Iifosili zithathwe kuzo naziphi na iintsalela ezisaphilayo, imbonakalo okanye umkhondo waso nasiphi na isidalwa esiphilayo ukususela kwixesha elidlulileyo lejoloji, imizekelo ibandakanya amathambo, amaqokobhe, ii-exoskeletons, izitampu zelitye lezilwanyana okanye i-microbial, izinto ze-amber, iinwele, iinkuni eziphekiweyo, i-oyile, amalahle kunye neentsalela ze-DNA. Dibana kule post Iintlobo zeeFossils!
Yintoni iFossil?
Ekuqaleni, igama elithi fossil linentsingiselo ebanzi, lithetha yonke into ephuma emhlabeni, eli gama namhlanje liquka zonke izingqinisiso ezishiywe zizidalwa ezindala eziye zaphila kwaye zihlala zigcinwe ngokuchithwa kwentlenga, ngoko kukho amathambo e-dinosaur, ngokunjalo. njengamagqabi okanye iinyawo.
Iifosili zidla ngokugcinwa kumatye ekalika kunye nesanti yentlenga, kodwa zinqabile, inkqubo yefosili ithatha ixesha elide, kwaye amathuba okuba igqabi elinye ligcinwe mancinci.
I-Paleontology kuphononongo lweefosili, ifunda iminyaka yazo, indlela yokwenziwa kunye nokubaluleka kwendaleko, iisampulu zithathwa njengeefosili ukuba zingaphezu kweminyaka eyi-10,000 ubudala, iifosili ezindala zimalunga ne-3,48 yezigidigidi zeminyaka ubudala kunye ne-4,1 yezigidigidi zeminyaka.
Uphando ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba ukuba iifosili ezahlukeneyo zazinxulumene ezithile Iintlobo zamatye, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekukholelweni kwiifosili kwixesha lokwakheka komhlaba nakwiminyaka eyahlukahlukeneyo yeefosili ezininzi ezahlukeneyo.
Izixhobo
Iimpawu zeefosili zixhomekeke kuhlobo lwefosili. Iifosili zomngundo zizimvo ezenziwe kwi-substrate (idla ngokuba yintlenga yelitye), landelela iifosili zifana neefosili zokungunda kuba zibonakala.
Nangona kunjalo, iifosili zomkhondo azimelanga i-organism ngokwayo, endaweni yoko, iifosili zimela ubomi bemihla ngemihla bento ephilayo enje ngeenyawo, iindlwane okanye imingxuma, iifosili ezityhidiweyo ziifosili zokungunda ezizaliswe ziidipozithi zokwenza ubume obumacala-ntathu.
Amathambo enzelwe ntoni?
Iifosili ziluncedo kakhulu kuphononongo lwembali ye-tectonic, xa ifosili yohlobo oluthile ifunyenwe kumazwekazi aliqela ale mihla, inika umqondiso oqinileyo wokuba la mazwekazi ebemanyene ngaphambili.
Iifosili zikwasetyenziswa ukuxela amatye entlenga, ezinye iintlobo ezinosasazo olubanzi eMhlabeni kunye nobomi obufutshane (umzekelo, iiammonites) zizalathisi ezibalaseleyo zokuchonga amaxesha athile ejoloji.
Zingaphi iindidi zeefosili ezikhoyo?
Iifosili, iintsalela zezinto eziphilayo zangaphambi kokubhalwa kwembali okanye obunye ubungqina bobomi bamandulo, buchaza okuninzi malunga nokuba ihlabathi lalinjani kwizigidi okanye kwiibhiliyoni zeminyaka eyadlulayo.Ngo-2017, abaphandi baqinisekisa ukuba awona mathambo amadala afunyanwa kwilitye eNtshona Ostreliya, abonisa ukuba ubomi bebukho eMhlabeni ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-3.500 yeebhiliyoni eyadlulayo.
iifosili zomzimba
Iifosili zomzimba wonke ziintsalela zezinto zangaphambili, kunye nezihlunu ezithambileyo ezifana nezinambuzane ezifakwe kwincindi yomthi ezomelezwe ukuseta i-amber.
Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba izihlunu ezithambileyo ezifana nolusu, izihlunu, kunye namalungu ziyaqhekeka emva kokuba umntu efile, kuze kushiyeke iqokobhe eliqinileyo okanye amathambo aqinileyo. , imizekelo emibini yeefosili zomzimba, amathambo namazinyo, zezona ntlobo zixhaphakileyo zeefosili.
ukulandelela ifosili
Iifosili zihlala zilala ngokukodwa kwimizila kunye nemingxuma, kodwa zikwaqulethe i-coprolites (inkunkuma ye-fossil) kwaye isele ishiywe ngexesha lokutya, iifosili zokulandelela zibaluleke kakhulu njengoko zibandakanya umthombo wedatha ongaphelelanga kwizilwanyana ezinamalungu alukhuni angakwaziyo. I-fossilized ngokulula kwaye ibonise ukuziphatha kwezilwanyana.
Iifosili ezininzi zomkhondo zifika kwangaphambi kwexesha kakhulu kuneefosili zomzimba wezilwanyana ekukholelwa ukuba zenziwe, nangona kunjalo impindezelo echanekileyo yeefosili kubenzi bazo ayinakwenzeka ngokubanzi, umkhondo unokuthi, umzekelo, unike ubungqina bokuqala bomzimba bembonakalo ephakathi. izilwanyana ezintsonkothileyo (zithelekiseka nemisundululu).
iimacrofossils
I-Macrofossils ibamba izinto eziphilayo ezigciniweyo ezinokubonwa ngaphandle kwemfuneko ye-microscope, i-macrofossils yezityalo iquka amagqabi, iinaliti, iicones, kunye ne-stem stem, kwaye ingasetyenziselwa ukuchonga iintlobo zezityalo ezakha zakhula kuloo ndawo.
Ezo datha yebhotanical macrofossil ibonelela ngexabiso elixhasayo kwidatha ye-pollen kunye ne-faunal enokuthi isetyenziselwe ukwakhiwa kwakhona kwemekobume yomhlaba yangaphambili, ii-macrofossils ze-algae (umzekelo, i-algae emdaka, i-lettuce yolwandle, kunye ne-stromatolites enkulu) iya isetyenziswa kakhulu. i-ikhosistim.
Izilwanyana ze-macrofossils ziquka amazinyo, i-skulls, kunye namathambo e-vertebrates, kunye ne-invertebrate ehlala njengamagobolondo, iimvavanyo, izixhobo zezilwanyana, kunye ne-exoskeletons, i-fossilized dung (okt, i-coprolites) nayo i-macrofossils.
iifosili
I-Microfossils ziintsalela ezincinci zebhaktheriya, iiprotisti, umngundo, izilwanyana kunye nezityalo, ii-microfossils liqela elingafaniyo leefosili ezihlala zinamava njengendlela enye, kuba iimodeli zamatye kufuneka zicutshungulwe ngeendlela ezithile zokuzisusa kwaye kufuneka kusetyenziswe imikroskopu. .
Ngoko ke, i-microfossils, ngokungafaniyo nezinye Iintlobo zeeFossils, abahlelwanga ngokobudlelwane babo omnye komnye, kodwa ngenxa yobukhulu babo ngokuqhelekileyo buncinci kunye neendlela zabo zokufunda, umzekelo, iifosili zebhaktheriya, i-foraminifera, i-diatoms, iigobolondo okanye amathambo amancinane kakhulu angenayo i-invertebrates, i-pollen, kunye namathambo amancinci. kunye namazinyo ezilwanyana ezinkulu, phakathi kwezinye, zinokubizwa ngokuba yi-microfossils.
Zenziwa njani iifosili?
Iifosili zenziwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kodwa uninzi lwenziwa xa isityalo okanye isilwanyana sifa kwindawo enamanzi kwaye singcwatywe eludakeni nakwintlenge, izihlunu ezithambileyo ziqhekeka ngokukhawuleza zishiya ngasemva amathambo aqinileyo okanye amaqokobhe, ekuhambeni kwexesha, intlenga iqokelelana phezulu kwaye. iqina etyeni.
