Iimbovane zenza enye yezona ntsapho zininzi kwiintlobo kwaye zithe saa emhlabeni wonke okanye phantse kuwo wonke umhlaba, kweli nqaku uya kuba nakho ukufumanisa yonke into malunga neeklasi kunye neentlobo zeembovane. Siza kufunda ngoqeqesho nolungelelwano lwabo. Ungayeki ukuyifunda!
Iimpawu zeembovane
Zingabakwa-Hymenoptera, kwi-suborder ye-formicids, zenza enye yezona ntsapho zininzi kwiintlobo ezifumaneka phantse kwihlabathi lonke, kuqikelelwa ukuba zimele phakathi kwe-15% kunye ne-25% kumphezulu womhlaba, zinika isakhono esikhulu sokuziqhelanisa neendawo zokuhlala ezahlukeneyo.
Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo zineempawu zazo ezivumela ukuba iintlobo zohlulwe omnye komnye, kuqikelelwa ukuba kukho ngaphezu kwe-20.000 iintlobo zeembovane. Iimbovane zibonisa iipateni eziqhelekileyo okanye iimpawu phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeentlobo, esiza kubonisa ngezantsi.
Ukutya
Ukutya kuya kusekelwa kwiimpawu zeentlobo, kukho ezo zondla kwizinto ezizikhupha kwiintyatyambo kunye neziqhamo, ezinye zivela kwizityalo kumagqabi aqhelekileyo, iziqu, iingcambu kwaye kukho amaqela adla inyama adla izinambuzane ezifileyo ezifana iimpukane namaphela phakathi kwabanye. Batsalwa kakhulu kwilekese okanye kwizinto eziswiti ezisuka kwintwala ezizikhathaleleyo kwiindawo ezihlala kuzo.
Indawo yokuhlala kunye nokuhlalisana
Sinokuzifumana phantse kwihlabathi liphela ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica. Ezi zinambuzane zigrumba emhlabeni okanye izigodo kunye neendonga, zinokwakha iindlwane ezinzima kakhulu ezinokubandakanya inani elikhulu leegalari. Iimbovane zihlala kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yi-hormigueros.d
Ulungelelwaniso noqeqesho lwabo lubonakala kuluntu abalwenzayo, babumba amathanga aquka amalungu angaphezu kwe-10.000 apho sinokufumana ukuhlalisana kakuhle ekubeni ngamnye ebambelela kumsebenzi ohambelana naye kuloo ntsapho.
Ixesha lobomi
Ixesha lokuphila liyahluka kuhlobo ngalunye, okusingqongileyo kuya kuphembelela kwaye umsebenzi owenziwe ngumntu ngamnye kwikoloni uya kuthathelwa ingqalelo.Ookumkanikazi baphila ixesha elide kunabasebenzi, sithetha ngeenyanga ukuya kwiminyaka emininzi.
ukuziphatha kunye nombutho
Njengoko kubonisiwe ngasentla, iimbovane zibonakaliswa yintlangano yazo kunye nendlela ezisasazwa ngayo kunye nemisebenzi eyenziwa yinye nganye ngaphakathi kwikholoni. Nangona bethandana kakhulu, badla ngokuba nomona ngekhaya labo, abakwamkeli ukuxutywa kwamakoloni. Kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuba iqela kunye nomsebenzi ngamnye uqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu uyakhathalelana kwaye ngoko ke ukukhuselwa kwekholoni yabo.
Inzululwazi yemyrmecology ephethe uphando lweembovane apho ifunda ukuhlelwa kunye neentlobo zeembovane kunye nobudlelwane bazo phakathi kwazo kunye nokusingqongileyo, ikoloni nganye ineempawu ezithile ezenza kube nzima ukuyifunda. Intloko yesakhiwo sayo yindlovukazi, ngokuqhelekileyo ibhinqa eliphuhlisiwe kwaye lichumile.
NoNxibelelwano
Inkqubo yonxibelelwano yeembovane ivumba, i-pheromones yeyona nto iphambili, ngazo iimbovane zinxibelelana, ikholoni ngalinye likhupha iipheromones ezahlukeneyo ezibavumela ukuba bahlule phakathi kwabo kunye namanye amakoloni, bayakwazi ukwahlula ukuba umyalezo isilumkiso ngengozi okanye amandla.
Iipheromones zizibonakaliso zemichiza, iimbovane zibonisa uphuhliso olukhulu ngaphezu kwamanye amaqela e-hymenoptera. Iimbovane zibona ivumba ngee-eriyali eziphathwayo, zifumana ulwazi malunga nesalathiso kunye nobunzulu bevumba. Kuba zihlala emhlabeni, zisebenzisa umhlaba ukushiya iindlela ukuze zilandele ezinye iimbovane.
Ulwahlulo lwembovane
Ukuhlelwa kwangaphakathi ukuba i-subfamily nganye idala ubunzima xa beqhuba isifundo sokubunjwa kwangaphakathi kweembovane, kodwa ngokubanzi sinokukhankanya imisebenzi ethile okanye izikhundla eziqhelekileyo kwimibutho emininzi yentlalo okanye i-anthills. Ukuhlelwa :
Imbovane enguKumkanikazi
Zizimbindi zengqwalasela yekholoni, ubomi bujikeleza kuzo, umsebenzi wazo kukuvelisa kwakhona, ziphila ixesha elide kunezinye iimbovane, akukho kumkanikazi omnye njengoko kwakucingelwa, kunokubakho ezininzi ngokuxhomekeke kwi-anthill. ukusasazwa kosapho olungaphantsi . Bangaphila ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka engama-30 ukuba akukho zingxaki zangaphandle kwikoloni. Ukumkanikazi unokulishiya iqela lakhe aze enze imbovane eyahlukileyo ukuba uyathanda.
Imbovane yabasebenzi
Imele umthamo omkhulu wamalungu e-anthill, umsebenzi wayo kukuqhuba umsebenzi onzima kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwemisebenzi ephathiswe ngokuqwalasela imeko kunye neqela lentsapho, ubude bayo bokuphila busuka komnye ukuya kwiminyaka emithathu. Eminye yemisebenzi eyenziwa ngabasebenzi:
Umongikazi Umsebenzi imbovane
Ukususela ekuzalweni, umsebenzi wayo kukunyamekela ukumkanikazi, ukunyamekela ukutya kwayo, ukucocwa, amaqanda okanye nawuphi na umsebenzi obandakanya ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiindlovukazi okanye iindlovukazi.
Umfama imbovane
Abasebenzi, xa benexesha kunye nokuvuthwa okuyimfuneko yokujongana nehlabathi, baya kuqokelela amagqabi, basebenze ngamaqela alungelelaniswe kakuhle kwaye bavelise imveliso enkulu yeepheromones, xa befumana ukutya kwabo bakhulisa ivumba labo ukuze baphawule kwaye babonise enye. iimbovane kwikoloni yazo kwaye izise ukutya kukumkanikazi Iqela ngalinye linevumba elimchazayo kwaye lifana neqela ngalinye.
Babizwa ngokuba ngamafama kuba xa beqokelela amagqabi basiwa kwiinduli zeembovane ukuze zilinde ukuba zibole zize zondle umngundo ovelisa i<em>gongylidia zize ngaloo ndlela zondle imbovane iphela.
Imbovane yabasebenzi bemfuyo
Benza inkqubo efanayo neyabalimi kodwa kwimeko yabo banyamekela iintwala ezizondlayo kwaye bavelise into eswiti ebaluleke kakhulu kwiimbovane.
Ijoni elisebenza imbovane
Baphethe ukhuseleko, baqhube iipatroli kwaye bazise amanye amalungu eentshaba ezinokwenzeka, inkqubo yabo yokunxibelelana i-pheromones, la mavumba ahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko abafuna ukunxibelelana ukuba kukutya okanye ukhuseleko kwaye iyahluka phakathi kwamakholoni. . Ukuba ijoni liphawula esinye isinambuzane okanye utshaba ngevumba lengozi zonke ezinye iimbovane ziya kubonakala zihlasela.
Imbovane eyindoda
Ixesha labo lobomi lifutshane kakhulu, ngokubanzi iiveki ezimbalwa, umsebenzi wabo ophambili kukuqhuba inqwelomoya yomtshato wokuchumisa umsebenzi oya kuba yindlovukazi.
iintlobo zeembovane
Inkqubo yokukhusela iimbovane kukulunywa ziijenereyitha, idla ngokuba buhlungu kwaye iyakhathaza kodwa ayibonisi ukucaphuka okukhulu kodwa phakathi kweentlobo ezikhoyo kukho udidi lwembovane olulunywa lunokubangela umonakalo omkhulu, siya kumaqela iintlobo zeembovane ezinetyhefu kwaye aziyityhefu okanye zenziwe ekhaya, siya kubonisa iimpawu ezibalaseleyo zeqela ngalinye.
iimbovane ezinetyhefu
Kweli qela kukho iindidi ngeendidi zeentlobo ezihlelwa njengetyhefu, ubunzulu kunye nobungozi bomonakalo owenziweyo buguquguquka kakhulu, sinokufumana iimbovane ezilumayo azithethi umngcipheko omkhulu ebantwini kodwa kwezinye izilwanyana, ezibangela uthotho. yeengxaki kwaye Kukho amanye amaqela ukuluma kuyingozi kokubini emntwini nakwezinye izilwanyana, kwiimeko ezininzi kukhokelela ekufeni. Ezinye iintlobo zembovane ezinetyhefu:
Imbovane yembumbulu
Olu hlobo lwembovane lubizwa ngokuba yiParaponera Clavata okanye njengoko imbovane isaziwa ngenxa yentlungu ebangelwa kukulunywa, efana naleyo iveliswa yimbumbulu, intlungu eyibangelayo ithelekiswa naleyo ibangelwa kukugqobhoza kukanomeva, iqaqambisa imbube. intlungu malunga namaxesha angama-30. Emva kokulunywa kwayo, ihamba kunye nokuvuvukala kwindawo echaphazelekayo ngokuluma, i-spasms, ukujuluka okukhulu kunye nokuhamba kwilungu elichaphazelekayo kunokulahleka. Zinokufumaneka eMzantsi Melika njengaseVenezuela, eBrazil, eParaguay, eNicaragua.
imbovane ibulldog
Imbovane yaseMyrmecia okanye isigebenga saseOstreliya okanye njengoko yaziwa ngokuba yimbovane ye-bulldog, igama layo lisuka kumhlathi wayo omkhulu nowomeleleyo, zityheli ngombala obomvu nomdaka ngemibala, xa iluma ivelisa ityhefu enamandla ebangela ukutshisa. ulusu, lushiya amabala ngonaphakade . Bahlala eOstreliya naseCaledonia.
Imbovane yomlilo emnyama
I-Solenopsis Richteri okanye imbovane yomlilo emnyama ifumana igama layo kumbala omnyama kunye nemibala yomlilo, zisebenza kakhulu kwaye zinobundlongondlongo ukuluma kwazo kunamandla kwaye zinetyhefu kubangela ukungonwabi rhoqo kunye neentlungu ezigqobhozayo ezifana nokuhlatywa konomeva. Ihlasela umntu ukuba iphazanyiswe koku kwizilwanyana ukuba zithanda ukuhlasela ixhoba lazo.
umlilo imbovane
Igama lale mbovane libangelwa kukuva ubushushu, ukutshisa kunye nokutshisa okuveliswa kukulunywa kolu hlobo, ziyasebenza kwaye zinobundlongondlongo, umzimba ubomvu kwaye iinwele zityheli, ubuthi bazo bunokubangela iintlungu ezingeneyo kunye nesicaphucaphu emntwini. kwezinye izilwanyana ezincinci okanye amantshontsho zinokubangela ukufa. Ukutya kwabo kudla ngokuba yinyama, ibhotolo, imbewu kunye nemifuno.
imbovane yaseAfrika
I-Pachycondyla analis okanye i-Megaponera foetens, eyaziwa ngokuba yimbovane yase-Afrika, ikwilizwekazi laseAfrika kwizixeko zaseSenegal, eSierra Leone, eNigeria, eGhana, eCameroon naseTogo. Phakathi kweempawu zolu didi, umhlathi kunye nolwamvila lugqamile, umhlathi walo unonxantathu ngokwemilo, unamandla amakhulu kunye namandla, kanye njengolwamvila, indibaniselwano yazo zombini ilawula ukugqobhoza ulusu ukwazisa isilwanyana. into ebulalayo.
imbovane yedracula
I-Adetomyrma venatrix eyaziwa ngokuba yimbovane yaseDracula ngomkhwa wayo ongaqhelekanga wokusela igazi lamantshontsho ayo. Ifunyenwe kutshanje.
Imbovane ezingezizo zinetyhefu okanye zeNdlu
Kweli qela kukho amawaka eentlobo ezisasazwa kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi, zidla ngokuluma ukuze zizikhusele kodwa azibonakalisi umngcipheko wezempilo ngaphandle kokuvelisa ukutshisa okulula, zifumaneka kwimigangatho, iindonga, iisilingi, iinkuni kunye nokunye. amanye amaqela abonisa umbutho owakhiwe kakuhle, ezinye iintlobo eziqhelekileyo:
imbovane yomchweli
Bayingxenye ye-Camponotus genus, igama labo libangelwa ukuba bakha indlu yabo ngaphakathi kwemithi, bandise ikholoni yabo kuwo wonke umthi, bonakalise isakhiwo sayo. Ezi imbovane zikhangela iinkuni ezibolileyo ezibonelela ngeemeko ezifanelekileyo ukuze ziphile, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukufuma nobushushu. Zibonisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zobukhulu kwaye zibonisa iindidi ezininzi zemibala enjengomnyama, omthubi kunye nomdaka.
Abazondli ngeenkuni, ukutya kwabo kubandakanya izinambuzane ezifileyo, izinto ezinobumnandi ezivela kwizityalo, iintyatyambo, iziqhamo, inyama kunye namafutha. Zinokufumaneka eMelika, eYurophu naseAfrika
Imbovane yaseArgentina
I-Linepithema humile okanye imbovane yaseArgentina inzalelwane yaseArgentina, eParaguay naseUruguay kwaye ngoku isasazeke kwihlabathi liphela. Zithathwa njengezinambuzane, zinobundlobongela kunye nommandla, zibangela utshintsho olukhulu kwi-ecosystem yazo kunye nokuguqula indawo engqongileyo yeentlobo ezihlala kuzo. Ngokuqhelekileyo balinganisa i-2 kunye ne-3 mm.
Imbovane yegqabi
YeyeAtta kunye neAcromyrmex genera. Lo ngomnye weyona genera ininzi equka iintlobo ezingaphezu kwama-40. Inkqubo yayo yombutho intsonkothile kwaye ichaziwe, umntu ngamnye unomsebenzi othile ekufuneka awenze, ukumkanikazi ujongene nokubeka iikoloni kunye nokuvelisa, amajoni akhusela, abafori benza itonela kwaye bajonge ukutya, abalimi baphethe ukukhathalela nokukhusela umngundo owenzeka emasimini, imibungu kunye namaqanda ngokumila.
Ezi imbovane zifumaneka ukusuka ePanama ukuya eArgentina, zinokubangela umonakalo omkhulu kwi-ecosystem kwaye zonakalise amasimi kunye namasimi ekofu, umbona kunye nommoba.
Imbovane yendlu enevumba elimnandi
I-Tapinoma sessile yaziwa ngokuba yimbovane yeswekile okanye yekhokhonathi, isuka eMelika, igama layo lisuka kwivumba elikhuphayo xa ibulewe. Benza iikholoni zabo naphi na iindonga, isilingi, umgangatho, iziqu, nayiphi na indawo ilungile kubo. Ukutya kwayo kusekelwe kwiziqhamo, inambuzane kunye ne-nectar, ingaba yinkathazo ukuba ayilawulwa ngexesha.
Imbovane yeenkuni ezibomvu
I-Formica rufa okanye imbovane yomthi obomvu ixhaphakile eYurophu, inokufumaneka emahlathini kwiikholoni ezininzi zabantu abamalunga nama-200.000, itya izinambuzane, izityalo, umngundo kunye nemifuno.
mbovane
I-Messor barbarus okanye imbovane yegranary ifumaneka eSpain, eItali, eFransi naseMorocco. Iikholoni zabo zidalwe emhlabeni, phakathi kwezinto ezikhethekileyo ucoceko lwabo luvelele, bavame ukuzicoca kunye nendawo yabo ngaphakathi kwe-anthill, amajoni anentloko enkulu, atya iziqhamo kunye nemifuno.
imbovane ye-acrobat
Le mbovane ibalasele ngokuba bhetyebhetye ekubonisayo, iyakwazi ukugoba ibeke intloko yayo esiswini okanye ethangeni, phakathi kweempawu zayo singabalula isisu sayo simile okwentliziyo, umbala wayo utyheli okanye mnyama, ikoloni layo lakhiwe phezu kwemithi ebolileyo. okanye phantse ukubola kwizihlandlo ezimbalwa kakhulu ehlathini ekwimeko entle.
Imbovane yasendle
Zifumaneka emasimini nakwigadi, zakha iikholoni zazo emhlabeni zenza iziduli zomhlaba, imibala yazo imdaka, imnyama okanye ibomvu okanye idityanisiwe, ukutya abakuthandayo ziilekese, ngamanye amaxesha batya izinambuzane. Inkalo ebalaseleyo yeyokuba baqweqwedisa imibungu kunye neepupae zezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana ezithi bazigcine kwindawo yazo baze babe ngamakhoboka xa zikhula.
umvuni imbovane
Ngokuqhelekileyo zinkulu ukusuka kwi-6,25 ukuya kwi-12,5 mm, zineenwele ezisetyenziselwa ukucoca imilenze kunye neempondo. Zibekwe kwiindawo ezishushu nezomileyo. Zicoceke kakhulu zikholisa ukucoca indawo engqonge ikoloni zigcina imbewu ngaphakathi
Imbovane yePavement
I-Caespitum ubukhulu bayo buphakathi kwe-3,2 mm ukuya kwi-4,2 mm, i-brown iphantse ifike kumnyama, imilenze yabo kunye neempondo zibomvu. Esifubeni banemiqolo emincinci kwaye umzimba wonke uneenwele. Ifunyenwe ekhaya kunye nezakhiwo ekufuneni ukutya, ekubeni imenyu isekelwe kwiilekese kunye namafutha.
Imbovane yobusi bobuxoki
Ezi imbovane zihlala eludakeni, zisitya isixa esikhulu solwelo oluneswekile olugcina esiswini salo luze lugxothwe xa ezinye iimbovane zilufuna. Abasebenzi bagqama ngombala wabo omdaka omnyama oqaqambileyo, ubukhulu babo bu-3,2 ukuya kwi-4,2 mm.
Imbovane enkulu etyheli
Zibomvu ngombala, zi-agile, kwaye zilinganisa malunga ne-5 mm, zibhidaniswa neentubi. Ifuna ukwenza iikholoni zayo kwiziqu ezibolileyo okanye phantsi kwelitye, iinduli zayo zibonwa ngobuninzi bomhlaba ohamba nazo ekungeneni. Azinabungozi kwaye zikhetha ukutya okuswiti. Xa zityunyuziwe zikhupha ivumba elibi.
Isela Imbovane
Ziyezinye zezona ntlobo zincinci, ubukhulu bazo buyi-1 ukuya kwi-1,7 mm. Zityheli ngeetoni ezimdaka, zihlala kwezinye ii-anthill kwaye zondla imibungu, ukutya kwazo kugqamisa amanqatha, itshizi kunye nenyama, azityi izinto ezimnandi.
imbovane ephambene
I-Longicornis okanye iimbovane eziphambeneyo ezi imbovane zilinganisa i-2,5 mm kwaye zintsundu ngombala; imilenze yayo neempondo zayo zinkulu ngokomlinganiselo womzimba. Inokufumaneka ngaphakathi kwendlu, igama layo libangelwa indlela engalawulwayo kwaye ngaphandle kokuqhelaniswa neentuthwane ezibonisa ezindlwini. Ukutya kwabo kusekelwe kwizinambuzane, amafutha kunye neelekese.
Imbovane encinane emnyama
Luhlobo oluncinci kakhulu, luqhele ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1,7 mm kwaye umbala walo umnyama. Ziyakwazi ukufumaneka kwiindawo ezivulekileyo kunye nokuchithwa kwemithi okanye i-cornice yezakhiwo, iikholoni zininzi kakhulu. Zondla ngokuphefumla kwezityalo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zikhangela izindlu zokutya okuswiti, amafutha okanye imifuno.
Imbovane yaseCornfield
Igama layo loluhlobo linikwe ukuba lifunyenwe kakhulu kwizityalo zombona. Zitya ukutya okuswiti, izinambuzane eziphilayo okanye ezifileyo, incindi yezityalo, kunye nezinto eziswiti ezivela kwintwala. Ngokuqhelekileyo zenza indlwane yazo kwizigodo ezibolileyo, iziqu okanye phantsi kwamatye.
iimbovane eziluhlaza
Iimbovane eziluhlaza zibizwa ngokuba zenza ikholoni yazo kwimithi yomthi ngamagqabi kunye nesilika efunyenwe kwimibungu, le nto ayinamanzi, ngexesha lokwenza ikholoni yabo zibonakalisa iifom zezakhiwo phakathi kwazo.
Imbovane kaFaro
Olu hlobo lwembovane luqhelekile ukufunyanwa kuyo nayiphi na indawo yendlu, ngokuqhelekileyo ingena kwiziseko, iisilingi, imibhobho, yiyo loo nto kunzima ukuyifumana, zityheli ngeetoni ezibomvu, zondla kwiincindi ezimnandi, iijusi. , ubusi, izinambuzane ezifileyo, inyama kunye negazi zijonga izithuba ezibonelela ngobushushu kunye nomswakama. Ziikholoni ezininzi kakhulu, abasebenzi banobungakanani be-2,1 mm ukuya ku-5 mm. Abantu abadala banamaphiko kodwa ababhabha.
Imbovane yoMthi weVelvety
Le mbovane ibonakaliswe sisisu esine-velvety kunye nesilika, isifuba sayo sibomvu kwaye intloko imnyama, babeka amakholoni abo kwimithi emidala okanye kwixolo labo. Zitya zonke iintlobo zokutya okanye izinambuzane ezifileyo. Ukuluma kwayo kubuhlungu.
iimbovane ezityheli
Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-zanconas, umbala wayo otyheli uwenza ufane nezalamane zawo, iimbovane zobusi, ikwazi ukuguquguquka kakhulu kuyo nayiphi na imozulu, ubukhulu bayo buqhele ukuba yi-2 mm, kukho iikholoni ezininzi kwaye iyasebenza kakhulu kwaye itya iswekile ephuma kwizityalo. .
Iimbovane ezinentloko ebomvu
Ifumana igama layo kuluhlu olubomvu olubonisayo emzimbeni wayo, isisu sayo sibomvu mnyama, isifuba sayo sibomvu ngokukhanyayo kwaye intloko yayo ibomvu, ifumaneka kumantla eChile, ukuluma kwayo kunamandla kwaye ivelisa kakhulu. intlungu.
Umkhosi Iimbovane
Ibonakala ngendlela yayo yokuzingela, babonisa amaqhinga amakhulu xa kuziwa ekuzingeleni, benza uhlaselo lwe-swarm okanye uhlaselo lwekholamu kunye nobuninzi babo obutyhileka kwiikholamu ukwenza uthungelwano kunye nokubamba amaxhoba abo, le mbovane yemfazwe i-carnivorous.
Sukuhamba ungakhange uqale ufunde la manqaku alandelayo:
Ezona zilwanyana zinetyhefu ehlabathini
Bagxothe oonomeva ngamaYeza aseKhaya