Iingqaqa zeCoral ziyilwe ziintlobo ngeentlobo zezilwanyana, ezenza enye yezona zinto zinomtsalane kwiilwandlekazi. Kuzo kukho iindidi ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo ezifumana indawo yokuhlala nokutya apho. Esona silwanyana sinobona bukho bukhulu yiCoral, ethi nangona ingaphili idlala eyona ndima ibalulekileyo kwi-ecosystem. Fumana apha malunga neentlobo ezikhoyo zeekorale.
Iintlobo zeekorale
Xa siva igama elithi Coral, imifanekiso ye-Great Barrier Reef yase-Australia ifika ngokukhawuleza engqondweni, ngaphandle kobukho bezi zilwanyana ezenza i-calcareous exoskeletons, ulwalwa olunjalo, oluyimfuneko kubomi bolwandle, alunakubakho. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeekorale ziyaziwa, kubandakanywa ezinye zendalo ethambileyo. Kodwa, ngaba uyazi ukuba zingaphi iindidi zeekorale ezikhoyo? Kule nqaku uya kukwazi ukufumana malunga neentlobo zayo, kunye neempawu zayo ezibalulekileyo kunye neendawo.
Iimpawu zeCoral
Iikorali ziyinxalenye yeCnidaria phylum, njengejellyfish. Uninzi lwazo luhlelwe kwiklasi ye-Anthozoa, nangona kukho ezinye ze-Hydrozoa. Ziyi-hydrozoans ezivelisa i-calcareous skeleton, ebizwa ngokuba yi-fire corals kuba ukuluma kwazo kuyingozi. Ziyinxalenye yeingqaqa zekorale. Nangona uninzi lweentlobo zekorale zifumaneka kwiingqaqa ezishushu kumanzi olwandle, zikwahlala kumanzi emimandla ebandayo.
Iintlobo ezininzi zeekorale zaselwandle kunye neentlobo ze-6.000 zaziwa. Sinokufumana iintlobo zeekorale ezinzima, ezo zine-calcareous exoskeleton, ezinye zine-flexible horny skeleton kwaye abanye abenzi i-skeleton ngokwayo, kodwa bane-spicules efakwe kwi-tissue ye-dermal, esebenza njengokukhusela. Uninzi lweekorale zikhona kwi-symbiosis kunye ne-zooxanthellae (i-symbiotic photosynthetic algae) ezibonelela ngokutya kwazo okuninzi.
Ezinye zezi zilwanyana ziqokelelana kumathanga amakhulu kwaye ezinye zihlala zodwa. Uneentente emlonyeni ezivumela ukuba ziqokelele ukutya okudada emanzini. Ngokungathi sisisu, banomngxuma onenyama ebizwa ngokuba yi-gastrodermis, enokuthi ibe septate okanye ene-nematocysts (iiseli ezihlabayo, njengejellyfish) kunye nepharynx edityaniswe nesisu.
Zeziphi Iindidi zeeCorals?
Iindidi ezininzi zeekorale zenza iingqaqa, zezo zibonisa i-symbiosis ne-zooxanthellae kwaye zibizwa ngokuba zii-hermatypic corals. Iikorale ezingabi ziingqaqa zezodidi lwe-ahermatypic. Olu luhlelo esiya kulusebenzisa ukuqonda iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeekorale. Iikorali zinokuzalana ngokungafaniyo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kodwa zisazala ngokwesondo.
IiCorals zeHermatypic
Iikorale zeHermatypic ziintlobo zeekorale ezinzima, zineexoskeleton zamatye ezenziwe ngecalcium carbonate. Olu hlobo lwe-coral lusengozini enkulu ngenxa yesongelo esibangelwa yinto ebizwa ngokuba yi "coral bleaching". Umbala wayo uvela kubudlelwane bayo be-symbiotic kunye ne-zooxanthellae.
