Iintlobo zendlela yokusebenza yeprojekthi Imizekelo!

Ukuzisa iprojekthi ekugqityweni kwayo ngempumelelo, kubalulekile ukuyiqhuba ngokulandela iskimu esiqinileyo somsebenzi. Ke ngoko inzuzo yokuqonda okwahlukileyo iintlobo zendlela yeprojekthi. Masizibhaqe.

Ithini indlela yokusebenza yeprojekthi?

Ngaphambi kokuba siqale ngesihloko sethu esiphambili kwi iintlobo zendlela yeprojekthi, kusoloko kulungile ukuya kuqala kwiinkcazo. Indlela yokusebenza yeprojekthi yiseti yezakhono, izihloko, izixhobo, ubuchule kunye nolwazi olusetyenziswayo ukufezekisa iinjongo ezichanekileyo kwisicwangciso ngokubanzi.

Ezi ndlela zifumene iindlela ezahlukeneyo kule minyaka idlulileyo ngokwezicwangciso eziphuhliswe ngenkxaso yedijithali. Le nkqubo ifikelele kwinqanaba apho ukuthetha malunga nendlela yokulawula iprojekthi kudla ngokukhetha ngokuzenzekelayo isixhobo, ifomathi okanye isoftwe esetyenziswa kwimeko ethile, ngalo msebenzi. Isixhobo ke ngoko silungelelanise igama elingabonakaliyo lomsebenzi.

Phakathi kwezi zikhokelo zisetyenziselwa ukucwangcisa iiprojekthi kukho iindidi ezibalulekileyo zeefomathi. Ukuqwalasela ukuchaneka okanye ukuchaneka kwayo nganye ngokokulindela kwethu kuya kuba lilize: umxholo ngamnye, kunye nenjongo yawo, iqela labasebenzi kunye nomthengi owamkelayo, umisela uhlobo lwendlela yokusebenza ekufuneka isetyenziswe.

Iindidi zendlela yokusebenza yeprojekthi

Apha sikhankanya ezimbalwa iintlobo zeendlela zeprojekthi njengemizekelo; Ukunceda ukucacisa izimvo ngakumbi:

Agile

I-agility apho igama layo libhekisa khona akuyongozi. I-Agile yindlela esekwe kumbono weyona ndlela isebenzayo inokwenzeka eziswa yeyona fomati iguquguqukayo inokwenzeka. Ukubonakala kwenguqu ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka edlulileyo kunye nokuqala kwangoku, i-Agile yasetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza ngempumelelo kwicandelo lezobuchwepheshe kwaye yahlukana kwiqela elikhulu lezixhobo zemisebenzi ethile.

Kwi-manifesto ethe yaqhekeka ngayo kwihlabathi, i-Agile yenza iziseko zemfundiso yakhe yokukhanya yacaca, ebandakanya ngaphezu kwayo yonke into ekwazi ukuziqhelanisa neemeko ezingalindelekanga ngaphezu kwesicwangciso sentsimbi esele simiselwe, isiphiwo somntu kunye nobudlelwane obusondeleyo kwintsebenziswano phakathi Iqela, ukuzilawula kweemodyuli zomsebenzi ezahlukeneyo, ukulindela ukufumana ubuso obusebenzisanayo ngaphezu kokufunwa ngumxhasi, isoftware ekuhambeni ngokuqokelelwa ngobuchule kwamaxwebhu kunye nokwahlulwa komgudu kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo ezibizwa ngokuba iprrints.

I-sprint nganye inesithuba sethutyana seveki enye okanye inyanga enye kwaye isekelwe kumsebenzi ogxininise ekuveliseni imveliso ngokusebenza ngokukhawuleza, ihanjiswe kwiiseshoni zemihla ngemihla zomsebenzi ohlangeneyo. I-sprint encinci inokuguqula ngokunzulu ukusuka kubukhulu bezinye iinjongo ngaphezu kwezinye ukuya kuhlobo lweenjongo ngokwazo. Olu lwahlulo lubangela ukuqhubela phambili okuguquguqukayo kunye nokuguquguqukayo.

Ukubhetyebhetye yeyona nto inomtsalane kakhulu kwifomathi ye-Agile. Ukuqhuba imoto kwintlango engaziwayo, iqela lihlengahlengisa ukungalingani komhlaba, ukutshintsha indlela, amatayara kunye nesimbo sokuqhuba njengoko ixesha lifuna. Indlela yokusebenza iyayicima imbono yemveli yokuqikelelwa ngokupheleleyo kweemeko ukucebisa intshukumo ejikajikayo ngokuguquka kokwenyani.

Ngokunikwa lo mlinganiswa oguquguqukayo, kunokutshiwo ukuba, phakathi kwazo zonke iintlobo zendlela yeprojekthi, I-Agile yinkqubo eyakhelwe ngakumbi kwiifilosofi zomsebenzi kuneenkqubo eziqingqiweyo ezicwangcisiweyo. Ukuba inkqubo nganye encinci inamandla okuguqula kuwo wonke umsebenzi, akukho ngqiqo ukugxila kwiiskimu ezinkulu ezimile eziqulethe iprojekthi.

Zeziphi iindawo apho le ndlela yokusebenza idala inophuhliso olupheleleyo? Uqikelele. Uphuhliso lomdlalo kunye nesoftware ngokubanzi luhlala luyindawo efanelekileyo yefomathi ye-Agile, ngenxa yendalo yayo ehlala iguquka, abasebenzi abasebatsha, kunye nokusebenzelana okuzenzekelayo kunye nokuguquguqukayo komsebenzi okuphantse kube ngumda wesiqhelo. Indawo yokuhlala egqibeleleyo ye-agility ecocekileyo.

Isikram

Isikram yindlela yeprojekthi enenjongo ekhoyo kukwazisa abantu kunye nokunika umjelo osebenzayo kwifilosofi ye-Agile. Ejolise ngakumbi ekulondolozeni ukuqhubela phambili kwemveliso yesakhiwo esele sisekiwe, iScrum sigxile kuqeqesho olululo lwamaqela azilawulayo afana nalawo afunyanwa kumzalwana wayo oguquguqukayo, kodwa ngeli xesha lilungelelaniswe ngamaxesha omsebenzi abizwa ngokuba yi. ukuphindaphinda, ngokuqhelekileyo kuthatha isiqingatha senyanga okanye inyanga yonke.

Yonke imihla, iqela elizilawulayo elinabantu abalithoba ubuninzi linika ingxelo ngenkqubela phambili, ukusilela kunye nokuma kweprojekthi ekwabelwanayo ngayo kwiintlanganiso ezibizwa. izikram ikhokelwa ngu ISkram Master, ekhokelela kuqala kumboniso womsebenzi ogqityiweyo ukugqiba ukuvunywa kwayo kwaye okwesibini, ukubuyisela emva, ukuxelela yonke into eyenzekileyo, okumele kuqhutyelwe kunye noko kufanele kuphazamiseke.

Isikram yifomathi ebhetyebhetye ejoliswe ekuphuhliseni isoftware engenakukwazi ukulungelelaniswa kwilizwe lesicwangciso segridi, ukuqina kwezemali kunye nemijikelo evaliweyo, kuyo nayiphi na i-arhente. Yiyo loo nto indlela yokusebenza yeSkram iye yafundwa yaza yaxutywa ngokutsha kwiinkampani ezininzi ukuze zilungelelanise izakheko zemveli ngaphandle kokuzitshintsha ngokupheleleyo, ngolungelelwano olulumkileyo phakathi kobuchule, umba wobudlelwane beqela kunye nokukhawuleza.

Impompo

I-Waterfall yindlela esabela kwiiparamitha zemveli esizifundileyo kwixesha elidlulileyo malunga nokuphunyezwa kweeprojekthi. Yonke into ilungelelaniswe malunga a kuhlaselwa yezigaba eziqala kwiimfuno zokuqala zento ecetywayo. Njengoko sisehla kwingxangxasi sibona ulandelelwano lwe-hermetic lwezigaba ezisungulana ngaphandle kokwahluka. Isigaba ngasinye kufuneka sigqitywe ukwenzela ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuqhubela phambili, ngaphandle kokugqithisa.

Le Ngxangxasi ingqongqo ayivumi ukuguqulwa okungalindelekanga, ngaphandle kwezicelo ezikhawulezayo ezibhekiselele phezulu kuxanduva kwaye oko kunokwaliwa. Yonke le nkqubo ibekwe embindini kwisicwangciso esinye esimiselwe kwangaphambili, sexesha elide nakumaqela amakhulu okubulala, nto leyo ithanda ukuqikelelwa kunokulungelelanisa.

Njengoko sinokubona, oku kuchasene ngokupheleleyo ne-Agile kunye neScrum. Ngesi sizathu, i-Waterfall ihlala ibonwa njengeyona nto iphambili kwiindlela zeprojekthi, ezenziwe ngezinto zakudala, ezingenamveliso nezicothayo. Kwaye kuyinyani ukuba kwinkqubo yomsebenzi kuba nzima ngakumbi ukubuyela ukulungisa isiphene okanye naziphi na iinkcukacha ezinokubeka esichengeni sonke isicwangciso. Ngapha koko, yi-cascade exhasa icala elinye kuphela.

Unokuphinda ulumkise malunga nomngcipheko ochaphazelekayo kolu hlobo lwesikimu malunga nokuhanjiswa kwemveliso yokugqibela. Ngelixa ezinye iinkqubo ezithambileyo ziseka isidingo sentsebenziswano eqhubekayo phakathi kweqela kunye nomxhasi, i-Waterfall igcina ithisisi egcinayo ebeka umxhasi kuphela ekupheleni kwengxangxasi, ekulungele ukwamkela okanye ukwala. Akukho kuhanjiswa kwezavenge. Akukho ngxelo iqhubekayo.

Ewe kunjalo, sinokubonisa ngokwembono elungileyo ukuba i-Waterfall iyafumaneka kwiimeko apho ifomathi yokukhanya iya kuba yinto engafanelekanga okanye echaseneyo. Iimeko apho iinjongo zicacile, ukhuseleko lwesiqhelo luyafuneka, indawo yophuhliso sele imiselwe kakuhle kwaye ukutshintsha into ngokuqhubekayo kuya kuthetha ukuphulukana nombono wento eyenzekayo. Ngamanye amaxesha kuthatha utatomkhulu onamava ukuthwala iinjongo zakho kude. Kule nto kukho i-Waterfall.

XP

I-XP, imfutshane kwi-Extreme Programming, yindlela yokusebenza yeprojekthi egxile kuphuhliso lwesoftware esemgangathweni ngefomathi yomsebenzi ethanda ukuziqhelanisa nokutshintsha iimfuno zabathengi. Ngaloo ngqiqo, ayifani kakhulu kwiinkqubo ze-agility ezinqamlekileyo kunye nezonxibelelwano ze-Agile kunye neScrum.

Nangona kunjalo, i-XP ibandakanya iimfuno eziqhelekileyo ezibandakanya inkcazo yenjongo elula (amabali omsebenzisi), uvavanyo oluqhubekayo lwemveliso (TDD), ukucwangcisa inkqubo kunye neqela elinye elibhala ikhowudi kunye nomnye olawulayo, kunye nokuqulunqa onke amacandelo ukwenza iimvavanyo eziphindaphindiweyo zenkqubo yonke (ukuhlanganiswa okuqhubekayo ).

Njengoko kunokubonwa, yindlela edala kodwa elawulwa ngakumbi ukusombulula iimpazamo inyathelo ngenyathelo endaweni yokuzifumana ngomzuzu wokugqibela xa sele kusemva kwexesha, ukuphucula umgangatho wekhowudi kunye nokunciphisa imisebenzi ephindaphindwayo esekwe kumsebenzi. yokusebenza ngokugqithisileyo.

Emile

ULean ungomnye we iintlobo zendlela yeprojekthi apho ummiselo wesiNgesi othi okungaphantsi kuninzi, okungaphantsi kuninzi. I-Lean incoma ukukrazula yonke into enokuthi ithathwe njengento engabalulekanga kwisakhiwo solawulo ukuze kubekwe iqela kwindlela yokuphucula. Ngokujolisa kulo myalelo ungundoqo kunye nomgaqo-siseko, ngokwenene akuphumeleli kwindlela enezakhiwo ezicetywayo ezicacileyo. Yintoni enomdla kwi-Lean kukuba isakhiwo sincinci kwaye siyasebenza, nayiphi na indlela yayo.

I-Lean yohlula le nkqubo yokuphucula ibe yimiba emithathu, ebhaptizwe ngamagama anomdla ka sisimumu, mura y Muri.

I-Muda igxininise ekuhlaseleni ingcamango yenkunkuma: yonke loo misebenzi engavelisi nantoni na yexabiso lokwaneliseka kwabathengi kwaye ibandakanya ixesha, umgudu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kwiqela.

UMura unento yokwenza nokuchasana nombono wokuguquguquka: ukwahluka okuziswa rhoqo kwinkqubo kuyaguga kunye nokungalungelelani kwezakhono zeqela ezinokuthi zigcinwe ngokubheja ngakumbi kwinkqubo yomgangatho.

UMuri ujongana nethuba lokulayisha kakhulu inkqubo: ukusebenza ngesantya esithintelweyo kwizakhono zethu kuphelisa umdla weqela ngenxa yokudinwa ngokulula kwaye kucothise imveliso yabo. Ubuninzi be-70% ngumda ofanelekileyo wokugxininisa umzamo.

I-Lean, ke, yindlela yokwenza izinto ezibalulekileyo. Kuluncedo kakhulu ukuhlengahlengisa iprojekthi kwindlela ehambelana nayo emva kokulahleka kwiidrift ezingenamsebenzi nezinexabiso elikhulu. Nge-Lean, into engasebenzisaniyo kwisizukulwana sexabiso kumxhasi, kufuneka ishiywe ngaphandle.

Kanban

Amava e-Kanban angashwankathelwa njengendlela yeprojekthi ejoliswe ekugxininiseni umsebenzi kumsebenzi omnye kunye nokuqinisekisa ukubonwa komsebenzi owenziweyo, omele ukuhamba kwawo. Ibhodi ye-Kanban yiprojekthi yakudala yeeprojekthi ezidibeneyo, apho ii-odolo ezilindileyo, umsebenzi oqhubekayo kunye nemisebenzi egqityiweyo icwangciswe kwiikholamu ezilandelelanayo. Ngandlela ithile, kukwenziwa lula okusemthethweni kwenkqubo yeSkram, iqhelekile kakhulu kubume bayo.

Umbono ongaguqukiyo wobudlelwane phakathi kwento eceliwe kunye nento egqityiweyo, ihamba ngesixa sento ekuphuhlisweni, iqinisekisa ukuba ingqwalasela ibekwe apho ifanele ibe khona, ibala ngokuqinisekileyo isantya ekungenwa ngaso imveliso ngentlonipho. Ukuya Isicelo sokuqala sikwenza oko kuceliweyo kucace kwaye kuthintele ukuzinza.

Kwiindawo ezinikezelwe kulondolozo, i-Kanban inokuba luncedo kakhulu, ngenxa yokulula kwayo ekuhlelweni kokusebenza rhoqo kunye nokuzimisela kwayo ukuqondisa ngokutsha izinto eziphambili ngokuxhomekeka kwiimfuno eziphakanyisiweyo.

Siyakumema ukuba ubukele le vidiyo inomdla apho uMarta Falcón waseSpain echaza ngokucacileyo indlela iprojekthi elawulwa ngayo kusetyenziswa indlela yeKanban. Ngebhodi yayo yemveli ifakiwe.

iscrumban

Ukuba sithethe kwicandelo elidlulileyo malunga nokufana kweScrum kunye neKanban, kule nto kufuneka sithethe malunga nokudibanisa okucacileyo phakathi kweendlela zombini, kunye nesihloko seScumban. Le izama ukwamkela indlela ephakathi phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini zefomathi, ikhupha kwenye nakwenye into eyigqala njengeyona ilungileyo kwizindululo zayo.

Ngokomzekelo, inkqubo igcina ingcamango eguquguqukayo yomsebenzi ocwangcisiweyo malunga nemiyalelo ethile ye-Kanban, kodwa igcina ingcamango yentlanganiso yesikram yemihla ngemihla, ukulungelelanisa inkqubo eqhubekayo.

Inokushwankathelwa ngokuba iScumban iphelisa imijikelo yomsebenzi ngokuphindaphinda isiqingatha senyanga okanye inyanga yonke yeSkram yakudala ukuze ithathe indawo yokuhambisa ebhetyebhetye ngakumbi kwaye ilungelelaniswe neprojekthi yangoku, kwaye kwakhona ishiya ngokuyinxenye indawo evulekileyo. ifomathi yeKanban ukunika iprojekthi ukuqhubeka okusebenzayo kwenkomfa yesikram. Uthethathethwano olunengqiqo phakathi kweenkqubo ezimbini zolawulo olukhulu.

PMB Kulungile

I-Project Management Body of Knowledge, echazwa yi-acronym yayo njenge-PMOBK, iqulethe isikhokelo samanyathelo ayimfuneko ukugqiba iprojekthi. Yeyona nkqubo yethiyori kuzo zonke, kuba ibonisa kuphela isakhelo ngokubanzi apho isicwangciso kufuneka sithatyathwe, ngaphandle kokunikela ingqwalasela enkulu kwisakhiwo esichanekileyo sombutho osebenza kuwo. I-PMBOK ichaza amanqanaba amahlanu asisiseko kunye ayimfuneko ukwenza inkqubo yomsebenzi ibe yenzeke: ukuqala, ukucwangcisa, ukuphumeza, ukulawula kunye nokuvalwa.

Nangona iyimethodology engenakwenziwa ngokwayo, iseluncedo kwinqanaba lepragmatic kakhulu, ukufumana ulungelelwaniso olucwangcisiweyo lweprojekthi yakho ngaphakathi komgangatho womsebenzi wehlabathi.

PRINCE2

Sivala nge-PRINCE2 ngesizathu esilula: yinto enkulu yeendlela zeprojekthi. I-PRINCE2 ihlanganisa nganye yeenkalo eziye zachazwa ngokubhekiselele kwintlangano esebenzayo yomsebenzi. Indlela yokusebenza ifuna ukuqala ukusuka ekuqaleni, ngokusekwe kwisizathu esivakalayo malunga nendlela ubukho bemveliso yokugqibela obuyiyo, ngubani kanye oza kuxhamla, kunye nokuba nokwenzeka kweendleko zeqela elilungiselela ukuyiqhuba. Isinyathelo ngasinye se-PRINCE2 sisitsheki esiqinileyo sombukeli.

Imveliso yaseburhulumenteni yaseBrithani phakathi kwe-90s, i-PRINCE2 yindlela enkulu engasebenzi ngokukodwa kwiithagethi ezincinci zeenkampani ezincinci. Inkqubo yenzelwe ukuzisa uphuhliso olukhulu lwetekhnoloji kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe. Iprojekthi ephantsi kwale nkqubo ilawulwa ngokungqongqo yibhodi engumnini ocacileyo wocwangciso kwaye iphonononga yonke imihla imisebenzi engaphantsi kolawulo lwayo ngomphathi omiselweyo.

I-PRINCE2 yindlela evaliweyo kwi-vacuum ngokubhekiselele kuzo zonke iintlobo zomngcipheko. Iindima zommeli ngamnye weprojekthi zisasazwa kakuhle kwaye zichazwe, iinjongo zicacile, ukusebenza kwenkqubo yonke kufundwe ngokucokisekileyo kwasekuqaleni kwaye ulawulo ngokubanzi lwahlulahlulwe lwazizigaba ezininzi, ezithi nazo zinendima echaziweyo. iinkqubo zakho. I-PRINCE2 yindlela yokusebenza yeeprojekthi ezinobungakanani obukhulu.

Isiphelo

Ukukhetha indlela efanelekileyo, phakathi kwazo zonke iintlobo zendlela yeprojekthiInokuba nzima, kodwa ayinakwenzeka. Kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwiimfuno zakho ezithile xa useka iprojekthi yakho. Bala ukuba ingqikelelo kangakanani imeko okusingqongileyo ekufuneka usebenze kuyo, ukuba lukhulu kangakanani unxibelelwano ekufuneka ulwenze kunye nesantya somsebenzi ozimisele ukuwugcina ngokwefilosofi yakho yobuchwephesha kwaye uya kuba nakho ukukhetha kuluhlu nge. ingqiniseko eqikelelweyo.

Uluhlu ayisosishwankathelo esipheleleyo sazo zonke iindlela ezinokwenzeka ezikhoyo kwimarike. Nangona kunjalo, imele kakhulu awona magama akhethiweyo. Isigqibo esilungileyo esisekwe kwindlela yokusebenza yakho sinokuqinisekisa impumelelo yelinge lakho.

Ukuba unomdla kweli nqaku malunga neentlobo zendlela yeprojekthi, mhlawumbi ugxininise kakhulu kumbono wocwangciso olusetyenziswa kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, ngakumbi kumsebenzi ovelisayo. Kwikhonkco elilandelayo uya kufumana elinye inqaku elinikezelweyo iinjongo zesicwangciso soshishino esilungileyo. Landela ikhonkco!