Njengoko amathambo avaliweyo ebola, iiminerali ziphuma ngokuthatha indawo yeseli yezinto eziphilayo ngeseli kwinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi "petrification", kungenjalo, amathambo anokubola ngokupheleleyo eshiya i-cast of organism, isithuba esishiywe ngasemva sinokuzaliswa ngamaminerali kwaye senze umfanekiso welitye wento ephilayo.
Izitho zangaphakathi ezithambileyo, izihlunu, kunye nolusu ziqhekeka ngokukhawuleza kwaye azifane zigcinwe, kodwa amathambo ezilwanyana kunye namaqokobhe angabaviwa abalungileyo befosili. IFossilization inokwenzeka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo:
Amaminerali
Iiminerali zithatha indawo kancinane amalungu omzimba de yonke into eseleyo yifosili eyenziwe ngeminerali eyomeleleyo, olu luhlobo olukhethekileyo lokugalela kunye nokwakheka kokungunda, ukuba ikhemistry ichanekile umzimba unokusebenza njengenucleus yokukhupha iiminerali njenge siderite, okukhokelela ekubeni iqhuqhuva elijikelezayo.
Ukungunda kunye nokungunda
Izibungu kunye nokubumba zezinye Iintlobo zeeFossils umzimba, ngundo luphawu olushiywe yiqokobhe a skeleton nzima kwilitye elijikelezileyo, ezifana amathambo dinosaur engcwatywe phantsi kwamaleko ezininzi intlenga, ngundo inokuba ngaphakathi okanye ngaphandle.
Kukho ukungunda kwangaphakathi emazantsi eqokobhe elishiywe phezu kwelitye elathi lavela xa isanti okanye udaka luzalisa ngaphakathi kweqokobhe, ukungunda kwangaphandle kungaphandle kweqokobhe, ixesha ngalinye iqokobhe okanye ithambo liqhekeka. ilitye, lishiya ukungunda kwangaphandle ngasemva.
Iikopi zokubumba zaziwa ngokuba ngumngundo, onokuthi zenzeke ngokwemvelo xa isithuba esishiywe emva kokususwa komngundo sigcwalisa intlenga, i-paleontologists nayo inokuvelisa izibonda ezivela kwi-molds kunye nerabha ye-latex okanye i-plasticine ukufunda ngakumbi malunga neefosili.
Ukutshintsha
Ukutshintshwa kwenzeka xa iqokobhe, ithambo okanye ezinye izihlunu zitshintshwa ngenye iminerali, kwezinye iimeko ukutshintshwa kweeminerali kuluhlu lokuqala lwenzeka ngokuthe ngcembe kwaye kumlinganiselo omncinci ukuba iimpawu ze-microstructural zigcinwe, nangona ilahleko epheleleyo yezinto zokuqala.
Ingubo kuthiwa iphinda ihlaziywe xa i-aggregates ye-skeletal eyodwa isekho, kodwa kwifom ye-crystalline ngaphandle kwe-aragonite kwi-calcite.
Uxinzelelo
Iifosili zokunyanzeliswa, ezifana ne-fossil ferns, ziveliswa ngokunciphisa iikhemikhali ze-molecule eziyinkimbinkimbi ezenza izicubu zomzimba, kulo mzekelo i-fossil iqulethe izinto zokuqala, nangona i-geochemically iguqulwe, olu tshintsho lwekhemikhali lubonakaliso lwe-diagenesis. .
Imigibe yolondolozo
Ngenxa yobudala bayo, into eyayingalindelekanga ekutshintsheni izicubu zomzimba ngokunciphisa ngokwekhemikhali iimolekyuli zezinto eziphilayo ezintsonkothileyo ngexesha le-petrifaction yayikukufunyanwa kwezicubu ezithambileyo kwiifosili ze-dinosaur, kubandakanywa nemithambo yegazi, kunye nokuhlukaniswa kweprotein kunye nobungqina bamaqhekeza kwi-dinosaur. Ubume beDNA, kubonakala ngathi akukho nxu lumano phakathi kweminyaka yokwakheka komhlaba kunye nomgangatho wolondolozo ngeli xesha.
Yintoni esinokuyifunda kwiifosili?
Ingqokelela imihla yeefosili ukusuka ubuncinane ekuqaleni kwembali, iifosili ngokwazo zaziwa ngokuba ukuhlola iifosili, ifosili yayiyenye yemithombo yokuqala yedatha ephantsi kofundo lwendaleko kwaye iyaqhubeka iphawuleka kwimbali yobomi Emhlabeni. , izazi ngezidalwa zamandulo zilinga ingxelo yefosili ukuze ziqonde inkqubo yendaleko nendaleko yohlobo lwazo.
Biostratigraphy
Irekhodi yefosili kunye nolandelelwano lwezilwanyana zenza isiseko senzululwazi ye-biostratigraphy okanye ukuguga okusekwe kwi-fossil-based rock incorporated, kwiminyaka yokuqala eyi-150, i-geology, i-biostratigraphy kunye ne-superposition yayikuphela kwendlela yokumisela ubudala obuhlobene bamatye, umda wexesha we-geologic waphuhliswa. ngokusekwe kubudala obunxulumeneyo bestrata samatye, njengoko kuchazwa ziingcali zembali zamandulo kunye neestratigraphers.
Ukuguquka kwemvelo
Ngokusebenzisa iifosili ezifunyenweyo, izazinzulu ziye zaphinda zakha kwakhona imizekelo yotshintsho olululo kwimo kunye nomsebenzi, umzekelo, umhlathi ongezantsi wezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo unamathambo aliqela, kodwa lawo ezilwanyana ezanyisayo linye kuphela, amanye amathambo kumhlathi wesirhubuluzi avela ngokungathandabuzekiyo emathanjeni ngoku afumaneka indlebe encancisayo.
ifosili yeDNA
Kuze kube mva nje, ukufunyanwa kunye nohlalutyo lolwazi lwemfuza olufakwe kwi-DNA yolandelelwano yamandulo evela kwiifosili zePleistocene kwakungenakwenzeka, inkqubela phambili yamva nje kwibhayoloji yemolekyuli ibonelele ngezixhobo zobugcisa zokufumana ulandelelwano lweDNA yamandulo kwiifosili zeQuaternary ezigcinwe kakuhle kwaye zivule amathuba okufunda ngokuthe ngqo imfuza. utshintsho kwiintlobo zefosili ukujongana nemibuzo eyahlukeneyo yebhayoloji kunye neyendalo.
Uphononongo lwe-DNA yakudala ebandakanya imathiriyeli yefosili yePleistocene kunye nokuthotywa kunye nokugcinwa kwe-DNA yakudala kwiidiphozithi zeQuaternary ziyajongwa.
Aqokelelwa njani amathambo?
Ukuqokelela iifosili ngamanye amaxesha ngendlela engeyiyo eyenzululwazi Ukuzingela iFossil yingqokelela yamathambo ophando, izinto azithandayo okanye ukwenza inzuzo Ukuqokelela iifosili njengomsebenzi wokuzilibazisa ngumanduleli wepaleontology yale mihla kwaye uninzi lusaqokelela iifosili kunye nokufunda iifosili njengeengcali zokuzonwabisa, iingcali kunye nabadlali bokuzonwabisa baqokelela. iifosili ngexabiso labo lezenzululwazi.
imizekelo yeefosili
Iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezigcinwa ngayo izinto eziphilayo zinika iifosili iimpawu ezahlukeneyo, makhe sihlolisise eminye imizekelo yendlela amatye amandulo anokuthi akheke ngayo.
ULucia
Ligama lexesha le-Upper Paleolithic skeleton kumfazi wasePaleoindian owafunyanwa emqolombeni eBrazil, i-skeleton ye-11500 yeminyaka yafunyanwa emqolombeni waseBelo Horizonte, eBrazil, ngo-1974 ngu-archaeologist Annette Laming-Amperer. Igama lesidlaliso "Lucia" linika imbeko kwi-Australopithecus fossil "Lucy".
Triceratops
I-Triceratops yayiyidayinaso enkulu evela kwi Ixesha leMesozoic, eyafikelela kwiimitha ezilishumi ubude neemitha ezine ukuphakama yaye inobunzima beetoni ezilishumi elinesibini, kwakhona ukukhusela ubukhulu bayo obukhulu, i<em>triceratops yayineempondo ezimbini zeemitha nomlomo obukhali, onjengesikhwenene, esasinamandla amakhulu okuluma, iiFossils "Ubuso obuneempondo ezintathu," njengoko igama laso lesiLatini lihlala liguqulelwa, lisusela kwizigidi ezithathu zokugqibela zeminyaka yexesha leCretaceous.
Archeopteryx lithographica
Yintaka encinci yamandulo, eyayikho malunga nekhulu elinamashumi amahlanu ezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo ngexesha leJurassic, ngenxa yoko, ithathwa ngabaninzi njengeyona ntaka indala eyaziwayo.
I-Archeopteryx yabelana ngeempawu ze-theropod dinosaurs kunye neentaka zanamhlanje, ngoko ke, kucingelwa ukuba yi-fossil yenguqu phakathi kweentaka kunye nezilwanyana ezinwabuzelayo, ezisondelelene kakhulu ne-dinosaur encinci ye-theropod kuneentaka zanamhlanje.
Nangona kunjalo, imbali yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yeArcheopteryx ayizange ibe lula kakhulu, ibisoloko iphikisana kakhulu kwixesha elidlulileyo, kwaye ihlala iyingxenye ebalulekileyo yeengxoxo zesayensi malunga nemvelaphi kunye nokuvela kweentaka.
UGondwanagaricites magnificus
Iquka owona mngundo wefosili indala ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kunye nomngundo wokuqala wefosili ukusuka kwi-Gondwana supercontinent yakudala, imi malunga nee-intshi ezimbini nee-intshi ezimbini ubude kwaye ikhula kwikhulu elineshumi elinesihlanu lezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo (early Cretaceous epoch) kwindawo ngoku ekumntla-mpuma ukusuka eBrazil.
idiploria strigosa
Yifossil reef egcinwe kakuhle kwaye evezwe kakuhle, equlathe iibhedi ezingafakwanga mandlalo okanye ezingalalwanga kakuhle, zingahlelwanga kakuhle, zirhabaxa kakhulu, iragonitic fossiliferous limestones ezirhabaxa (igrained and grading), emele iidipozithi ezingenzulwanga zaselwandle kwiingqaqa nakwiingqaqa.
I-Cockburn Town ilungu le-reef facies ifika kwisiganeko somphakamo wolwandle (Early Late Pleistocene), iikorali zomhla kwi-Cockburn Town yefossil kuluhlu lweminyaka ukusuka kwi-114 ukuya kwi-127 ka.
Trilobite Ellipsocephalus hoffii
Enye yezona ntlobo zixhaphakileyo kwi-Bohemian Cambrian yi-Ellipsocephalus hoffii, eyaqala yachazwa yaze yabonakaliswa ngo-1823, yi-trilobite ekhangeleka ilula ene-cephalon ecinyiweyo ephakathi, i-exoskeletons epheleleyo yale trilobite zininzi kwi-Jnce intervals Fm, trilobites. zilondolozwe njengezingundo zangaphakathi, ezidla ngokudyojwa kakhulu nge-limonite etyheli, kudaka olunodaka oluluhlaza-ngwevu.
Iifosili zobuxoki okanye ii-pseudofossils
Iifosili zePseudo zizinto zendalo ezikhangeleka ngathi ziifosili kodwa zingezizo iifosili, ezinye iifosili kunye neeminerali zidla ngokubhidaniswa neefosili.
Ngelishwa ezinye iifosili azigcinwanga kakuhle kwaye ezinye izinto esizibiza ngokuba ziifosili azikho kwaphela, ukuthanda kwethu iifosili kunye noko zikumelayo ngamanye amaxesha kunokubangela ukuba "sibone" into esifuna ukuyibona kunento ekhoyo ngokwenene.
Amanye amadabi aqatha ezenzululwazi ibe kukuchongwa ngokufanelekileyo kwezinto abathi abanye bazigqala njengeefosili zokwenene baze abanye bazigqala njengeefosili zomgunyathi. izinto ezinokuthi, ngaphandle kwamabango ahlukeneyo, zibe okanye zingabi ziifosili zokwenyani.