Ezi microalgae, awona mboneleli ngamandla weekorale, aphantsi komngcipheko ngenxa yokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu elwandle ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukukhanya kwelanga kunye nezinye izifo. Xa i-zooxanthellae itshabalala, iikorale zijika zibe mhlophe kwaye zife, yiyo loo nto amakhulu eengcongolo zekorale ziye zabhanga. Ezinye zeentlobo zeekorale ezinzima ziquka:
I-Genus Acropora okanye iStaghorn Corals:
- Acropora cervicornis
- acropora palmata
- ukwanda kwe-acropora
I-Genus Agaricia okanye i-Flat Corals:
- Agaricia udata
- Agaricia fragilis
- Agaricia tenuifolia
Iikorale zobuchopho, zemigangatho eyahlukeneyo:
- Diploria Clivosa
- Colpophyllia natans
- IDiploria labyrinthiformis
Uhlobo lweekorale zeHydrozoan okanye iikorale zomlilo:
- Millepora alcicornis
- I-stylaster roseus
- Millepora squarrosa
IiCorals zeAhermatypic
Into ephambili ye-ahermatypic corals kukuba ayinayo i-calcareous skeleton, nangona ikwazi ukugcina ubudlelwane be-symbiotic kunye ne-zooxanthellae. Ke ngoko, abazenzi iingqaqa zekorale, nangona kunjalo, banokwenza iikoloni. Iigorgonians amathambo awo enziwe zizinto zeprotheyini ezizikhupha ngokwazo zibaluleke kakhulu kweli qela. Ukongeza koku, i-spicules ifumaneka ngaphakathi kwezicubu zayo ezinomzimba, ezisebenza njengenkxaso kunye nokukhusela. Ezinye zeentlobo ze-gorgonians zezi:
- ellisella elongata
- Irrigorgia sp.
- Acanella sp.
IiCorals eziMbonda
Olunye uhlobo lwekorale ethambileyo lunokufumaneka kuLwandle lweMeditera kunye noLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki, ngeli xesha ukusuka kwi-Octocorallia subclass, isandla somntu ofileyo (Alcyonium palmatum). Ikorale ethambileyo engazinzanga ehlala ematyeni. Ezinye iikorali zendalo ethambileyo, ezifana nezo zeCapnella, zibonisa i-arboreal conformation, i-branching evela kwisiqu esiphambili. Kukho iikorale zendalo enombhobho okanye engeyiyo i-porous, ene-skeletons yokuqala ye-porous evumela ukuba iipolyps zabo zihlangane kwi-skeleton. Ezo corals zilukhuni ezingenazo ii-porous zinamathambo aqinileyo namakhulu.
Zizala njani iikorale?
Ukuzala kwabo kunokuba ngokwesondo okanye i-asexual. Kwimeko yokuqala, amaqanda adityaniswa ngaphakathi kwaye afukame ngaphandle okanye ngaphakathi kwi-polyps okanye angaqhanyiswa ngaphandle, okukhokelela kwimibungu ye-planktonic ehamba emanzini olwandle okanye imibungu ekhula kwindawo yekorale. Kwimeko yokuveliswa kwe-asexual, kungenxa ye-cloning by budding.
Yintoni iiCoral Reefs?
Ukubaluleka kweingqaqa zekorale kulele kwinto yokuba zenza i-biome eneempawu ezikhethekileyo ngenxa yeendlela zazo ezahlukeneyo nezimangalisayo zobomi. Iikorali zenziwe ngamaqela ahlukeneyo e-cnidarians, ama-exoskeletons anemilo eyahlukeneyo kwaye asetyenziswa yi-sponges, i-algae kunye nezinye ii-corals ukuze ziphile.
Ukwahlukana okukhulu kwee-microorganisms, i-invertebrates kunye neentlanzi zihlala kwezi ndawo zokuhlala ezimangalisayo. Yiyo loo nto zijongwa njengenye yezona ndawo zininzi zendalo ezahlukahlukeneyo nezinemveliso kwiplanethi. Ukongeza, ziindawo ezibuthathaka kakhulu eziphantsi kwezoyikiso ezahlukeneyo ezinjengokungcoliseka kwendalo kunye nezinye izilwanyana ezitya izilwanyana ezinjenge starfish Crown-of-thorns (Acanthaster planci).
Zifumaneka phi?
Zinokufumaneka kumanzi ashushu, angafihliyo kwaye azolile. Ukuhanjiswa kwayo kudityaniswa nobushushu bamanzi, ubunzulu, ubunzulu bokukhanya, iqondo letyuwa, isiphithiphithi kunye nentlenga. Obona bushushu bokukhula buphakathi kwe 20 kunye ne 28 ºC. Ngokumalunga nobunzulu, iimitha ezingama-25 okanye ngaphantsi bubunzulu obufanelekileyo.
Amanzi angekho nzulu awakulungeli ukukhula nokukhula kwawo, ekubeni imitha yelanga ye-ultraviolet ayikuvumeli ukusasazeka kwawo okuqhelekileyo. Kodwa kubunzulu obukhulu kunobo kuthethwa ngabo, ukukhanya okuphantsi kuthintela iphotosynthesis. Eyona tyuwa ifanelekileyo inamalungu angama-35/kwiwaka, kodwa eminye imizekelo ixhasa iiyantlukwano phakathi kwamalungu ali-18/kwiwaka kunye nama-70/kwiwaka. Isiphithiphithi samanzi sikwawonakalisa ukukhula kweekorale ekubeni amaza angaguqukiyo enokubangela ukuba zophuke.
Okokugqibela, ubungakanani bentlenga enqunyanyisiweyo kokusingqongileyo bunokubachaphazela ngokunciphisa ubunzulu bokukhanya kwelanga. Uninzi lweingqaqa zekorale kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zeelwandle zinecandelo elingaphambili elivuleleke kulwandlekazi oluvulekileyo, apho ukhula oluninzi lwekorale lwenzeka, kunye necandelo elingekho nzulu, malunga nemitha ubunzulu. Inxalenye yamatye ezantsi yenziwe yi-coral debris kunye namathambo ezinye izinto eziphilayo.
Zeziphi iiKlasi zeReef?
Okwangoku iindidi ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zamkelwe njengenxalenye yokuhlelwa kwee-coral reefs. Zezi zilandelayo:
- Iingqaqa zeContour: yenza eyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yolu didi lwengqaqa kwaye ibekwe kufutshane nonxweme lweziqithi okanye amazwekazi.
- imiqobo yezixhobo: zicwangciswe ngokungqamene nonxweme kodwa zahlulwe elunxwemeni yichibi lobunzulu obuthile. Umzekelo wereferensi enkulu yiGreat Barrier Reef emelene nonxweme olukumntla-mpuma weOstreliya.
- iiatolls: Zimi phezu kweentaba-mlilo ezintywiliselweyo. Zibonisa ukumila kwesangqa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye zinechweba elingaphakathi.
Ezona zinto zibalulekileyo zeCoral Reefs
Olona lwandle lude yiGreat Barrier Reef, kude nonxweme lwaseQueensland eOstreliya, enommandla ongaphezulu kwama-2000 km², kwaye isesinye sezona zakhiwo zikhulu zendalo ehlabathini. Indawo yesijikelezi-langa enezona ntlobo zininzi zeekorale kunye nezona ntlobo zininzi zezinto eziphilayo kwiingqaqa zekorale yi-Coral Triangle, kuMzantsi-mpuma we-Asia, apho kubandakanywa iintlobo ezingaphezu kwama-500 zeekorale (76% yeentlobo zekorale ezaziwayo) ubuncinane 2228 iintlobo zeentlanzi.
Indawo yesibini enkulu yekorale emhlabeni yiMesoamerican Reef (egudle unxweme lwaseMexico, eBelize, eGuatemala naseHonduras), ikuLwandle lweCaribbean, kwaye inabela ngaphezu kweekhilomitha ezingama-700 ukusuka kwiPeninsula yaseYucatan ukuya kwiZiqithi zaseBay ukusuka elwandle. kunxweme olusemantla eHonduras. Nangona ithatha isithathu sobude beGreat Barrier Reef yaseOstreliya, iMesoamerican Caribbean Reef ilikhaya kwizinto ezininzi eziphilayo, kuquka iindidi ezingama-60 zeekorale kunye neendidi ezingaphezu kwama-500 zeentlanzi.
ngokoyikiswa kakhulu
Kuyo yonke iplanethi, iingqaqa ziphantsi kwesisongelo ngenxa yobushushu behlabathi obuqhubekayo, ukuxhatshazwa ngokugqithisileyo kunye nongcoliseko lolwandle. Uphawu olucacileyo lomonakalo wabo kukubona i-coral bleaching, eyenzekayo xa i-polyps kunye ne-zooxanthellae zitshabalala, okanye ukuguquka kombala kwinkangeleko yazo njengomqondiso wokuba zifile okanye ziphethwe sisifo esithile.
Usenokuba nomdla kula manqaku alandelayo:
- Izilwanyana zasemanzini zaseMexico
- Iintlanzi zamanzi anetyuwa
- Izilwanyana zaselwandle