Xa kubhekiselwa kwizilwanyana ezikhulu kwiplanethi, kuqhelekile ukukhomba izinambuzane ezaziwayo-kakuhle, ezinye zikhangeleka njengamabhabhathane kunye nooqongqothwane, kwaye ezinye ziyingozi njengeempukane kunye neengcongconi. Kodwa ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi ngayo, qhubeka ufunda eli nqaku kwiintlobo zezinambuzane kunye neempawu zazo eziya kuba luncedo kakhulu kuwe.
Iindidi zezinambuzane ngokweMorphology yazo
Izinambuzane liqela le-arthropods elinegobolondo langaphandle elinzima elenziwe ngezinto ezibizwa ngokuba yi-chitin, baneempawu zabo ezinomdla omkhulu wokufunda, kuba zezona zilwanyana zininzi emhlabeni.
Ngokubanzi, banomzimba wabo ohlulwe ube ngamacandelo amathathu: okokuqala, eyona ntloko, kukho amehlo abo, i-2 antennae, i-mouthpieces kunye nengqondo; kweyesibini, ehambelana ne-thorax, inamaphiko kunye nemilenze emithandathu, kwaye inxalenye yesithathu, isisu, apho ezinye izitho zangaphakathi zikhoyo.
Kwizinambuzane ezingaphezu kwesigidi ezifunyenweyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kwaye ukwazi ukuba uninzi lwezi ntlobo zezilwanyana ziye zakwazi ukusinda kwizigidi zeminyaka, zahlulwa zibe ziintlobo ezingamashumi amathathu zemiyalelo ngokweempawu zazo ze-morphological, oko kukuthi, inkangeleko yazo. ezona ziphambili zichazwe ngezantsi:
Odonata (Umyalelo Odonata)
Kweli qela kukho iiflaya zibulela amaphiko azo amane angakwaziyo ukugoba, ngokulandelelana, anemilenze emine yokubamba into aya kuyitya, amehlo amakhulu ukuze abonelele ngokuzimeleyo omnye komnye ngendlela ye-mosaic kwaye kuthiwa imilo engaphelelanga . Zifumaneka kulo lonke ihlabathi, kodwa ngakumbi kwimilambo kunye nemisinga yelizwekazi laseYurophu.
Kolu didi zi:
- I-Damselflies (i-suborder Zygoptera)
- Iidragonflies (infraorder Anisoptera)
Ngaphambili, ukwahlukana phakathi kwendoda kunye nebhinqa kunikwa ngumbala wabo wesinyithi oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwangaphambili kunye nobomvu obomvu kumbala wokugqibela, isiko labo lokukhwelana lenziwa ngokubhabha. Zitya ikakhulu kwezinye izinambuzane ezifana neempukane, iingcongconi, iinyosi, oonomeva kunye namabhabhathane, phakathi kwezinye.
Ngelixa ezi zamva zinamehlo amakhulu, anamacala amaninzi, amaphiko azo angasemva abanzi kwaye anomthambo owahlukileyo kunowangaphambili. Zitya imibungu yeengcongconi, ezinye izinambuzane zasemanzini, iintshulube, kunye nezilwanyana ezincinci zasemanzini ezifana ne-tadpoles kunye neentlanzi ezincinci, ngokubanzi zisukela amaxhoba azo ekubhabha.
Orthoptera (Orthoptera Order)
Imizimba yabo ubukhulu becala buluhlaza okanye bumdaka, bahlala ikakhulu kwiindawo ezishushu, kodwa bahlala nakwiintlango, emahlathini nakweminye imimandla, ngakumbi eMzantsi Melika, eMzantsi Asia naseYurophu.
Abanye banombono olula ngelixa abanye benombono obambeneyo, i-eriyali zabo ezimile zinokwahluka ukusuka kwinde ukuya komfutshane. Zinezibini ezimbini zamaphiko aqondileyo abekwe phezulu kwi-thorax, apho inxalenye yangaphambili okanye i-tegmina ibonakala ngokuba nde kwaye incinci kunamaphiko angasemva. Ukongezelela, imilenze yabo emide iyawavumela ukuba axhume.
Ziye zichongwe ngokukhawuleza kuba uninzi lwalo myalelo lukhupha isandi esithile esibizwa ngokuba yi-stridulation, ngakumbi ngamaxesha ashushu onyaka, nangona kunjalo, ezinye zixhomekeke ekwamkelweni kwesandi kwiinwele zeemvakalelo zentloko, nakwilungu elivayo elibizwa ngokuba Johnston, ekwi-eriyali.
Umjikelo wabo wobomi unokuhlala unyaka, ukuzala kwabo ngokwesondo, ba-oviparous kunye nophuhliso olwenzeka kwizigaba ezintathu, ezizezi: iqanda, i-nymph kunye nomntu omdala. Nangona uninzi luneendawo zokuhlala ezisemhlabeni, ezinye zisemanzini, uninzi lutya izityalo ngelixa ezinye zi-omnivores, oko kukuthi, zitya namaxhoba.
I-Orthoptera iquka oku kulandelayo:
- Intethe
- Iikhilikithi
- IiLobsters
- Iicawa
- amaxabiso
Iintubi (I-Order Isoptera)
Olu hlobo lwezinambuzane, ezikwabizwa ngokuba ziintubi, zinokulingana phakathi kwe-2,5 kunye ne-18 mm, zinemizimba ethambileyo, enemilomo ehlafunayo kunye neempondo ezimfutshane. Bahamba ngenkqubo epheleleyo yenguqu ebandakanya inqanaba le-pupal. Uninzi luhlala eMzantsi Melika, eAfrika naseOstreliya, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezishushu kunye neesavannah, apho zenza iikoloni zeentubi ezingaphezulu kwesigidi, ezenziwe ikakhulu yindlovukazi kunye namaqela amathathu abasebenzi, amajoni kunye nabavelisi.
Ezinye i-isoptera zitya iinkuni okanye izityalo, kodwa ezinye zitya iifungi ezikhula phantsi komhlaba, ezininzi zithathwa njengezinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo zefenitshala, imithi kunye nezakhiwo zokhuni. Zibonakaliswa ngobuninzi babo kunye nokuhlukahluka kwiindawo zase-Afrika, eMzantsi Melika nase-Australia, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezitshisayo. Phakathi kwezona zaziwa kakhulu zezi zilandelayo:
- Intubi yase Dampwood (Kalotermes flavicollis)
- I-Canarian drywood termite (Cryptotermes brevis)
- Intubi yaseChile (Noetermes chilensis)
IHemiptera (Umyalelo weHemiptera)
Zibonisa umlomo ovumela ukuba agqobhoze kwaye afunxe ulwelo. Zinenguqu engaphelelanga engabandakanyi i-chrysalis, ukongezelela i-eriyali zide zide xa zithelekiswa nobukhulu besinambuzane, esinokuba sehlabathi okanye emanzini. Zidla ngokutya utyani kodwa zikwatya nezinye izinambuzane kwaye zifunxa igazi labantu nelezilwanyana, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zibe ngabathwali bezifo.
Zibonakaliswa ngokuba nomzimba osicaba onemibala enemibala ebomvu kunye nomnyama. Ubume bentloko buguquguquka kakhulu kwaye buhlala buthe tye. Banamalungu amakhulu okubonwayo kunye nee-ocelli ezimbini okanye ezintathu kwezinye iimeko, ukongeza ekubeni izivamvo zabo zahlulwe zibe ngamalungu amahlanu.
Ngokubhekiselele kwimilenze, ayibonakali kakhulu, ngaphandle kwezilwanyana ezidliwayo ezinobunzima; kwezi meko, i-femur inamazinyo kwaye i-tibia ivala ngokuchasene nayo ukuze ibambe ukutya kwayo. Uninzi lwezi zinambuzane zivelisa incindi enevumba elibi.
Zizintlobo zezinambuzane ezitya utyani, imeko ezenza zibe yingozi kwezolimo, kuba izityalo zibuthathaka ngokuchaphazela i-chlorophyll kunye netyhefu yazo kwaye kwezinye iimeko zinokuba ngabathwali beemeko zentsholongwane.
- Cicadas, Mealybugs and Aphids (Homoptera)
- umlomo bug (I-Triatoma infestans)
- Shield bug (Carpocoris fuscispinus)
ILepidoptera (Umyalelo weLepidoptera)
Ezi zezinye iintlobo zezinambuzane ezinamaphiko amane, kunye nawo wonke umzimba, agqunywe ngamaxolo asicaba, aguquguqukayo. Banokuguqulwa okupheleleyo, oko kukuthi, i-holometabolous, idlula izigaba zeqanda, i-nymph, i-chrysalis kunye nomntu omdala. Amabhabhathane eAtlas ahlala kumahlathi ashinyeneyo aseAsia, kwaye isilika evela kwimibungu yawo emikhulu ixatyiswa kakhulu.
Iindidi ezininzi zamabhabhathane kunye namanundu zidla ngokuzifihla, kwaye zisebenzise izinto ezizizo ngokwazo ukuze zizifihle kulo naluphi na utshaba, ukulinganisa amagqabi, amasebe kunye namaxolo eetyholo. Kuzo zombini amaqela, kukho iintlobo ezine-ocelli kumaphiko ezilinganisa amehlo kwaye, ngokuxelisa indawo enokwenzeka yentloko, zidibanisa amarhamncwa akhokelela ekuhlaselweni kwawo kule ndawo, ngaloo ndlela angabi sengozini.
Ezinye zeentlobo zayo zizinambuzane ezitshabalalisa izityalo kunye namanundu, uboya obubi, uboya kunye neentsiba. Kukwakho neentlobo eziluncedo ezifana nombungu wesilika (iBombix mori), imisonto yeli laphu itsalwa kwisisongelo salo.
- Ibhabhathane leAtlas (iatlasi ye-atacus)
- ibhabhathane emperor (Thysania agrippina)
- Ukhakhayi lwenundu lwesphinx (i-acherontia atropos)
Ooqongqothwane (Oda iColeoptera)
Ubume kunye nobukhulu bee-beetles buhluke kakhulu omnye komnye, phantse bonke banomzimba oxhobileyo, i-exoskeletons yabo inzima. Olunye uphawu lulwamelelo oluqinileyo lomlomo wokuluma nokuhlafuna. Kukho abo batya izityalo kunye nabazingeli ababambisa izilwanyana ezincinci ezifana neentlanzi nezinye izinambuzane.
Phakathi kwabo bahlelwe kolu luhlu ngaba:
- Ixhama elibhabhayo (Lucanus cervus)
- Iincukuthu (Coccinellidae)
Iincukuthu zinemibala emihle eqaqambileyo, eminye ibomvu okanye tyheli inamachokoza amnyama, ibe kukho eminye emnyama kodwa enamachokoza abomvu okanye atyheli, iimpawu ezizikhusela ngokukhethekileyo kwiintaka ngokuqhelekileyo ezingazonakalisi kuzo ngenxa yokuba zinencasa embi. Ezi zilwanyana zincinane ziluncedo kuba zitya iintwala kunye nezinye izinambuzane ezitshabalalisa izityalo ezininzi ezityiwa ngabantu.
I-Diptera (Umyalelo weDiptera)
Ngokungafaniyo nezinye izinambuzane, ezo zeli qela zinamaphiko ama-2 kuphela, kodwa imilenze emithandathu njengezinye. Banamalungu abizwa iihalteres o iiroki, ezingasetyenziselwa ukubhabha, kodwa ukulungelelana njengoko zibhabha kuzo zonke iindawo zokuhlala ezisemhlabeni.
Ezo zolu didi zineentloko ezingqukuva, ezimbhoxo, ezinxantathu, ezinde, phakathi kwezinye iimilo, ezibandakanya i-eriyali, ubuninzi be-ocelli e-3, imilomo yokufunxa okanye elumayo, kunye namehlo ahlangeneyo abanokuthi bahlale kwiimeko ezininzi. onke la malungu omzimba.
Ziyizinambuzane ze-holometabolous ezine-metamorphosis epheleleyo ezibandakanya izigaba ezine: iqanda, umbungu, i-pupa kunye nomntu omdala. Inani lamaqanda kwi-clutch nganye linokwahluka ukusuka kumawaka ambalwa ukuya kumawaka. Ngokuphathelele ukutya kwazo, uninzi lutya izinto ezibolayo, ngelixa imbinana zizizilwanyana ezitya inyama kunye nezilwanyana ezitya utyani.
Kweyona Diptera eyaziwa kakhulu, ezi zilandelayo zikhankanyiwe:
- Ingcongconi yeTiger (Aedes albopicus)
- I-tsetse fly (genus Glossina)
Iimpukane zigqalwa ziyingozi ngenxa yeentsholongwane ezizithwalayo ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye, ekubeni ziyibona incasa ngemilenze yazo ngalo lonke ixesha ziwela kukutya okubolileyo okanye ngencindi eziphuma esuswini sazo. Olunye uphawu lweempawu kukuba banokuvumba izinto ngee-eriyali zabo ezi-2.
Kwelinye icala, iingcongconi zikwayingozi ngenxa yokulunywa nokusasazeka kwezifo ezifana nesifo seengcongconi nedengue.
IHymenoptera (Umyalelo weHymenoptera)
Zinemilomo ekhothayo okanye efunxa ukutya okungamanzi, kunye nezibini ezimbini zamaphiko e-membranous. Uninzi alunabungozi, kodwa kwezinye iimeko oonomeva kunye neenyosi zihlaba ngezibonda zabo ezisebenzela ukutofa ubuthi ngeenjongo zokuzikhusela xa zihlaselwa.
Phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinambuzane ezikhoyo, ezo zolu cwangco zineembovane neenyosi njengomelo lwazo olukhulu kuba zaziwa ngomgangatho wazo ophezulu wolungelelwaniso njengoko zonke zisebenza kunye kwikoloni eyalelwa ngukumkanikazi.
Kukho iiyantlukwano kwizinto abazidlayo, umzekelo, iinyosi kunye noonomeva batya incindi yeentyatyambo kunye ne-pollen, kukho kwakhona i-carnivorous, i-herbivorous, izinambuzane ze-omnivorous kunye nezinye ezondla ulwelo lomzimba wezinye iintlobo.
Ezinye iintlobo zezi:
- Inyosi yaseAsia (i-velutine vespa)
- oonomeva bombumbi (Eumeninae)
- umungu unomeva (masarinae)
Iinyosi zibaluleke kakhulu kuba ubusi ezibuvelisayo busetyenziselwa ukutyiwa ngabantu kwaye ukukwazi kwazo ukusasaza imbewu yezityalo ezahlukeneyo nako kuzinika ukubaluleka okukhulu, njengoko zikwazi ukuphinda-phinda imveliso yezityalo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo kwezoqoqosho.
Kwelinye icala, kukho ezinye izinambuzane ezitshabalalisa izityalo ezilinywayo, phakathi kwazo iimbovane ezisika amagqabi nezinye iimbovane ezitya imbewu, iingcambu namagqabi. Ngokunjalo, kukwakho nee<em>calcids, ezingoonomeva bezinambuzane ezizifunxi-gazi zangaphakathi zeentlobo ngeentlobo zezinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo, njengeentwala kunye neebugs zemealy, ezibangela umonakalo kwezoqoqosho kwizityalo ezifana ne-citrus nekofu.
Iindidi zezinambuzane ezingenamaphiko
I-wingless ayinamaphiko kwaye ayizange ihambe kwinkqubo yokuguqula, ekubeni incinci, ukususela ekuzalweni, igcina imbonakalo xa ifikelela ebudaleni. Zihamba phantsi, zincinci ngokomlinganiselo kwaye zine umlomo olungele ukuhlafunwa okanye ukulunywa, phakathi kwezona zihlabayo ziimbovane neentubi.
Zahlulwe ngokwe:
imisila: Banelungu lokutsiba elifana nentwasahlobo esiswini sabo, elibavumela ukuba batsibe phantsi okanye emanzini. Ngamanye amaxesha zihlasela amachibi kunye namachibi kwaye zihlala kwikhephu.
- iintakumba zekhephu
proturs: Izinambuzane ezincinci kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwe-eriyali, ngamehlo alula kunye nombhobho wokusila. Abanayo i-metamorphosis. Zihlala kwindawo ezifumileyo, emiqolombeni naphantsi kwamatye.
- aceretomon
Dipluri: Baswele amehlo. Zine-eriyali ezihambayo kunye nezichaziweyo. Zincinci ngobukhulu. Isisu esinamacandelo e-11 aphela kwi-tweezers. Zihlala phantsi kwamatye namagqabi.
- I-Catajapix (7mm)
- Intakumba eluhlaza (5mm)
Thysanides: Izinambuzane ezinemilomo ehlafunayo. Zitya izityalo kwaye zonakalise iimpahla, iincwadi, amaqebengwana, phakathi kwezinye izinto. Zinamehlo antsonkothileyo, iimpondo ezinde ezidityanisiweyo kunye nemicu emithathu ekupheleni kwesisu, kwaye umzimba wazo ugqunywe ngamaxolo amancinane asilivere.
- I-Silverfish okanye iLepisma
- impahla yangaphantsi
- thermobes
- izinambuzane zomlilo
- Forbycines okanye inundu iintlanzi
Ukuqwalaselwa kokugqibela
Kubalulekile ukubonisa ukuba, ngokuqhelekileyo, kuqhelekile ukuthetha ngeendlela zokukhusela ezinye izinambuzane ezichasene nezinye izilwanyana, ezizifezayo ngenxa yembonakalo yazo ezenza zibonakale ziyingozi okanye zinencasa embi, kunjalo kunjalo. Iintaka ezingakhathaziyo iintaka, amabhabhathane afana nebhabhathane ekuthiwa yimonarch anencasa embi. Omnye umzekelo kukuba, ngenxa yokufana kwenyosi kunye ne-bumblebee, iintaka okanye amaxoxo athe ahlatywa ngulo mva akhetha ukungabi namdla kweli bhabhathane.
Ngokufanayo, ngenxa yemibala enayo izinambuzane, ivumela ukuba zidibanise kunye nokusingqongileyo kwaye ngaloo ndlela zibaleke engozini, oku kwenzeka kunye nalawo abunjwe njengamagqabi okanye amasetyana, phakathi kwezinye iimeko ezifanele oko kubizwa ngokuba yi-mimicry.
Siyathemba ukuba lonke ulwazi olunikezelweyo ngeli nqaku kwiintlobo zezinambuzane kunye neempawu zazo ziye zathanda. Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ezinye izihloko ezinomdla, unokufunda malunga nazo: