Iintlobo zeengcuka zihlala zohlulwa ngokukhethekileyo ngamacanine anamandla kunye neepremolars ezibukhali. Phezu kwayo nje intshutshiso ethe yathotyelwa, ezi canids zisekho, ngakumbi e-Eurasia nakuMntla Merika. Ezinye zeentlobo zayo ziye zaphela okanye zisemngciphekweni wokunyamalala. Kweli nqaku uya kuba nakho ukufumana okuninzi malunga neentlobo zeengcuka.
Iingcuka
Ingcuka sisilwanyana esanyisayo esisityayo kuphela kwaye inja yethu yasekhaya (Canis lupus familiaris) yinxalenye yolo hlobo lunye, nangona kukho umahluko odumileyo ngobukhulu kunye nokuziphatha. Igama le-genus yi-Canis elithetha "inja" ngesiLatini. Igama elithi "canine" livela kwisichazi i-canine ("yenja"), apho igama elithi canine tooth livela khona. Zonke iintlobo zeengcuka okanye i-canines zinamazinyo e-canine afanelekileyo, abasebenzisa ukubulala amaxhoba abo aya kuba yindlela yabo yokutya.
Iimpawu zeengcuka
Ubukho bengcuka emhlabeni baqala malunga neminyaka engama-800.000 XNUMX eyadlulayo. Emva koko basasazwa kwimimandla emikhulu yeplanethi, njengaseMelika, eAsia naseYurophu. Namhlanje, nangona kunjalo, oku kutshintshile, njengoko zikholisa ukugxila kuMntla Merika nakwiindawo zaseYurophu, ngakumbi imimandla yaseRussia.
Njengenxalenye yeempawu zeengcuka, ukufana kwazo nenja yasekhaya kuvelele. Ngokuqhelekileyo zinobunzima obuphakathi kwe 40 kunye ne 80 yeekhilo, kuxhomekeke kwinzala, kwaye zibe nomzimba oqinileyo kunye nemilenze eyomeleleyo kunye nemisipha, ehamba nemihlathi enamandla enamazinyo abukhali.
Iintlobo zeengcuka zinokukhula ngesantya esiphakathi kwe-10 ukuya kuma-65 eekhilomitha ngeyure, kananjalo zikwazi ukwenza imitsi emikhulu, iimpawu ezibalulekileyo zokuthintela imimandla yeentaba kwaye ngaloo ndlela zibambe amaxhoba azo. Banengqiqo ephuhliswe kakhulu yokujoja kunye nengqiqo yokubona eyenza ukuba babone ebumnyameni, ngenxa yokuba bane-tapetum lucidum, inwebu evumela ukuba baphucule umbono wabo kwiimeko zokukhanya okuphantsi.
Kwelinye icala, uboya babo bunzima, bungqindilili kwaye buqinile, obungagcini nje ukuzikhusela kwiimeko zemozulu ezimbi kunye nokungcola, kodwa bubuye bugcine ukufudumala kwimozulu ebanda kakhulu kwaye busebenza njenge-camouflage. Iingcuka ezingekakhuli (oko kukuthi, ezo zingakwaziyo ukuzala) zibizwa ngokuba ngamantshontsho, kwaye iqela lawo elisuka kwakwelo xesha lokumitha libizwa ngokuba yi-litter.
Iintlobo zeengcuka
Kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zeentlobo kunye neentlobo ezincinci zeengcuka ezisasazwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zeplanethi, kodwa lithini inani leentlobo ezikhoyo? Kwi-genus Canis, iintlobo ezilishumi elinesithandathu ezahlukahlukeneyo ziye zaqatshelwa, kubandakanywa neCanis lupus, ethe, nayo, yaqaphela iindidi ezingamashumi amathathu anesixhenxe ezinokwahluka okuninzi, apho umnqamlezo phakathi kwenja yasekhaya kunye nengcuka engwevu inokufezekiswa. . Kukho, ukongeza, i-Canis mesomelas elongae, i-subspecies yeentlobo ze-Canis mesomelas, ezingezizo iingcuka, kodwa oodyakalashe, kunye ne-Canis simensis, ekwayi-coyote.
Ngokwale nto kwaye ekubeni ingezizo zonke iindidi eziyinxalenye yohlobo lweCanis eziziingcuka, zingaphi iindidi zeengcuka ezikhoyo? Ngokwamaziko asemthethweni, izifundo ezahlukeneyo eziqhutywe kwaye njengoko zichazwe yi-database yokuthelekisa i-toxicogenomics (CTD), ezo ziboniswe ngezantsi zezona ntlobo zeengcuka ezikhoyo, apho kukho i-subspecies ezahlukeneyo:
- canis anthus
- i-canis indica
- i-canis lycaon
- i-canis himalayensis
- ICanis lupus
- ICanis rufus
Iingcuka zaseYurophu, eAsia naseOceania
Ngezantsi sikushiyela uphononongo lwezona ntlobo zengcuka zaziwa kakhulu kwaye zisasazwe kuyo yonke imimandla IYurophu, iAsia kunye neOceania:
Ingcuka engwevu
Ingcuka engwevu (Canis lupus), yinja ehlala kwingingqi yasendle nakwimimandla ekude yase-Eurasia nakuMntla Melika. Lelona lungu likhulu kwintsapho yalo, kunye namadoda aphakathi kwe-43 ukuya kwi-45 kilograms (95 ukuya kwi-99 pounds) ngelixa amabhinqa anobunzima be-36 ukuya kwi-38.5 kilograms (79 ukuya kwi-85 pounds). Ziyahluka kwezinye iindidi zeCanis ngebala lazo elikhulu kunye neempawu ezingacacanga, ngakumbi ezindlebeni nasempumlweni.
Idyasi yayo yasebusika ibanzi kwaye ixinene, umbala wayo obalaseleyo ongwevu, nangona inokuba mhlophe qwa, obomvu kunye nomdaka ukuya kumnyama. Uluntu lwehlabathi lonke lolu hlobo lwengcuka luqikelelwa kuma-300.000 abantu. Ingcuka engwevu yenye yezona ntlobo zezilwanyana zaziwa kakhulu nezifunda kakhulu, mhlawumbi eneencwadi ezininzi ezibhalwe ngaphezu kwazo naziphi na ezinye iindidi zasendle.
Luhlobo kuphela lweCanis olusasazwa kulo lonke elase-Eurasia nakuMntla Melika, olwalunemvelaphi e-Eurasia kwixesha le-Pleistocene, lilawula uMntla Merika ubuncinane izihlandlo ezithathu ezahlukeneyo kwi-"Rancholabrean" okanye i-Pleistocene kade. Sisilwanyana esihlalisanayo, esihamba kwiintsapho zenyukliya ezenziwe ngamaqabane amabini, ahamba kunye nenzala ekhulile yesi sibini.
Ingcuka engwevu sesona silwanyana sihlala kweyona ndawo iphezulu kuluhlu lwaso lokutya kulo lonke uluhlu lwaso. Ngabantu nezingwe kuphela abasisisongelo esinzulu kuye. Idla ngokutya kakhulu kwii-ungulates ezinkulu (ezihamba ngeempuphu), kodwa ziphinde zitye izilwanyana ezincinci, imfuyo, i-carrion, kunye nenkunkuma. Ingcuka eneminyaka esixhenxe ubudala kuqikelelwa ukuba indala kakhulu, yaye ubude bayo obuphilwayo bumalunga neminyaka eli-16.
I-Wolf eqhelekileyo okanye yaseYurophu
Ingcuka yase-Eurasian, ingcuka yaseYurophu (Canis lupus lupus), edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yingcuka eqhelekileyo okanye ingcuka yaseMbindi yaseRussia, luhlobo oluthile lwengcuka engwevu ezalelwa eYurophu kunye nehlathi kunye neendawo ezingamathafa ezazisakuba yiSoviet Union. . Ngaphambi kwamaXesha Aphakathi, yayisasazwa ngokubanzi kulo lonke elase-Eurasia. Ngaphandle kwerekhodi elikhulu le-paleontological kunye nemfuza, iilwimi zase-Indo-European ngokwesiko zasebenzisa amagama ahlukeneyo ukubhekisa kwingcuka, ebonisa ubukho ngokubanzi besilwanyana kunye nesimboli saso senkcubeko.
Babexatyiswa kakhulu kwiinkcubeko zeBaltic, Celtic, Slavic, Turkish, Greek Greek, Roman and Thracian, ngelixa babenodumo olubi kwimpucuko yaseJamani yantlandlolo. Yeyona inkulu phakathi kweengcuka ezingwevu zeHlabathi eliDala, i-avareji yeekhilogram ezingama-39 (86 lb) eYurophu; nangona kunjalo, iisampuli ezinkulu ngokungaqhelekanga zinobunzima obuphakathi kwe-69 ukuya kwi-80 yeekhilogram (152 ukuya kwi-176 pounds), nangona oku kunokwahluka ngokwengingqi.
Uboya bayo buba mfutshane kwaye bungqindilili, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo umbala obomvu, nomhlophe emqaleni ongafikeleli ezidleleni. Isikhalo saso side kakhulu kwaye sinoncutshe ngakumbi kuneso sohlobo oluthile lweengcuka ezingwevu kuMntla Merika, amazwi azo anamandla ngakumbi kwaye agxininisa isilabhili sokuqala.
ingcuka emnyama
Ingcuka emnyama luhlobo oluthile loboya bengcuka engwevu ( Canis lupus ), oko kukuthi, ayisiyiyo i-subspecies yomyalelo wengcuka. Njengengcuka engwevu, ingcuka emnyama ifumaneka kuMntla Merika, eAsia naseYurophu. Lo mahluko wedyasi usuka kutshintsho lwemfuza olwenzeka kumnqamlezo phakathi kwezinja zasekhaya kunye neengcuka zasendle. Nangona kunjalo, kwakudala kwakukho ingcuka emnyama yaseFlorida ( Canis lupus floridanus ), eyabhengezwa njengongasekhoyo ngowe-1908.
Ingcuka yaseSiberia
Ingcuka yaseSiberia (Canis lupus albus), luhlobo oluthile lwengcuka engwevu ezalelwa kwi-Eurasia tundra kunye nemimandla ye-tundra yamahlathi ukusuka eFinland ukuya kwiPeninsula yaseKamchatka, eyaxelwa okokuqala ngo-1792 nguRobert Kerr, owayichaza njengeentlobo ezihlala kufutshane. yeYenisei kwaye yayinolusu lwexabiso elikhulu. Le ngcuka yaseSiberia ihlala iphumla kwiintlambo zemilambo, kwiintshinyela nakwiintshinyela zamahlathi.
Ebusika itya kuphela iinyamakazi zasendle kunye nezasekhaya, nangona ngamanye amaxesha ityisa imivundla, iimpungutye ze-arctic kunye nezinye iintlobo. Yi-subspecies enkulu, kunye namadoda amadala afikelela kwi-118 ukuya kwi-137 centimeters (46,5 ukuya kwi-intshi ye-54) ubude kunye nabasetyhini 112 ukuya kwi-136 yeesentimitha (44 ukuya kwi-53,5 intshi).
Nangona kudla ngokuthiwa inkulu kune-Canis lupus lupus, oku akuyonyani, kuba imizekelo enzima ye-subspecies yokugqibela ibhaliwe. Ubunzima babo obuphakathi bu-40 ukuya kwi-49 kilogram (88 ukuya kwi-108 pounds) kumadoda kunye ne-36.6 ukuya kwi-41 kilogram (81 ukuya kwi-90 pounds) kwabasetyhini. Ibonisa idyasi ende ngokufanelekileyo, engqindilili, egudileyo kwaye egudileyo, ehlala icace kwaye ingwevu ngombala. Idyasi yangaphantsi ingwevu ngelothe kwaye umntla ubomvu bungwevu.
Ingcukaza
Uhlobo lwengcuka ye-steppe (Canis lupus campestris) ngamanye amaxesha ihlulwe ibe ziindidi ezimbini, i-desertorum kunye ne-cubanensis (nangona ithathwa njengenye into eyahlukileyo yengcuka yaseTibet). Kuzo zombini ezi meko, ziingcuka ezincinci kodwa ezinomzimba, ezineenwele ezimfutshane ezimpunga, eziye zakwazi ukulungelelanisa ubomi kwiintlango kunye neentlango zemimandla ye-Russian esezantsi kunye ne-Asia ephakathi.
ingcuka yaseRashiya
Ingcuka yaseRashiya (Canis lupus communis) ithathwa njengeyona nto ixhaphakileyo phakathi kweengcuka zaseYurophu kwaye yeyona isasazeke kakhulu, kuba ikhona eMpuma Yurophu naseRashiya, kunye nokusuka kumazantsi eSiberia ukuya kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki.
Ingcuka yaseIberia
Ingcuka yase-Iberia (Canis lupus signatus) ikwabizwa ngokuba yingcuka yaseSpain. Ezi ntlobo zeengcuka ziyinxalenye ephakanyisiweyo yengcuka engwevu enokufumaneka kumntla-ntshona we-Iberian Peninsula, oko kukuthi, kumantla ePortugal nakumntla-ntshona weSpeyin. Kukho iingcuka ezihlala phakathi kwama-2.200 nama-2.500 ebezigcinwe ukuba zingadibani nezinye iingcuka kwisithuba esingaphezu kwenkulungwane. Banezona ngcuka zininzi kwiNtshona Yurophu.
Ngenxa yolawulo lwabemi kunye nomonakalo kwimfuyo, iingcuka zase-Iberia ngoku kuphela kweentlobo zengcuka eNtshona Yurophu ezinokuzingelwa ngokusemthethweni. Nangona kunjalo, kuphela eSpeyin, unyaka ngamnye iimvume zokuzingela ezimbalwa zinikezelwa, zisebenza ngokungqongqo kuphela kumantla omlambo waseDuero. Kunye nobunzima bokuzingela kwabo ngenxa yendalo yabo ephaphileyo kunye nenyaniso yokuba abafane babonwe, bafunwa kakhulu ngabazingeli abaninzi baseYurophu njengebhaso lokuzingela iinyamakazi ezinkulu.
Levantine Wolf
Ingcuka iLevantine ( Canis lupus deitanus ) kwakunye neNgcuka yaseIberia, luhlobo olwathiywa igama yiCabrera ngo-1907, kodwa ngesi sihlandlo bekusoloko kukho amathandabuzo amaninzi malunga nokuba semthethweni kwayo, ekubeni yaphononongwa ngokusekelwe kwimizekelo emininzi eyayikho. ekuthinjweni eMurcia kwaye ayizange ibonwe endle. Iingcuka zeLevantine zazincinci kuneengcuka zaseIberia, zineenwele ezimfutshane, ezibomvu. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba imizekelo yeCabrera yayingabantu abangaqhelekanga bengcuka yase-Iberia. Enoba ziyintoni na, azizange ziviwe ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX.
Ingcuka ekekeleyo
Ingcuka yase-Italian (Canis lupus italicus), ekwabizwa ngokuba yingcuka yase-Apennine, yenye yeendidi zeengcuka ezikhuliswe njengezinye zengcuka ezingwevu ezizalelwa kusingasiqithi we-Italian. Ihlala kwii-Apennines kunye ne-Alps esentshona, nangona iye yasasazeka emantla nasempuma. Ngo-2005, inani lengcuka yase-Italiya laliqikelelwa kubantu abangama-500. Ikhuselwe ngokungqongqo e-Italiya ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-70, xa abantu bayo behle bayokutsho kwi-100 ukuya kwi-XNUMX yabantu. Inani labantu liye lisanda, nangona ukuzingela ngokungekho mthethweni nentshutshiso kusaqhubeka kusisisongelo.
Ubalo lwabantu olwenziwa kwi-2016 yi "Istituto superiore per la protezione e la ricerca Ambientale" ibonise ukuba, ngokunokwenzeka okukhulu, phakathi kwe-1.269 kunye ne-1.800 yeengcuka zase-Italy ukusuka kwi-2009 ukuya kwi-2013. ukuya kumzantsi-ntshona weFransi neSwitzerland. Nangona ingaqatshelwanga kwihlabathi liphela njengeentlobo ezahlukeneyo, ine-haplotype ye-mitochondrial ye-DNA kunye ne-morphology yokakayi eyahlukileyo.
Ingcuka yaseItali ngokuqhelekileyo inobunzima obuziikhilogram ezingama-25 ukuya kwezingama-35 (iikhilogram ezingama-55 ukuya kwezingama-77), nangona ezinye iinkunzi ezinkulu ziye zafikelela kuma-40 ukuya kuma-45 eekhilogram (iikhilogram ezingama-88 ukuya kwezingama-99). Zilinganisa phakathi kwe-110 kunye ne-148 yeesentimitha ubude kunye nama-50 ukuya kuma-70 eesentimitha ukuphakama emagxeni. Uboya bazo buhlala bungwevu ngombala, obuthanda ukubabomvu ehlotyeni. Isisu kunye nezihlathi zikhaphukhaphu ngombala, kwaye kukho imigca emnyama ngasemva nasekupheleni komsila, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kunye nemilenze yangaphambili.
Ingcuka yaseArabia
Ingcuka yaseArabia (Canis lupus arabs) yamkelwa njengenxalenye yengcuka engwevu, ehlala kwiPeninsula yaseArabia. Yeyona ngcuka incinci eyaziwayo, eyongezelelwa ukuba sisilwanyana esiqhele ukuphila entlango. Ihlala iqokelela kwimihlambi ethobekileyo kwaye i-omnivorous ngokupheleleyo kwindalo, idla i-carrion kunye nenkunkuma, kunye nexhoba elincinci kunye neliphakathi.
Kwenye yeempapasho zephephancwadi elikhethekileyo kwihlabathi lezilwanyana, "Iintlobo zeMammalogist zeHlabathi" (Iintlobo zezilwanyana ezanyisayo zeHlabathi) ehlelwe ngo-2005, kubhekiselwa ngokukhethekileyo kwigama lokuba ingcuka yaseArabia yafumana njengeCanis lupus arabs evela. isazi ngezilwanyana IsiNgesi uReginald Innes Pocock ngo 1934. Iminqamlezo nezinja zasekhaya yenzekile, kodwa ayicacanga ngokwaneleyo ukuba esi sizathu sokuba kuthiwe ingcuka ikufutshane ngokwemfuza kwiCanis lupus lupus. Oku kuphakamisa inkxalabo yokutshabalala ngokuxutywa, njengoko iingcuka zaseArabia zifaneleka ngakumbi ukuhlala entlango kunemihlanganisela yenja yengcuka.
Kwa-Israel nakwi-Palestine Territories kukho ukungavisisani malunga ne-taxonomic status yengcuka. Izazinzulu ezithile ziyangqina ukuba kukho iindidi ezimbini zengcuka, iCanis lupus pallipes emantla kunye neCanis lupus arabs emazantsi. Babonisa ukuba abo basuka emazantsi bancinci kunabo basuka emantla, nabo bamnyama kwaye iinwele zabo zinde. Abanye abaphandi baqikelela ukuba ingcuka yaloo mmandla yiArabian Canis lupus, akukho mahluko wokwenene phakathi kweingcuka zasemantla nezisezantsi. Njengakwezinye iindawo, kukho ukuzalanisa nezinja zasendle, nto leyo ebangela ukungaqiniseki.
Ingcuka yaseTopiya
Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-Abyssinian, i-Canis simensis okanye ingcuka yase-Ethiopia eneneni ngudyakalashe okanye i-coyote, ngoko ayilohlobo lwengcuka. Ihlala kuphela kwi-3.000 yeemitha ukuphakama kwiintaba zase-Ethiopia. Inobukhulu obuncinci obufana nenja, kuba idla ngokuba nobunzima be-10 ukuya kwi-20 kilos. Ukongeza, inoboya obubomvu obunamachokoza amhlophe phantsi kwentamo kunye nomsila omnyama. Iqokelelana ngokwemihlambi ecwangciswe ngokwemigangatho. Namhlanje, basemngciphekweni wokuphela ngenxa yokonakala kwendawo abahlala kuyo kunye nokuhlaselwa kwabo ngabantu ukuze babagcine kude nemfuyo.
Ingcuka yeGolide yaseAfrika
Ingcuka yegolide yaseAfrika (Canis anthus) luhlobo lwengcuka enokufumaneka kwilizwekazi laseAfrika. Esi sidalwa sisetyenziselwa imozulu esentlango, kodwa sikhetha ukuhlala kwimimandla enemithombo yamanzi ekufutshane. Ngokuphathelele imbonakalo yayo, ubukhulu bayo buncinane kunobo bezinye iingcuka, ezinobunzima obumalunga neekhilogram ezili-15 kwaye ibonisa uboya obuntsundu ngasemva nomsila noboya obunemibala yesanti emilenzeni nasesiswini.
ingcuka yamandiya
Ingcuka yaseIndiya (Canis lupus pallipes) luhlobo oluthile lwengcuka engwevu efumaneka kumzantsi ntshona weAsia ukuya eIndiya. Ubungakanani bayo bunokufumaneka phakathi kweTibetan kunye nengcuka yaseArabia, kwaye ayinayo idyasi yasebusika echwayitisayo yangaphambili kuba ihlala kwindawo enemozulu epholileyo. Iihaplotypes ezimbini ezisondeleleneyo ngaphakathi kolu lutsha, ezisisiseko sazo zonke ezinye eziphilayo zeCanis lupus haplotypes, ngaphandle kweyona mnombo wokhokho wengcuka yaseHimalayan, ziye zachongwa kwaye zinesilivere njengeentlobo ezahlukeneyo.
Ngo-2018, ukulandelelana kwayo yonke i-genome yasetyenziselwa ukufanisa amalungu e-genus Canis. Uphononongo lukwazile ukufumana ubungqina bonxibelelwano lwemfuzo phakathi kweengcuka zegolide zase-Afrika, oodyakalashe begolide kunye neengwevu ezingwevu (ezisuka eSaudi Arabia naseSyria). Ingcuka yegolide yase-Afrika evela kuSingasiqithi weSinayi ibonakalise ukuxubana okuphezulu kunye neengcuka ezingwevu kunye nezinja kuMbindi Mpuma, iqaqambisa indima yebhulorho yomhlaba phakathi kwelizwekazi lase-Afrika kunye ne-Eurasian kwindaleko.
Kwafunyaniswa ukuba ingcuka yegolide yaseIndiya okanye yaseAfrika yaphuma kwingqanga eyathi ngokwembono yofuzo yayixutywe ne 72% yengcuka engwevu kunye ne 28% yengcuka yase Ethiopia.
ingcuka ye-himalayan
Ingcuka yeHimalaya (Canis himalayensis) inzalelwane yaseNepal nakumantla eIndiya. Iqokelela ngamaqela amancinci kwaye namhlanje kukho inani elincinci lemizekelo yabantu abadala. Ngokuphathelele ukubonakala kwayo, sisilwanyana esincinci esincinci. Ingubo yakhe iqinile kwaye iboniswa kwi-shades ekhanyayo ye-chestnut, igrey kunye nekhilimu.
ingcuka yetibetan
Ingcuka yaseTibetan (Canis lupus chanco) ibonisa umbala ongwevu okhanyayo phantse omhlophe, obonisa iithowuni ezimdaka kwindawo ephezulu yomzimba. Inokufumaneka kuwo wonke umbindi weAsia, ifikelela eMongolia emantla nakwintshona yeHimalayas entshona. Kwinqanaba elingaphantsi, banokufumaneka kwiPeninsula yaseKorea.
Hayi
I-dingo yinja yenja yase-Australia, igama layo lezilwanyana lisengumcimbi wengxoxo: idla ngokuba yiCanis familiaris, iCanis familiaris dingo, iCanis lupus dingo okanye iCanis dingo. Yinja esulungekileyo, nangona ikhuliselwe endle kuphela, okanye ngomxube wedingo kunye nenja yasekhaya. Yinja ephakathi enesakhiwo esincinci kwaye esinamandla, esilungele isantya, i-agility kunye nokumelana.
Imibala emithathu yedyasi yedingo yile: ijinja ekhanyayo okanye i-tan, emnyama nentsundu, okanye emhlophe qhwa. Ukhakhayi, elona lungu likhulu lesilwanyana, limile okwentshinyela kwaye likhulu ngokunxulumene nomzimba waso. Yahlulwa kwinja yasekhaya ngendlu yayo ebanzi ebanzi, umphakamo omfutshane wecranial, kunye nesagittal crest ebanzi.
Eyona fossil yakudala eyaziwayo yedingo yafunyanwa eNtshona Ostreliya, kwaye yaqala malunga neminyaka engama-3.450 eyadlulayo, icebisa ukuba iidingo zafika eOstreliya kunye noomatiloshe ngaphambi kwalo mhla. I-morphology yayo ayizange iguqulwe kwiminyaka eyi-3.500 edluleyo, ebonisa ukuba akukho kukhethwa okwenziweyo okwenziweyo ngelo xesha. Idingo ihlobene ngokusondeleyo nenja eculayo yaseNew Guinea. Umnombo wabo wahlukana kwangoko kumnombo owakhokelela kwizinja zasekhaya zanamhlanje, ezinokulandwa ukusuka kwi-Malay Archipelago ukuya e-Asiya.
Inja eNtsha yokuCula yaseGuinea
I-New Guinea okanye i-New Guinea Highland Singing Dog (Canis lupus hallstromi) yinja ekhethekileyo ezalelwa kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zesiqithi saseNew Guinea. Ithathwa njengesalamane se-dingo yase-Australia, nangona imeko yayo ye-taxonomic iphikisana. Kwi-2016, i-"New Guinea Highland Wild Dog Foundation" yatshela abeendaba ukuba yona kunye neYunivesithi yasePapua ifumene kwaye ifota iqela leshumi elinesihlanu "izinja zasendle eziphakamileyo".
Isilwanyana sibonwa ngelizwi laso elithile. Kuncinci okwaziwayo malunga nezinja eziculayo eNew Guinea endle, kwaye ukusukela ngo-2016 kuphela iifoto ezimbini ezaziwa ngokubonwa kwimeko enjalo: enye ithathwe kwi-1989 kwaye yenziwa esidlangalaleni kwincwadi kaTim Flannery ethi "Izilwanyana ezincelisayo zaseNew Guinea", kwaye enye ithathwe. ngo-Agasti 2012 ngumkhokeli we-adventure u-Tom Hewett kwindawo yeeNtaba ze-Star eNtshona Papua.
Ezinye iintlanga zaseYurophu, eAsia naseOceania
- IGansu (Canis lupus filchneri)
- IsiRomania (Canis lupus minor)
- IsiTibetan (Canis lupus laniger)
- IsiSicilian (Canis lupus cristaldii (†)
- Ukusuka eHokkaido (Canis lupus hattai = Canis lupus rex)(†)
- IHonshu (Canis lupus hodophilax)(†)
Iingcuka zaseMntla Melika
Kule mihlathi ilandelayo siza kunika inkcazo yezo ntlobo zeengcuka ezinokufumaneka kwintsimi yaseMntla Melika:
Ingcuka yaseArctic
Ingcuka ye-arctic (Canis lupus arctos), eyaziwa ngokuba yingcuka emhlophe okanye ingcuka emhlophe, luhlobo oluthile lwengcuka engwevu ezalelwa kwiziqithi zaseQueen Elizabeth zaseCanada, ukusuka kwiSiqithi saseMelville ukuya e-Ellesmere. Zizintlobo-ntlobo ezinobungakanani obuphakathi, kwaye ohluke kwingcuka yasemntla-ntshona ngokuba ncinci, mhlophe ngombala, kunye ne-cerebral cortex ebanzi kunye ne-carnassials (amazinyo enyama) amakhulu. Ukusukela ngo-1930, kuye kwakho ukuhla kancinci kokakayi lwalo mzekelo, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba yimveliso yokuxubana phakathi kweengcuka nezinja.
Ngowe-1935, isazi ngezilwanyana esiliNgesi uReginald Pocock wanika umfuziselo osuka kwiSiqithi iMelville kwiQueen Elizabeth, eKhanada, iCanis lupus arctos (ingcuka yaseArctic). Wabonisa ukuba iingcuka ezifanayo zazinokufunyanwa kwiSiqithi sase-Ellesmere. Waphinda wathiya enye ingcuka yaseGreenland evela eKapa, kumntla-ntshona weGreenland, ebizwa ngokuba yiCanis lupus orion. Iingcuka ezimbini zibonwa njenge-subspecies eyahlukileyo ye-Canis lupus kwigunya le-taxonomic "Iintlobo zezilwanyana ezincelisayo zeHlabathi" (2005).
Ingcuka yaseMexico
Ingcuka yaseMexico (Canis lupus baileyi), ekwabizwa ngokuba yingcuka ngabo basondeleyo kuyo, luhlobo oluthile lwengcuka engwevu eyayikhe yazalelwa kumazantsi mpuma eArizona, emazantsi eNew Mexico, kwintshona yeTexas, nakumantla eMexico. Phakathi kweengcuka ezingwevu zaseMntla Melika, yeyona incinci kwaye iyafana neCanis lupus nubilus, nangona ihluke ngokhakhayi lwayo oluncinci kunye noluncinci kunye noboya bayo obumnyama, obutyheli-ngwevu, obugutyungelwe ngumnyama ngasemva kunye nomsila.
Ookhokho babo yayiziingcuka zokuqala ezingwevu ukungena kuMntla Merika emva kokubhubha kwengcuka yaseBeringian, njengoko kubonisiwe yimizimba yabo esisiseko kunye nemfuzo kunye noluhlu lwabo olusemazantsi. Nangona yayikade ixatyiswe kakhulu kwi-pre-Columbian Mexico, yeyona ngcuka ingwevu isesichengeni kuMntla Merika, eyathi yabhanga endle phakathi kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX ngenxa yomxube wokuzingela, ukubambisa, ukutyhefa kunye nokutsalwa kwamantshontsho emingxuma. .
Emva kokufakwa kuMthetho Wezilwanyana EziseMngciphekweni ngowe-1976, iUnited States neMexico zasebenza kunye ukuze zibambise zonke iingcuka ezazisele endle. Lo mmiselo ugqithisileyo uthintele ukubhanga kweengcuka. Imizekelo emihlanu yolu didi (iinkunzi ezine kunye nemazi enye ekhulelweyo) zabanjwa ziphila eMexico ukusuka ngo-1977 ukuya ku-1980 kwaye zazisetyenziselwa ukuqalisa inkqubo yokufuya.
ingcuka ye-baffin
Ingcuka yeSiqithi saseBaffin (Canis lupus manningi), ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-tundra wolf yeSiqithi saseBaffin, luhlobo lwengcuka engwevu ehlala kuphela kwiSiqithi saseBaffin kunye neziqithi ezininzi ezikufutshane. Kwakungekho de kwangowe-1943, xa yamkelwa ngokusesikweni njengenxalenye yezilwanyana, ukuba uAnderson wayinika ulwahlulo lwetaxonomic. Lo mzekelo uvunyiwe njenge-subspecies ye-Canis lupus kwigunya le-taxonomic «Izilwanyana Ezincancisayo zeHlabathi» (2005).
Iingcuka zeSiqithi saseBaffin ziphawulwa njengokukhanya ngombala, ngamanye amaxesha zimhlophe, kwaye zincinci ngokungaqhelekanga xa zithelekiswa nezinye ii-subspecies zengcuka. Kuthiwa yeyona incinci kuzo zonke iingcuka zeArctic. Iirekhodi zokuqala kunye nobungqina bucebisa ukuba iingcuka zasentshona yeGreenland zivela kwiSiqithi saseBaffin kwaye ke ngoko ziyinzala yenxalenye yeengcuka zeSiqithi saseBaffin. Ngo-1966, kwaqhutywa uphando kulo mzekelo, apho kwakukho uvandlakanyo lwangaphambili lonyaka odlulileyo, eWordie Bay, yiYunivesithi yaseToronto. Ibizinyaswe nangabafundi baseyunivesithi.
Yukon Wolf
Ingcuka iYukon (Canis lupus pambasileus) luhlobo lwengcuka engwevu ethiywe igama layo kwiingcuka zangaPhakathi zaseAlaska eUnited States kunye neYukon wolf eCanada. Apho ihlala ifumaneka kwiindawo ezikufuphi zaseBritish Columbia nakwiNorthwest Territories. Ezi subspecies zivela kwi-Interior Alaska kunye ne-Yukon, eyenza indawo yokugcina unxweme lwe-arctic ye-tundra zone.
Le ngcuka ibonwa njenge-subspecies ye-Canis lupus kwigunya le-taxonomic Iintlobo zezilwanyana ezincelisayo zeHlabathi (2005), apho yaqala ukuxelwa ngo-1905 yi-American zoologist uDaniel Elliot njengeCanis pambasileus kunye ne-denomination of "wood wolf". autocrat“, ngokomzekelo ovela kuMlambo iSusitna, kwingingqi yeMount McKinley, eAlaska.
U-Elliot uyahlula lo mzekelo ngamazinyo kwimihlathi yomibini emikhulu kwaye enzima, kwaye kunye nokakayi badlula abo beCanis lupus occidentalis (ingcuka yasemntla-ntshona) yobukhulu bomzimba obuthelekiswayo. Ngowe-1944, isazi sezilwanyana zaseMelika u-Edward Goldman wakhetha le ngcuka Canis lupus pambasileus enegama elithi "Inland Alaskan wolf".
Vancouver Island Wolf
Ingcuka yeSiqithi saseVancouver (Canis lupus crassodon) luhlobo lwengcuka eyinxalenye yolunye uhlobo lwengcuka engwevu, eqhelekileyo kwesi siqithi saseBritish Columbia, eCanada, esihlala sihlalisana nezinye iingcuka, kwaye ziqokelelane ngokwamaqela phakathi kwe-5 kunye ne-35 abantu ngabanye. Luhlobo olusele lufuna umhlala-phantsi kwaye alufane lubonwe ngabantu. Iingcuka ezikwiPasifiki Rim National Park Reserve ziyaziwa ngokuhlasela kwaye zibulale izinja zasekhaya ezingajongwanga.
Esi silwanyana sibonwa njenge-subspecies ye-Canis lupus ngegunya le-taxonomic "Izilwanyana zezilwanyana zeHlabathi" (2005). Uphononongo olusebenzisa i-mitochondrial DNA lubonise ukuba iingcuka kunxweme olusemzantsi-mpuma weAlaska zahluke ngokwemfuza kwiingcuka ezingwevu zangaphakathi, ubungqina bepateni echongiwe nakwenye i-taxa. Babonisa ikhonkco le-phylogenetic kunye neengcuka ezitshatyalaliswayo ukusuka kumzantsi (i-Oklahoma), ebonisa ukuba aba bantu yimizila yokugqibela yendibano eyayixhaphake kakhulu eyayicinywe kakhulu kwinkulungwane edlulileyo.
Uphononongo lukwabonisa ukuba iingcuka ezisemantla eNyakatho Melika zaqala ukusasazeka ukusuka kwimiqolomba esemazantsi engaphantsi kweminyaka ye-ice Wisconsin emva kokuba umkhenkce unyibilike ekupheleni kweGlacial Maximum yokugqibela. Ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo zenza ukuthandabuza kuhlelo lwetaxonomic yeCanis lupus nulibus ecetywe nguNowak. Olunye uphando lufumanise ukuba iingcuka zaselunxwemeni zaseBritish Columbia zazahlukile ngokwemfuza nangendalo kwiingcuka zangaphakathi, ezaziquka ezinye iingcuka zaseBritish Columbia.
Mackenzie Valley Wolf
Ingcuka yasemntla-mpuma (Canis lupus occidentalis), ekwaziwa ngokuba yingcuka yaseMackenzie Valley, ingcuka yamaplanga yaseAlaska, ingcuka yamaplanga yaseCanada, okanye ingcuka yamaplanga emantla, luhlobo oluthile lwengcuka engwevu evela kwintshona yoMntla Melika. Zinokufumaneka eAlaska, intlambo ephezulu yoMlambo iMackenzie; emazantsi kumaphondo aseKhanada iBritish Columbia, iAlberta, neSaskatchewan, kunye nomntla-ntshona weUnited States.
Lo mzekelo uqatshelwa njenge-subspecies yeCanis lupus kwigunya le-taxonomic «Izilwanyana Ezincancisayo zeHlabathi» (2005). I-subspecies yahlaziywa yisazi sendalo saseScotland uSir John Richardson ngo-1829. Ngokomthombo othile, izifundo ze-phylogenetic ze-North American grey wolves zibonisa ukuba kukho amaqela amathathu ahambelana neCanis lupus occidentalis, iCanis lupus nubilus kunye neCanis lupus nubilus. , ngalinye limele ukufika okwahlukileyo kuMntla Merika kwizinyanya ezahlukeneyo zase-Eurasia.
I-Canis lupus occidentalis, i-subspecies esemntla-ntshona, iphuma kwiingcuka zokugqibela ezingwevu ukuya kwikoloni yaseMntla Melika. Isenokuba iwele eNyakatho Melika ngebhulorho yomhlaba yaseBering emva kwexesha lokugqibela lomkhenkce, isusa abantu beCanis lupus nubilus njengoko yayihamba, inkqubo eqhubekileyo ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje. Kunye neCanis lupus nubilus, iCanis lupus occidentalis lelona lungu lixhaphake kakhulu kwiintlobo ezintlanu zengcuka engwevu kuMntla Melika, kunye nezithethantonye ezintandathu ezahlukeneyo.
EMpuma United States Wolf
Olunye udidi lweingcuka yingcuka yaseMpuma ( Canis lycaon ), ehlala ukusuka kumzantsi-mpuma weKhanada ukuya eFlorida. Ibonisa idyasi eqinile kwaye ebanzi kwimibala emnyama kunye nekhilimu elula esasazwa ngendlela engafanelekanga emzimbeni wayo. Olu didi lwengcuka luhlala kwiindawo ezinemithi ezikwimpuma yoMntla Melika, apho zitya izilwanyana ezinomqolo ezincinci kwaye ziqokelelana ngokwepakethe. Ikwaluhlobo olusemngciphekweni wokunyamalala ngenxa yokonakala kwendawo ehlala kuyo kunye nokuqhekeka kwabantu okubangele emihlambini yayo.
Ingcuka ebomvu
Ukushiya ecaleni i-subspecies yengcuka engwevu, iCanis rufus okanye ingcuka ebomvu nayo iyinxalenye yeentlobo zengcuka. Ihlala kuphela kwiindawo ezithile zaseMexico, eUnited States naseKhanada, kuba isengozini enkulu yokuphela ngenxa yokuzingela kwezilwanyana edla ngokuzondla ngazo, ukungeniswa kwemizekelo engaqhelekanga kwindawo yayo yokuhlala kunye nesiphumo sothutho. iindlela ezakhiwe apho. Ingcuka ebomvu idla ngokubonakala ngobunzima obumalunga neekhilogram ezingama-35 kwaye ibonise idyasi enamabala, apho kubonwa khona iindawo ezibomvu, ezingwevu nezimthubi. Ukutya kwabo ngamaxhama, iiraccoon neempuku.
Ezinye iiNgcuka zaseMntla Melika
- I-Hudson's Bay (Canis lupus hudsonicus)
- Intaba esemantla enaRocky (Canis lupus irremotus)
- ILabrador (Canis lupus labradorius)
- Ukusuka kwi-Alexander Archipelago (Canis lupus ligoni)
- Mackenzie River (Canis lupus mackenzii)
- Prairie (Canis lupus nubilus)
- IGreenland (Canis lupus orion)
- Isi-Alaskan (Canis lupus pambasileus)
- Itundra yaseMelika (Canis lupus tundrarum)
- I-Kenai enkulu (Canis lupus moose) (†)
- ENewfoundland (Canis lupus beothucus)(†)
- Bernard's (Canis lupus bernardi)(†)
- IBritish Columbian (Canis lupus columbianus)(†)
- eFlorida (Canis lupus floridanus)(†):
- Uluhlu lweCascade (Canis lupus fuscus)(†)
- IManitoba (Canis lupus griseoalbus)(†)
- IMogollon (Canis lupus mogollonensis)(†)
- I-Texan (Canis lupus monstrabilis)(†)
- Intaba yaMazantsi eLitye (Canis lupus youngi) (†)
inja yasekhaya
Inja yasekhaya (Canis lupus familiaris) yenye yezona ntlobo zezilwanyana zixhaphake kakhulu kwiplanethi kwaye yenye yezilwanyana ezizithandayo. Iimpawu zabo zomzimba ziyohluka phakathi kweentlobo ezaziwayo ezikhoyo, ezibonisa umahluko omkhulu ngobukhulu, umbala kunye nohlobo loboya, ubushushu kunye nexesha lokuphila, phakathi kwabanye.
Ibhalwe njenge-subspecies eyahlukileyo, ekuqaleni kwayo, ngokweengcamango zamva nje, inja esiyaziyo namhlanje yayiyimveliso yeminqamlezo phakathi kweengcuka ze-dingo, iingcuka zase-basenji kunye noodyakalashe. Noko ke, kwiminyaka engama-14.900 XNUMX eyadlulayo umnombo wezinja neengcuka wahlukana, nangona kusaqondwa ukuba ookhokho bazo baxhaphakile. Ukususela kolu lwahlulo, uhlobo ngalunye luqhubekile nophuhliso lwalo ngokuzimeleyo kwaye inja ingafuywa.
Amanye amanqaku anomdla esikwacebisa ngawo ngala: