Iingwenya zizilwanyana ezisuka kudidi lweReptilia kwaye zona ziyinxalenye yeCrocodylia order, ebandakanya ezinye ezirhubuluzayo ezinjengeengwenya, igharials kunye neengwenya zokwenyani, oko kukuthi, ezo zosapho lweCrocodylidae. Ukuba ufuna ukufunda ngakumbi ngazo zonke iintlobo zeengwenya ezikhoyo, qhubeka ufunda eli nqaku.
Iindidi zeeNgwenya
Izinyanya zezi zirhubuluzi zinkulu nezinkulu zidla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-crurotaros kwaye ngokutsho kwazo zonke izifundo zenzululwazi eziye zenziwa kulo mba, ezi zilwanyana zavela malunga nezigidi ezingama-240 zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Ngelo xesha, ezi zirhubuluzi zikhulu zafikelela kubukhulu obukhulu zaza zalawula phantse lonke ihlabathi.
Phezu kwako nje oku, namhlanje kukho malunga nama-23 kuphela eentlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo ezisasazwa kuyo yonke imimandla eshushu yehlabathi. Kuyo yonke imbali yabo, ezi zirhubuluzi kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo eziye zahlala emhlabeni zimele oothixo bokuzala, abadli bomphefumlo abadelekileyo kwaye baye baqwalaselwa njengemiqondiso yamandla.
Iimpawu zeNgwenya
Zonke iingwenya zizilwanyana ezidla inyama kakhulu kwaye zidla inyama. Kwelinye icala, ezi zilwanyana zinendlela yokuphila esemanzini apho zinokuphuma emanzini kangangeeyure eziliqela; Abadli ngokuba neengxaki ezininzi zokusebenza kunye nokuhamba ngaphandle kwendawo ehlala emanzini. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi zirhubuluzi zinokubonwa ziqokelelana ngokwamaqela amakhulu kakhulu zigcakamele ilanga, oku kungenxa yokuba iingwenya zizilwanyana ezihlala kwi-ectothermic, oko kukuthi, zifuna ukukhanya kwelanga ukunyusa ubushushu bomzimba wabo wonke.
Phakathi kweempawu zayo ze-anatomical, enye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo lulusu lwayo, oluqine kakhulu, lwenziwe ngamaxolo kwaye lunokubonakala ngemibala eyahlukeneyo enjengomdaka, eluhlaza okanye emnyama. Olu lusu lukhethekileyo lwenza kube lula kubo ukuba bazifihle ngelixa besephezu kwamanzi apho bahlala khona, bakwenza oku ngelixa belinde ixhoba elinokubakho ukuba lisondele kubo.
Iingwenya nazo zineempawu ezithile zomzimba ezivumela ukuba zihlale emanzini ixesha elide, zinamehlo kunye nempumlo phezulu kwentloko yazo, ngale ndlela, iingwenya zinokuphefumla kwaye zijonge zonke iintshukumo. okwenzekayo ngakuwe.
Ngoku, malunga nokuziphatha kwabo, bazizilwanyana ezinentlalontle ngokufanelekileyo, nangona zikwalawula kakhulu; enyanisweni, inyaniso yeyokuba iingwenya zezinye zezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo ezimbalwa ezenza amazwi. Ukongeza kule ntlalo yoluntu, isimo sengqondo sokuzala sabasetyhini sinokugxininiswa, njengoko baya kuhlala benyamekela amaqanda abo ngendlela esebenzayo kwaye, kwixesha elizayo, inzala yabo encinci.
Zihlala phi iingwenya?
Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ookhokho beengwenya baqala malunga ne-240 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo kwaye babenokusasazeka malunga neplanethi yonke. Ngaphandle kolu mmandla mkhulu ngaphambili, namhlanje abemi bawo banqunyelwe kuphela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zelizwekazi laseAsia, eMelika, eOceania, naseAfrika. Kwezi ndawo, zidla ngokubonwa kwi-ikhweyitha nakwiitropiki, apho amaqondo obushushu aphezulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze zikwazi ukuzala ngaphandle kwengxaki.
Ngokubanzi, iindawo zokuhlala zendalo zeengwenya yimigxobhozo emikhulu, imilambo kunye namachibi. Ngenxa yokuhlala komntu kunye nayo yonke into ebangele utshintsho lwemozulu, i-ecosystems apho ezi zirhubuluzi zihlala zisengozini kakhulu kwaye ngokuhamba kwexesha ziye zanyamalala ngokuthe ngcembe. Enyanisweni, lonke utshintsho lwemozulu luye lwabangela ukuba iintlobo ezininzi zeengwenya ezikhoyo namhlanje zigqalwe njengengozi enkulu yokuphela.
Zingaphi iindidi ezikhoyo?
I-oda yonke i-Crocodylia yenziwe ngeentsapho okanye iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeengwenya. Phakathi kwezi ntlobo ungafumana ezinye ezifana nezi zilandelayo:
- I-Alligatoridae, okanye i-caiman eyaziwa ngcono okanye i-alligators
- IGavialidae, ikwabizwa ngokuba ziingwenya zegharial
- Crodylidae, iingwenya zokwenyani
Okulandelayo, iintlobo zeengwenya ezingaphakathi kwezi ntsapho kunye neempawu zazo:
iingwenya zegharial
I-Gaviallidae, okanye eyaziwa kakhulu njengeengwenya ze-gharial, zizilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo eziyinxalenye yosapho lwe-Gaviallidae, nangona bekusoloko kukho impikiswano ejikeleze i-taxonomy yabo. Iingwenya zegharial ziphawulwa ngendlela enkulu ngokuba namehlo aqhumayo kunye nekhala elide kakhulu kwaye lincinci xa lithelekiswa nelinye lezinye izirhubuluzi zalo myalelo. Yimpumlo eluncedo kakhulu xa uzingela intlanzi, equka phantse konke ukutya kwayo.
Uninzi lweengwenya ze-gavial eziye zabakho zaphela zanyamalala ekupheliseni okwenzeka kwiTriassic-Jurassic; Namhlanje zimbini kuphela iintlobo zegharial ezaziwayo ezishiyekileyo emhlabeni, zezi zilandelayo:
- I-Tomistoma schlegelii, okanye eyaziwa ngokuba yi-False Gavial: Ezi zirhubuluzi zihlala zihlala kwiindawo ezithile zaseAsia, ngakumbi kumazwe anjengeMalaysia neIndonesia.
- Gavialis gangeticus, okanye eyaziwa ngokuba yiGharial Crocodile: Ikwahlala naseAsia, kodwa kuphela kwimimandla enamanzi amaninzi kuMlambo iGanges, eIndiya.
Iingwenya okanye iingwenya
I-Alligators okanye eyaziwa ngokuba zii-alligators, zizilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo ezifana neengwenya ezithi, zona, zenze usapho lonke olubizwa ngokuba yi-Alligatoridae. Ezi ngwenya zahlukile kwezinye iindidi ezikhoyo ngokuba nempumlo ebanzi kakhulu nemfutshane. Ukongeza kule nto, ngokungafaniyo nento enokwenzeka kwintsapho yaseCrocodylidae, i-alligators ayinayo kwaphela i-salt-excreting glands, kwaye ngenxa yolu phawu olufanayo, banokuphila kuphela emanzini amatsha. Kwintsapho yonke yeengwenya, iintlobo ezisibhozo ezahlukeneyo zeengwenya okanye iingwenya zinokufumaneka, ezidityaniswe kwezi 4 zilandelayo:
- Melanosuchus niger, okanye eyaziwa ngokuba yiOrinoco Black Caiman: Ezi zirhubuluzi zidla ngokuhlala ikakhulu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zemilambo yeOrinoco neAmazon, ezikuMzantsi Merika.
- ICayman, eyaziwa ngokuba yiYacarés okanye iiCaimans eziyinyani: Kukho iintlobo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zezi ngwenya, iCaimán cocodrilus, iCaimán yacaré kunye neCaimán latirostris, zonke zihlala kwiNeotropics kuphela.
- Ingwenya, okanye eyaziwa ngokuba zii-Alligators: Kwezi ngwenya kukho iindidi ezimbini kuphela ezahlukeneyo. Enye yezi zisasazwa kuwo wonke ummandla waseTshayina, esi silwanyana saziwa ngokuba yi-Alligator sinensis okanye ingwenya yaseTshayina. Kwelinye icala, sifumana i-Alligator mississippiensis, okanye eyaziwa ngcono ngokuba yingwenya yaseMelika, ezizingwenya ezifumaneka kuphela kwimigxobhozo nakwimilambo ekumzantsi-mpuma we-United States of America.
- I-Paleosuchus, okanye eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Dwarf Caimans: Ngaphakathi kolu didi ungafumana ingwenya encinci, okanye njengoko igama layo lezenzululwazi libonisa, iPaleosuchus palpebrosis; kunye nePaleosuchus trigonatus, okanye eyaziwa ngakumbi njenge caimán postruso. Zombini ezi zirhubuluzi zifumaneka kuphela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zaseAmazon.
iingwenya zokwenyani
Ngoku, usapho lweCrocodylidae luthathwa njengelona qela lahlukeneyo lazo zonke iintlobo zeengwenya ezikhoyo. Ngokophononongo lwakutsha nje, ezi zirhubuluzi zaqala ukubonakala e-Australasia ekuqaleni kwexesha le-Eocene, malunga nezigidi ezingama-56 zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Emva koku, iingwenya zaqala ukoyisa iMelika kunye neAfrika, amazwekazi apho amanzi acocekileyo kunye namanzi anebrackish maninzi kakhulu.
Ngaphakathi kweentlobo zeengwenya zokwenyani zibandakanyiwe zezona ntlobo zininzi. Umzekelo woku yiCrocodylus niloticus, okanye eyaziwa ngokuba yingwenya yomNayile, isirhubuluzi esinokufikelela kubude obuphakathi kweemitha ezintlanu ukuya kwezintandathu. Ukongezelela kwezi, iingwenya zizilwanyana eziphila ixesha elide kakhulu, eyona nto iqhelekileyo kukuba ziphila phakathi kweminyaka engama-50 nama-80. Zizilwanyana ezinezihlunu ezomeleleyo nezinkulu, ukongezelela kwimihlathi yazo enamandla amakhulu; kwakhona, kulo mhlathi mnye kufika amazinyo abo amakhulu ukuba xa uvala umlomo wabo ngaphandle ngokupheleleyo.
Olunye lweempawu zayo ezibalaseleyo yimpumlo yayo, ethi igxadazele ukusuka kwisiseko sayo ukuya kutsho kwincam, ngaphezu kokuba ibe nde kakhulu xa ithelekiswa naleyo yeengwenya. Ngaphezu kwamehlo nolwimi lwazo, zinamadlala akhupha ityuwa; kwangesi sizathu sinye, iingwenya zokwenyani zinokufunyanwa emanzini anamanqanaba asezantsi etyuwa, njengeedelta zomlambo okanye imigxobhozo. Obu buchule sesona sizathu sokuba ookhokho babo bakwazi ukuwela ulwandle lonke lwePasifiki kunye noLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki ngempumelelo kwiziqu zemithi eyathi yakhukuliseka emva kwesaqhwithi esinamandla.
Namhlanje, kukho malunga ne-13 ukuya kwi-14 kuphela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeengwenya zokwenyani, iintlobo zazo ezidityaniswe ngokwezigaba ezintathu ezahlukeneyo. Ezi ntlobo zezi zilandelayo:
- Crocodylus, okanye eyaziwa ngokuba Crocodiles: Olu lolona hlobo lweentlobo ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo kuzo zonke iintlobo zeengwenya, kwaye olu hlobo lubandakanya malunga neentlobo ezili-11 ezisasazwa kulo lonke elaseAfrika, eMelika, eOceania naseAsia. Phakathi kwezona ntlobo zaziwa kakhulu unokufumana i-Crocodylus acutus, okanye eyaziwa ngokuba yingwenya yaseMelika, kunye neCrocodylus niloticus, okanye eyaziwa ngokuba yingwenya yomNayile, eyona ntlobo iphuma eAfrika.
- I-Osteolaemus tetraspis, okanye i-Dwarf Crocodile: Namhlanje kukho iingxoxo ezininzi malunga nokuba kukho iindidi ezimbini okanye enye kuphela. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, abantu bezi ntlobo zimbini ezinokwenzeka bahlala eAfrika kuphela.
- I-Mecistops cataphractus, okanye i-Slender-snouted Crocodile: Olu luhlobo lwengwenya ehlala kumzantsi-ntshona weAfrika kwaye namhlanje isengozini enkulu yokuphela.
iingwenya zamanzi anetyuwa
Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, iingwenya zokwenyani, okanye ezaziwa ngokuba yiCrocodylidae, zinamadlala ngaphezu kwamehlo nangaphezulu kolwimi lwazo ezivumela ukuba "zikhale" yonke ityuwa engena emzimbeni wazo. Ibinzana elaziwayo elithi "iinyembezi zengwenya" livela kolu phawu, nangona ingezizo iinyembezi ngokwenene, kodwa yindlela efanelekileyo yokulawula ukugcwala kwetyuwa enokubakho emzimbeni wakho. Olu phawu lukhulu luye lwavumela iintlobo ezininzi zeengwenya ukuba zingene ngempumelelo elwandle kwizigidi zeminyaka.
Ingwenya yaselwandle
Ngaphakathi kusapho lweCrocodylidae, kukho uhlobo olubizwa ngokuba yingwenya yaselwandle, olu hlobo yiCrocodylys porosus, isirhubuluzi esihlala kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zoMzantsi Asia, ngakumbi kumazwe anjengeIndonesia, Malaysia kunye neePhilippines. Ezi zirhubuluzi zikholisa ukuhlala ikakhulu kwimigxobhozo, emilanjeni, kumachweba anamanzi amtyuba kunye nasemachibini, nangona kunjalo, iingwenya zaselwandle zinomthamo omkhulu kakhulu wokunyamezela amanzi anetyuwa ephezulu kakhulu. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, zinokubonwa elwandle xa zizingela iintlanzi.
IiThalatosuchians
Kukho i-suborder ebizwa ngokuba yiThalattosuchia, liqela lezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo zaselwandle ezinxulumene neengwenya. Ezi zilwanyana yayizizilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo ezinemilo yecilikishe, amaphiko entlanzi kunye nentloko yengwenya. Ngethuba lexesha leCretaceous, ezi zilwanyana zazihlala ngokuthe ngqo kunye needinosaurs kwaye zihlala kwiilwandle ezininzi zehlabathi de ekugqibeleni zaphela. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, banokuhlelwa ngempazamo njengolunye uhlobo lwe-dinosaur yolwandle.
Uninzi lwala manzi anetyuwa "iingwenya" zinempumlo ende, efana kakhulu naleyo yeengwenya zegharial, yiyo loo nto kukholelwa ukuba zondla kakhulu kwiintlanzi. Uninzi lwezi zilwanyana zafikelela kubude obuphakathi kweemitha ezilithoba ukuya kwezilishumi, njengoko yayinjalo iMachimosaures rex. Ngenxa yokwakheka kwazo, kuye kwacingelwa ukuba iithalatosuchians zizilwanyana ezihlala emhlabeni, ngoko ke zazikwazi ukuphuma ziye kunxweme lonxweme ukuya kutshiswa lilanga okanye zizalele amaqanda azo.
Ukuba ufuna ukufunda ngakumbi malunga nezirhubuluzi okanye izilwanyana ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi, kuyacetyiswa ukuba ungalishiyi iphepha ungakhange uqale ufunde elinye lala manqaku mathathu: