bronchi okanye ubukho be-microorganisms; Ide ibe ne-expectorant, i-antiseptic kunye nemigaqo ye-antipyretic, ukunyanga izifo ezinamandla emzimbeni womntu.
Iintlobo zePines
Iipayina zizityalo ezinemithambo ezizezosapho lwePinaceae, apho ulwahlulo lweeconifers lubekwe khona, zithathwa njengezona ntlobo zinomtsalane kwaye zixatyiswa ngokwembono yamahlathi, kuba imele isiseko semathiriyeli ekrwada ekwakhiweni nasekucacisweni kweemveliso ekhaya, nabo bamele inqaku elibalulekileyo lolondolozo lwemihlaba, ekubeni basebenzisa umsebenzi njengabakhuseli bezinye izinto zendalo eziphazamisa imeko yazo yendalo.
Ngoko ke, olu hlobo lubonwa ngokubanzi kwiigadi, ezo, ngaphezu kokumela amayeza asisiseko kunye neentlobo zendalo, zibuye zibonise kakhulu kwaye zifunwa njengenketho yokuhlobisa. Oku kukhuthaze ukusasazeka kwayo kwihlabathi jikelele kunye nokuqatshelwa kwayo kwimimandla emininzi, ngoko ke bahlelwa ngokwembewu yabo kunye nenani lamagqabi, bahlulahlulwe kwiintlobo ezintathu eziphambili ezichazwe ngezantsi:
I-Subgenus Strobus
Ibandakanya iintlobo zemithi eyaziwa ngokuba yipayina emhlophe evela kuMntla Merika, inezikali zeseminiferous ezinamakhaka athile, eyona mimandla iphambili ibonwa kwisiqithi saseNewfoundland eMinnesota nakwiiNtaba zeAppalachian ukuya kwindawo yaseGeorgia. . Iintlobo eziphambili phakathi kolu luhlu yiPinus Ayacahuite, iPinus Armandii, phakathi kwabanye.
I-Subgenus Ducampopinus
Le yimipayina enamaxolo kunye nezikhuselo zedorsal, ukongezelela ekubeni namaphiko kwimbewu yawo ahlukanayo enye kwenye, anemilo yefibrous emagqabini awo. Zikwabizwa ngokuba yiPiñon, Balfourianae kunye neLacebark Pines; zibandakanya i-genus ebonwa ngokubanzi eMexico, kuMbindi we-Asia nakumazantsi-ntshona e-United States, ezinye zeentlobo eziphambili zokugqamisa ezi zilandelayo, uPinus Arista, uPinus Gerardiana, uPinus Nelsonii, phakathi kwabanye.
I-Subgenus Pinus
Ikwaziwa ngokuba ziiPines eziMthubi, inezikali zeseminiferous ezinemilo yeekhaka ze-dorsal kodwa ngaphandle kwebhendi yokutywina, ukongeza inamaphiko ayo kwiimbewu ezichaziweyo, kunye neenyanda ezimbini ze-fibrovascular emagqabini. Olu hlobo lweentlobo lubonwa ngokubanzi eYurophu, e-Asia nakwiMelika. Ngokomzekelo, iPinus Pinea, iPinus Kesiya, iPinus Mugo, iPinus Nigra ivelele, phakathi kwabanye.
Iimpawu zePine
Iipayini luhlobo lomthi olubandakanya isethi yezityalo ze-vascular, apho i-conifers igqamile, ibonakaliswe phakathi kweqela lemithi ehlala iluhlaza enemilinganiselo emikhulu. Banokubaluleka okukhulu kuluntu ngenxa yokhuni lwabo, luhambelana nohlobo lwezinto eziyimfuneko zokuphucula izixhobo zobomi bemihla ngemihla, ngokulandelayo siya kwazi iimpawu eziphambili zepine:
- Zinexolo elishinyeneyo, amagqabi amile okwenaliti kunye nembewu efana nephayinapile.
- Zineempawu zonyango ezikhutshwe kumaxolo azo, amagqabi kunye neziqhamo.
- Ayichaphazeleki ngamaxesha onyaka, ngoko ihlala igcina umbala wayo oluhlaza.
- Iyaziwa ngemilinganiselo yayo emikhulu.
- Zinamalungu omabini okuzala (inkunzi nemazi) ngoko ke zizala ngokwazo.
- Izitho zabo zokuzala zifumaneka kwiicones zesakhiwo sabo, yingakho igama labo liyi-conifers.
- Amagqabi ayo aneempawu ze-macroblasts kunye ne-branchiblasts.
Iintlobo eMelika
EMelika, inani elikhulu leentlobo liye labonwa ukuba liyingxenye yentsapho yepineyini, ithathwa njengelizwekazi kunye nenani elikhulu leesampuli ezifunyenwe kwiplanethi; amazwe aneentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo yiMexico neChile.
Iintlobo ezidumileyo eMexico
IMexico lilizwe lelizwekazi laseMelika elinezona ntlobo zininzi zepayini ehlabathini. Ziyezinye zeentlobo ezinezifundo ezininzi, ezibonisa i-faculty yesayensi kwi-National Autonomous University yaseMexico (UNAM), apho bachonge khona malunga ne-231 ehlala eMexico kuphela, egubungela i-40% yelizwe lonke. Ezona zifanelekileyo ziphawulwe ngezantsi:
I-Ayacahuite Pine okanye iViking Pine
Ithathwa njengomthi wemveli waseMexico nakuMbindi Merika, ubonwa ngokubanzi kwiindawo eziphakamileyo malunga ne-1500 kunye ne-3600 yeemitha ezibekwe ukusuka kumbindi welizwe ukuya emazantsi ukuya eHonduras, ikhula kumhlaba okhutshiweyo, kwiindawo ezibandayo kunye nokufuma okuphezulu. Ifikelela kubude beemitha ezingama-40, inexolo elingwevu neligudileyo njengoko iselula kakhulu, njengoko ikhula iba rhabaxa kwaye ibebomvu ngombala.
Amanye amagama ayo aqhelekileyo yiPinabete, iCahuite, iOcote, kunye neAcalohuite. Ithathwa njengenye yezona pines zidumileyo kwisizwe saseMexico ngenxa yamaplanga athambileyo nathambileyo, asetyenziselwa ukucacisa izixhobo ezisisiseko ezifana nefenitshala kunye nolwakhiwo. Isetyenziselwa ukuhlaziywa kwamahlathi kwiindawo zasezidolophini nasezidolophini, imele uhlobo lomthi olungileyo.
Pinus Cembroides okanye Stone Pine
Ithathwa njengeyona ndawo ikhoyo yaseMexico kunye nokusabalalisa okukhulu kulo lonke ummandla, phakathi kweentlobo zayo inobude obufutshane kakhulu (malunga ne-5 kunye ne-10 yeemitha ukuphakama) nangona kwezinye iimeko inokufikelela kwi-15 yeemitha ukuphakama. Ukongeza ekubeni ibe phakathi kwe-5 ukuya kwi-6 yeesentimitha zamagqabi, ikhula kumathambeka eenduli kunye namathambeka owomileyo namatye, abekwe emazantsi eentaba. Inamagqabi aluhlaza bumnyama kwaye ayincinci kakhulu.
Ithathwa njengeyona ntlobo isasazeke kakhulu eMexico kwaye isetyenziselwa ukuphinda kukhuliswe amahlathi emimandla eyinkqantosi neyinkqantosi ebekwe kwithafa elikumbindi weMexico, iqaqambisa abantu abafana neZacatecas, iDurango, iCoahuila, iNueva León, phakathi kwezinye iindawo eziphakamileyo. amaqondo obushushu kunye nokusingqongileyo.
Pinus Montezumae okanye Pino Chamaite
Ingumthi wentsapho yasePinaceae enokufikelela kwiimitha ezingama-20 kwaye ide ifike kwiimitha ezingama-35 ukuphakama, idume kakhulu kwimimandla yaseMexico ikakhulu eJalisco, eHidalgo, eQuerétaro, ePuebla, eVeracruz, eZacatecas, phakathi kwabanye; kwanokwandiswa kwayo kubonwa ukuya kuthi ga eGuatemala. Ihlala kumahlathi apholileyo nasezintabeni, amaxolo ayo aneethowuni ezibomvu ezimdaka ngebala, ikwanazo nentlaka evuthayo efunwa ukutsalwa kwayo kwaye umthi wayo umhlophe osetyenziselwa ukwenza izitya. Phakathi kwamagama adumileyo nguOcote Blanco, uPino Real okanye uPino Montezuma.
Iintlobo ezidumileyo eChile
Kummandla osemazantsi welizwekazi laseMelika, iChile igqame ngokwandiswa kwayo kwamasimi epine, esetyenziselwa ikakhulu ulwakhiwo lwezixhobo zokwakha ilizwe, ezinye zezona ntlobo zifunwa kakhulu ziphawulwe ngezantsi.
I-Araucanian Pine
Kuthathwa njengeentlobo ezingapheliyo zelizwe laseChile, ngokukodwa kwisithili sasePehuén, sivela kwintsapho yase-Araucariaceae kunye ne-coniferous genus Araucaria; igama layo lezenzululwazi nguPinus araucaria arucana okanye uPino Pehuén. Izalelwa kumazantsi eChile naseArgentina, ngokukodwa icandelo leentaba zeAndes kunye nodederhu lweentaba zaseChile. Yaziwa ngokuba yenye yezona ntlobo ziphila ixesha elide kwiplanethi kuba kukho imizekelo engaphezulu kweminyaka eyi-100 yobomi.
Imele uhlobo lomthi olufunwa kakhulu ngenxa yeplanga lawo eligqwesileyo kunye nokubonelela ngomgangatho omkhulu wokwakha kunye nomsebenzi wokuchwela. Ukongeza ekubeni nembali kunye ne-ethnobotanical relevance, ekubeni imbewu yayo imele umthombo obalulekileyo we-carbohydrates kunye namandla ukususela kumaxesha amandulo.
Radiata Pine
Luhlobo lwe-arboreal oluvela e-United States kodwa lwaziswa eChile ngo-1888 ngu-Arturo Junge Sahr, ukulungelelanisa lula kwindawo yokuhlala kwaye lukhula ngokukhawuleza kummandla, olu hlobo lunokufikelela kwiimitha ezingamashumi amane anesihlanu ubude kunye namaxolo ayo. inamacwecwe angwevu amnyama. Ukufika ukufumana inzala yomgangatho womthi wayo kunye neempawu zayo zokusingqongileyo ezivumela ukunciphisa ukhukuliseko kunye nokunyanga ukhukuliseko; amanye amagama yiMonterey Pine kunye neCalifornia Pine.
ipinus yepinea
Eyaziwa ngokuba yiPino Piñonero, iPino Doncel okanye iPino Albar; olu hlobo lwegama luvela kwiimbewu zalo ezinkulu nezithandwayo ukuze zityiwe ngabantu. Ifikelela kubude beemitha ezingamashumi amathathu, ixolo elingqindilili, libomvu ngombala kunye neentanda ezibalaseleyo ngendlela yamacwecwe. Yaziwa ngokuxhathisa ixesha elide lembalela kunye nokumelana namaqondo obushushu aphezulu, kunye nokuxhathisa kwimihlaba enokufuma okuncinci.
Olu hlobo lukhona kwilizwe laseChile malunga nekhulu leminyaka, ngokukodwa kwingingqi yaseCoquimbo naseLos Lagos. Ukuqwalasela umthi wemveli onika iziqhamo ukususela kwixesha elidlulileyo, kule mihla iziqhamo zayo zisetyenziswa kwi-confectionery, iikeyiki ezenziwe, iilekese, i-ayisikrimu, phakathi kwabanye, beza ukumela into efanelekileyo kuqoqosho lwemimandla yelizwe.
Iintlobo zePine eYurophu
IYurophu iphawulwa ngokuba neentlobo zepine ezibalaseleyo ezifunwa luluntu, yiyo loo nto beze ukukhuthaza ukutyalwa kwazo ngendlela yamahlathi akhuselweyo ukuze zilondolozwe kwaye zisetyenziswe njengezinto ezikrwada. Ijongwa kwimimandla ethile yelizwekazi lonke, njengeSpain.
Iintlobo ezidumileyo eSpain
ISpain iphawulwa ngokutyala iintlobo ezininzi zepayina apho kukho malunga neentlobo ezisibhozo ezihlala zikho (ezizodwa kulo mmandla), apho amahlathi atyebileyo ngeentlobo zepine aye alondolozwa. Ezinye zezona zidumileyo ziphawulwe ngezantsi:
UPinus Sylvestris
I-Pinus Sylvestris yaziwa ngamagama ahlukeneyo afana nala: uPino Serrano, uPino del Norte, uPino Bermejo, phakathi kwabanye. I-conifer ebonakaliswe ngokufikelela kwiimitha ezingamashumi amane ukuphakama, isiqu sayo sithe tye ngokupheleleyo kunye ne-ramifications kwindawo ephantsi, i-bark yayo inombala obomvu kwindawo ephezulu kodwa xa ihla ifumana umbala obomvu obomvu. Iyakwazi ukunyamezela amaqondo obushushu aphantsi anikezelwa kumaxesha asebusika kunye nokuwa kwekhephu, ngoko ke abonwa kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ezifana neCatabric Mountain Ranges, iPyrenees, iSierra Nevada kunye neSistim esembindini, ikwafunwa ngenxa yemithi yayo ephezulu.
IPinus Halepensis okanye iAleppo Pine
Amanye amagama ayo aqhelekileyo yi-Aleppo okanye iPino Carrasco, iqulathe uhlobo lomthi oyinzalelwane yemimandla yeMeditera yelizwe laseSpain, ngakumbi eLevante, inokufikelela kwiimitha ezilishumi elinesibini ubude kwaye kwiindawo ezifumileyo ifikelele kumashumi amabini- Iimitha ezintlanu ubude, ziyakwazi ukumelana namaqondo obushushu aphezulu kwaye zimelane namaxesha embalela. Inesiqu esityebileyo nesiqinileyo, sinexolo elingwevu elimhlophe kwaye isithsaba sayo sinemilo engaqhelekanga; imbewu yayo incinci kwaye i-pedunculated, luhlobo olusetyenziswa kakhulu ngokuchasene nokhukuliseko lomhlaba.
ipinaster
Ludidi lwepine olunemilo engqukuva, yiyo loo nto yaziwa ngamanye amagama afana noPino Rodeno, Pino Resinero, Pino Negral okanye Pino Marítimo. Olu hlobo lweentlobo luhamba kulo lonke elaseSpain, kuquka iPortugal, iFransi, iItali, iMorocco, iAlgeria neMalta. Ngaphakathi kwelizwe laseSpain, imimandla ebonwa ngokubanzi yiCuenca del Duero, Catalonia, Albacete kunye nabanye; Ziindawo ezinobude obuziimitha ezingama-30, ezinye zide zifikelele kwiimitha ezingama-2000. Isiqu sayo sithe tye ngokupheleleyo, sinexolo elishinyeneyo elibomvu kwaye liqhekeke kwisiseko.
Ifunwa kakhulu ngumntu ngenxa yeempawu zayo zonyango ngenxa yesithako esisebenzayo i-leukocyanidol, esetyenziswa ngokubanzi njenge-antihemorrhagics kunye ne-vitamin P; Kananjalo inomxholo ophezulu we-tannins kunye ne-turpentine i-antiseptic kunye ne-astringent, ngokuchasene nomgudu wokuphefumula.
IiPines zeKrisimesi
IKrisimesi yenye yezithethe eziphambili ezilandelwa kwihlabathi jikelele, amazwe amaninzi enza imihombiso ebethayo emakhayeni abo, izitrato, iindlela kunye nokuqhuba imicimbi ekhethekileyo ngeli xesha, enye yezona zinto ziqhelekileyo ngumhombiso womthi weKrisimesi, odla ngokuba yi-fir kodwa. iipayini nazo zisetyenziselwa le njongo, iintlobo ezihlotshisiweyo ziyahluka ngokwelizwe kunye nommandla apho umthendeleko wenziwa khona.
Olu hlobo loqheliselo lubandakanya ukuhombisa umthi ngezibane ezidanyazayo, i-backstage, izaphetha, iintyatyambo, phakathi kwezinye izinto zokuhombisa, ngokuqhelekileyo imibala yegolide, emnyama namhlophe, nangona ekuhambeni kwexesha imihlobiso yayo iye yanda, ukuhombisa yinto eqhelekileyo ngaloo maxesha. , apho izipho nezipho zibekwe emazantsi alo.
Enye yezona ntlobo zithengiswa kakhulu kwimarike yipayina yaseMntla Melika efana nePino Silvestre okanye iPino Blanco, ezi nazo zifunwa kakhulu kwilizwekazi laseYurophu. Kwelinye icala, eMexico iintlobo ziyahluka, eyona idumileyo yiViking Pine, iPino Prieto okanye iPino Piñonero ngokuxhomekeke kummandla owenzelwa umbhiyozo.
Siyathemba ukuba eli nqaku libe luncedo, sikushiyela abanye abaya kuba nomdla kuwe ngokuqinisekileyo:
Ukhathalelo lwezityalo ezinuka kamnandi