Iminenga zizilwanyana ezanyisayo eziziqhelanise ngokupheleleyo nobomi basemanzini kwaye zithathwa njengezona zilwanyana zikhulu kwiplanethi. Baphuma kwizidalwa zasemhlabeni ezabuyela elwandle emva kokuphila izigidi zeminyaka emhlabeni. Ukugcina isakhelo sazo esikhulukazi kufuneka zondle ngamanani amakhulu kwezinye zezona zidalwa zincinci zaselwandle. Fumana apha ngezantsi malunga neendidi zeminenga.
Iintlobo zeminenga
Kusengumbono omangalisayo ukucinga okokuqala ngeqela leminenga enkululeko. Ukongezelela ekumangalisweni, ubani uyalukuhla xa eqwalasela indlela ezi zilwanyana zanyisayo zikhulu zihamba ngayo ngobungangamsha obunjalo ukutyhubela iilwandlekazi. La ngamathuba esikuqonda ngawo ukuba asibalulekanga kunye nendlela elinokuba ncinane ngayo eli hlabathi kwizilwanyana ezikhulu nezigqalwa njengezona zikhulu emhlabeni.
Unyango
Igama lomnenga, elivela kwi-Latin ballaena, eliqhelekileyo kwi-phalaina yesiGrike, linemvelaphi engaqinisekanga ye-etymological. Intsingiselo yayo ayinakungaziwa ukuba ivela kulwimi lwaseMeditera yakudala, okanye ukuba ibivela kwimvelaphi yaseIndo-yaseYurophu, mhlawumbi i-Illyrian, mhlawumbi ibiya kubhekisa kwisimo esisilinda okanye esinobukhulu obuqhelekileyo bolu sapho. Ezi cetaceans zaziwa ngokuba yiCetus, intlanzi enkulu, iLeviyatan okanye i-monster yaselwandle. I-baleen, njengoko ebizwa ngokuba yi-keratinous sheets eyenza ukuba ikwazi ukuhluza ukutya emanzini, ikwabizwa ngokuba yiminenga, kwaye ngesiNgesi ibizwa ngokuba yi-baleen.
Inkcazo yeTaxonomic
Umnenga sisilwanyana esanyisayo sosapho lwecetacean, apho amahlengesi kunye neeporpoises nazo zadityaniswa. Igama elithi "umnenga" ligama elingacacanga kakhulu elinokukhokelela kwisiphithiphithi, kuba, ngokomzekelo, i-orcas, ebizwa ngokuba yiminenga ebulalayo, ayingomnenga kodwa ngamahlengesi. Ngokuqhelekileyo nayiphi na i-cetacean enkulu ibizwa ngokuba yi "whale", engachanekanga. Ukulibeka ngokuchanekileyo, igama libhekisela kubantu ngabanye beentsapho ze-Balaenidae kunye ne-Neobalaenidae, ngelixa i-cetaceans yentsapho yaseBalaenopteridae ibizwa ngokuba yi-fin whales.
Konke oku kwenza umntu abhideke, ngoko ukwenza ukuhlelwa kwawo kube lula, iminenga yahlulwe yaba yiminenga ye-baleen, eyinxalenye ye-mysticete suborder, kunye neminenga enamazinyo, eyinxalenye ye-odontocete suborder. I-Mysticetes yiklasi yeminenga enobukho obukhulu kakhulu, kuba idibanisa iintsapho ezine ezahlukeneyo kunye neentlobo ezili-15:
Usapho lwe-Balaenidae:
- Isini sikaBalaena:
- I-Bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus)
- Uhlobo lwe-Eubalaena:
- Umnenga wasemaZantsi okanye waMazantsi (Eubalaena australis)
- Umnenga womkhenkce okanye uMntla wasekunene (Eubalaena glacialis)
- Umnenga waseMntla wePasifiki (Eubalaena japonica)
Usapho lweNeobalaenidae:
-
- Umnenga oLungileyo wePygmy okanye uMnenga oLungileyo (iCaperea marginata)
Usapho lwe-Eschrichtiidae:
- Uhlobo lwe-Eschrichtius:
- Umnenga oNgwevu (Eschrichtius robustus)
I-Balaenopteridae yosapho:
- Uhlobo lwe-Balaenoptera:
- Iminenga eFin (Balaenoptera physalus)
- Umnenga weBoreal okanye uMntla (Balaenoptera borealis)
- Umnenga kaBryde (Balaenoptera brydei)
- I-Tropical Fin Whale (Balaenoptera edeni)
- I-Fin whale okanye umnenga oBlue (Balaenoptera musculus)
- I-Aliblanco okanye iMinke Whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)
- Iminenga yaseAustral (Balaenoptera bonaerensis)
- Umnenga kaOmura (Balaenoptera omurai)
- Uhlobo lweMegaptera:
- Umnenga weHumpback okanye iYubarta (Megaptera novaeangliae)
Kwelinye icala, kwaye njengenxalenye ye-suborder ye-odontocetes ziidolphin kunye neeporpoise ngaphandle kolu sapho lulandelayo:
Usapho lwePhyseteridae:
- Uhlobo lwePhyseter:
- I-Sperm Whale (iPhyseter macrocephalus)
Izixhobo
Indlela umnenga oyilwe ngayo kunye nokwakheka kwayo intsonkothe kakhulu, yiyo loo nto ikwazi ukuphila emanzini. Kungumbulelo kumaphiko azo e-pectoral kunye ne-dorsal ukuze akwazi ukuhamba emanzini kwaye akwazi ukugcina ukulungelelaniswa kwawo. Bakwanemingxuma yokuphefumla kwindawo ephezulu yemizimba yabo, apho baphefumla umoya, ukuze bantywilisele phantsi kwamanzi kangangexesha elithile, ngaphambi kokuba banyukele phezulu ukuze bafumane omnye umoya. Olu luphawu lweminenga olubenza bahluke ngokuqinisekileyo kwezinye izinto eziphila emanzini.
Olona phawu lwahlukileyo lweminenga kukuba, ngaphandle kweminenga yamadlozi, zizidalwa ezingenamazinyo. Uninzi lwazo luneendevu ezinceda ukuhluza amanzi xa lukhangela ukutya kwalo. Ngokuchaseneyo neentlanzi, iicetaceans zihlala zinemisila yazo ibekwe ngokuthe tye. Ukuba necaudal fin ngale ndlela kuluncedo olukhulu, ekubeni kunye nemisipha yayo enamandla, inokukhula isantya esiphezulu kwaye igcine imatshi engaguqukiyo kulo lonke ixesha lokufuduka kwayo ixesha elide.
Ekubeni zizilwanyana ezanyisayo, aziqhelani nokuphefumla ngaphantsi kwamanzi, ngoko ke kufuneka zihlale phezu komhlaba ukuze zifumane umoya. Ziyakwazi ukuphefumla ngeempumlo ezibizwa ngokuba zii<em>spiracles, eziphezu kwentloko. I-Mysticetes idla ngokuba ne-spiracles ezimbini kunye ne-odontocetes enye. Iminenga ifuduka ngokwexesha lonyaka, ehlotyeni isiya ezipalini ukuze itye yaye ebusika ihla iye kumanzi akweleenjiko ukuze ikwazi ukuzala.
Olunye uphawu oluphawuleka kakhulu ngamanqatha amakhulu ajikeleze umzimba wawo wonke. La mafutha afunyanwa ekutyeni kwaye anceda ukukugcina ufudumele. Ekubeni zizizidalwa ezinegazi elishushu, amanqatha enza umaleko ogqibeleleyo azikhusela ngawo kwingqele eqhaqhazelis’ amazinyo xa efika kumanzi akwincam yencam. Iminenga kunye neecetaceans zizilwanyana ezihlala kakhulu ezihlala zihamba ngokwamaqela abantu abaninzi.
Kutheni iminenga ine baleen?
Iminenga, ngaphandle kwe<em>sperm whale, ine<em>baleen yokucoca ukutya kwayo. Ngokukhula kwayo ngendaleko, imihlathi yayo engaphezulu iye yagoba ukuze ibe nendawo yokuntywiliselwa iindevu ezenziwe nge<em>keratin, kwakunye neenzipho zomntu neempondo zezilwanyana ezithile. Ezi ntshebe zinencam ezonakeleyo, zimile okwenxantathu kwaye zigudile kwaye ziyathambile. Ngokuqhelekileyo zicwangciswa emlonyeni womnenga kwimiqolo emibini enxuseneyo, njengekama, ukuze zihluzwe ngcono. Zinokuquka i-100 ukuya kwi-400 ye-baleen ngokuxhomekeke kwiindidi zomnenga.
Ibhaleen ibalulekile ukuze iminenga izondle. Xa zidada, zizalisa imilomo yazo ngamanzi yaye kamva, ngoncedo lwezihlunu zomqala nolwimi, zikhupha amanzi emlonyeni ukuze ukutya kuvaleleke phakathi kwebaleen. Inkcukacha enomdla kukuba iimbumba ze-baleen zinamazinyo, kodwa ezi ziphinda zifakwe kwaye zitshintshwe yi-baleen ngaphambi kokuzalwa.
Itya ntoni iminenga?
Iminenga itya ikakhulu ikrill kunye neecrustaceans ezithobekileyo ezifana ne-copepods kunye ne-amphipods, nangona ukutya kwabo kunokwahluka phakathi kweentlobo.
Bazondla njani?
Ngokuqhelekileyo basebenzisa iindlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zokutyisa, ukuxubha kunye nokukhupha amagwebu. Eyokuqala ixhaphake kakhulu phakathi kweminenga, enomphetho wesikhumba phantsi kwemihlathi eyivumela ukuba ibe banzi imilomo yayo kwaye iginye isixa esikhulu samanzi nokutya. Njengoko sele sichazile, emva kokuvala umlomo wabo banyanzelisa amanzi ukuba aphume phakathi kwee-barbs zabo ukuze ukutya kubanjwe phakathi kweebarbs.
Ukukhupha ugwebu yindlela esetyenziswa kakhulu yiminenga elungileyo. Zitya ngokuhamba kancinane phezu kwamanzi, zinyanzelela imisinga yamanzi kwimiqolo yazo emide. Ngokwahlukileyo ekugibeni, apho zityela kwi-gulp enye, ukukhupha ugwebu kukutya okusisigxina. Eminye iminenga isebenzisa zombini iindlela zokutyisa, nangona ukuginya yeyona isetyenziswa kakhulu. Kwelinye icala, iminenga ekuthiwa yi<em>sperm whales, eyi<em>odontocetes, izingela amaxhoba ayo ukuze iwatye, i<em>squid enkulu edumileyo.
Kutheni iminenga icula? Bakwenza njani oko?
Isizathu sokuba bacule asaziwa, kodwa kucingwa ukuba bacula njengendlela yokunxibelelana, oko kukuthi, baculela ukusebenzisana noontanga babo, ngokukodwa xa bekhetha amaqabane ngesondo. I-Mysticetes ayinalo ulwakhiwo oluya kubavumela ukuba benze i-echolocate njengoko i-odontocetes yenza, ngoko akwaziwa ukuba zivelisa njani izandi. Kuyabonakala ukuba le minenga iyakwazi ukuvelisa izandi ngengxolo yayo, nangona kunjalo, ayinazo iintambo zelizwi, ngoko iseyintsonkotha iyonke indlela ezenza ngayo izandi.
Ekubeni ingqiqo yabo yokubona ingasebenzi kakhulu ngaphantsi kwamanzi, i-cetaceans, izidalwa zentlalo, zixhomekeke kakhulu kwisandi ukunxibelelana nomnye. Ngokuyintloko bacula, kuba emanzini, isandi sisebenza ngakumbi kunasemoyeni, ukuze eli candelo lithande unxibelelwano phakathi kwabantu abahlulwe ziikhilomitha ezininzi. Iminenga ivelisa uthotho lwee-low-frequency grunts, screeches, impempe, kunye nokubhomboloza, kwaye le minenga ifikelela imigama emide ngaphantsi kwamanzi kune-high-frequency.
Ubuninzi bezandi ezikhutshwa yiminenga enamazinyo zisuka kuma-40 Hz ukuya kuma-325 kHz, ngelixa ezo zeminenga zisuka kwi-10 Hz ukuya kuma-31 kHz. Abo bahlala kwimimandla ekufutshane badla ngokucula iingoma ezifanayo, ngoxa iminenga ekwimimandla ekude ivelisa izandi ezahluke ngokupheleleyo.
Njengenyaniso enomdla, uphando lwakutsha nje lubonise ukuba iminenga emininzi isebenzisa indawo yomqolo wamanzi, ebizwa ngokuba yi-oceanographers njenge "SOFAR channel", ukunxibelelana phakathi kwabo, ngendlela yokuba izandi zabo zifikelele kwiindawo ezikude. Lo mmandla usebenza njengesikhokelo samaza esandi, ukuze izandi ezidlula kweli jelo zisasazeke ngokulula kulo lonke ulwandle.
Zivelisa njani?
Iminenga izala ngokwesondo nazo zonke izilwanyana ezanyisayo. Bafuna ukudibana ngokwesondo phakathi kwezifundo ezibini zesini esahlukileyo kunye nokuchumisa kwangaphakathi ukuba kwenzeke. Kwiintlobo ezininzi, ukuzala kuxhomekeke kwixesha lonyaka kwaye kwezinye, njengeminenga ye-baleen, kuya kuxhomekeka ekufudukeni. Ekugqibeleni, kuzo zombini izini kukho ukwanda komsebenzi wehomoni xa usondela kwiindawo zokuzalela, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuhluka kobude bemini okanye kubushushu bamanzi.
Ngenxa yenkcitho enkulu yamandla ekukhulelweni okubhekiselele kumzekelo wabasetyhini, eyona nto iqhelekileyo kukuba ukuzala kweminenga ye-baleen kwenzeka rhoqo kwiminyaka emibini okanye emithathu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-odontocetes inamaxesha ahlukeneyo okuzala, ngaphandle kweminenga yesidoda ethi, kunye neminenga ye-baleen, ivame ukuzala rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini okanye emithathu okanye ngaphezulu, kuba ukukhulelwa kuthatha malunga neenyanga ezili-18 kwaye i-sperm whales iyakhula. bahlala noonina ixesha elide kunesiqhelo.
Akukho ntlobo ye-cetacean ene-monogamous, iinkunzi zinokukhwelana neemazi ezahlukeneyo ngemini enye. Kudla ngokubakho ukusukuzana okuninzi phakathi kweenkunzi ngalo lonke ixesha lokuzala. Iimazi azizozidalwa, kodwa zinamandla okukhetha iqabane lawo kwaye zingavumi ukuba neentlobano zesini nendoda ezingayithandiyo.
Njengeenkcukacha ezinomdla, ngokungafaniyo neminye iminenga ye-baleen, kukho ukukhuphisana okuncinci phakathi kweminenga elungileyo xa kuziwa ekuveliseni. Bathembela kwindlela enoxolo ngakumbi, endaweni yokwenza ungquzulwano ngokwasemzimbeni, benza umlo wamadlozi. Iqela leenkunzi likhwelana nemazi enye, ukuba liyathanda, lize lilindele ukuba amadlozi azo akhuphisane ukuze abone ukuba ngubani ofika kuqala eqandeni.
Ukufuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba isidoda sakhe sinethuba lokuchumisa iqanda kwimazi, iinkunzi ze-right whale zinamasende makhulu kuzo zonke izilwanyana, ngalinye lifikelela kwi-500 kilos ubunzima. Ngendlela yokuba, ngokuba nomthwalo ophakamileyo wamadlozi, kuwenza akwazi ukubeka amadlozi awo kumabhinqa amaninzi aze ngaloo ndlela akhulise amathuba okuqhamisa iqanda. Emva kokuba bezelwe, "iintsana" aziseli ubisi ngaphezu konyaka.
Ukuziphatha
Enye yezona zinto zimangalisayo ezenziwa yiminenga kukutsiba kwayo okwahlukileyo. Eyona nto “itsibayo” kakhulu yiminenga ekuthiwa yi-humpback. Nangona injongo yale mitsi ingaziwa, kuye kwacetywa iingcamango ezininzi, ezinjengokugxothwa kwezifunxi-gazi, ukulumkisa abantu abanokuthi bangene, ukutsala oontanga babo, okanye enye indlela yokunxibelelana.
Enye indlela yokuziphatha rhoqo kukubonisa amaphiko e-pectoral emanzini, kwaye ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukubetha amanzi kunye nabo. Ziye zabonwa kananjalo zibetha amanzi ngamaphiko omsila. Isizathu sokuziphatha yi-enigma epheleleyo kwaye iphendula kwiithiyori ezifanayo njengokutsiba.
Indlela yokuziphatha enomdla kakhulu eboniswa yiminenga ethile buntlola. Ngamanye amaxesha baye bakhuphe iintloko zabo emanzini ukuze babone okwenzekayo ngeenxa zonke kubo. Ekubeni ukubonakala okusemoyeni kulunge ngakumbi kunangaphantsi kwamanzi, le nkqubo ibavumela ukuba bahlole abo barhanelwa ukuba bahlaseli abazulazula kuloo mmandla, njengokubona umnenga obulalayo. Ngokomzekelo, iminenga ebulalayo idla ngokuncamathela iintloko ikhangela oonombombiya neentini ezifumaneka emkhenkceni.
Yini na ukuba baphoswe elunxwemeni?
Iminenga ibaleka emhlabeni ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo, ikwazi ukufika iphila okanye ifile, yodwa okanye ingamaqela elunxwemeni. Izizathu zokuvela kweempawu ezinjalo kunokuba zihluke:
- Uninzi lwazo ludla ngokutyiwa kulwandle oluphakamileyo, ngendlela yokuba xa lufika elunxwemeni, lufike lurhuqwa yimimoya nemisinga, lusadada ngenxa yeegesi zokubola. Kwiimeko ezinjalo badla ngokuba ngabantu ababodwa.
- Olona qikelelo luphambeneyo lucinga ukuba bangokuzibulala okanye nokuba bazama ukubuyela kwimvelaphi yabo esemhlabeni.
- Uphando olunzulu, lwenzululwazi, nolunengqiqo ngakumbi lubonisa ukuba iintlobo zezilwanyana ezinezinga eliphezulu lokuxinana zezo zihlala ngokwamaqela akude kakhulu nonxweme. Ngamanye amaxesha ezi ntlobo zezilwanyana ziye zasukela amaxhoba azo ukuya ngaselunxwemeni, apho ukungaqhelani nokukhululeka konxweme kunokuba ngumba oqinisekileyo.
- Esinye isizathu sinokuba ziimpazamo kwi-"navigation system" yakho. Oku kunokubangelwa, umzekelo, ngokusuleleka okanye izifo ezinokuchaphazela ukulungelelanisa, indawo kunye nokulinganisela kwee-cetaceans.
- Kwelinye icala, ukukhululeka konxweme kudlala indima engaphaya, kuba uninzi lweziseko lwenzeka kwiindawo zokuthambekela okuphantsi, ekuqikelelwa ukuba zinokuphazamisa "iinkqubo zokukhangela" kunye ne-echolocation.
- Olunye uqikelelo oluphononongwayo kukuba, njengamafudo olwandle, iminenga isebenzisa imagnethi yomhlaba ukuze ikwazi ukuziqhelanisa nokuba, xa iwela iindawo ezinxamnye nezitenxo zemagnethi, iphulukana nokuqhelana nayo kwaye iphele ivaleleke elunxwemeni.
- Ngelishwa, esinye sezona zizathu zixhaphakileyo ezicetyiswayo namhlanje kukumiswa ngenxa yeesonara zomkhosi kunye nokugrunjwa kwe-oyile, nto leyo eyenza ingxolo enamandla kangangokuba iphazamise kwaye yaphule inkqubo yokhokelo elungeleleneyo nebuthathaka ngaphakathi.
Kutheni iminenga ifuduka?
Eyona njongo ibalulekileyo yokufuduka kukufuna ezona ndawo zintle zokutyisa nokufuya. Ngaphandle komnenga wetropikhi ohlala unyaka wonke kumanzi afudumeleyo kunye nomnenga waseGreenland ongazikhweliyo kumanzi amhlophe, yonke iminenga ye-baleen ifudukela emntla-emazantsi.
Iminenga idla ngokufudukela kwimimandla epholileyo ehlotyeni ngenxa yokuba ukunyibilika komkhenkce kubangela ukugqabhuka kobomi kula manzi. Njengenxalenye yobo bomi kukutya okuthandwayo kweminenga, i-krill kunye ne-copepods, abemi bayo banda ngokugqithisileyo kulo lonke ixesha lonyaka elixeliweyo.
Njengoko kuqala ubusika, imveliso yebhayoloji yolwandle olupholileyo iyancitshiswa, nto leyo ebangela ukuba iminenga iqalise ukufudukela kumanzi ashushu emazantsi ukuze iqalise umjikelo wayo wokuzala. Imimandla apho uninzi lwazo luzala khona ayaziwa ngokunqabileyo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba iyenzeka kumanzi ashushu, ashushu kunye namanzi anzulu. Oomama abanamathole asandul’ ukuzalwa bahlala ixesha elide kwiindawo ezikhankanyiweyo ukuze ithole liqinise kwaye likhule ngokwaneleyo ukuze likwazi ukujongana nokufuduka ixesha elide ukuya emantla.
Kuqikelelwa ukuba iminenga ye-baleen ayondli kulo lonke uhambo, nto leyo ethetha inkcitho enkulu yamandla. Kuhlala kusenzeka ukuba abasetyhini abancinci abancancisayo balahlekelwe ukuya kuthi ga kwi-50% yobunzima babo bomzimba. Eli dini lamandla lenzelwe inzuzo yokuvelisa, kuba kuqikelelwa ukuba amathole azalwa kwaye akhuliswe ngcono kumanzi afudumeleyo, ekubeni ngexesha lasebusika kukho ukutya okuncinci okufumaneka kumanzi amhlophe.
Noko ke, iminenga ebizwa ngokuba yi<em>bowhead whales, iminenga ebulalayo, i<em>beluga nee<em>narwhal iyawakhulisela amantshontsho ayo kula manzi, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni izazinzulu zizibuze ukuba iminenga inokufuduka iyokuzalela kude kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuze ithintele iminenga ebulalayo, engafudukiyo, engafuduki, ingahlaseli yaye ingadli. ematholeni.
Ziintoni ezizizilwanyana ezizingela kwiminenga?
Iminenga ebulalayo kunye nookrebe abathile bathathwa njengezona ziqwenga zibalulekileyo zeminenga, kwaye, ngokucacileyo, kubantu. Kwi-Arctic, iibhere ezimhlophe ziyakwazi ukuhlasela iminenga ebharhileyo. Iminenga ebulalayo ngokuyintloko ihlasela amathole, iququzelela ngokwamaqela ukwahlula unina kwithole kwaye ngaloo ndlela yenze uhlaselo olungcono kwithole. Kwezinye iimeko, banokuthi bahlasele abantu abadala ukuba babona ukuba kukho ithuba lokuphumelela.
iintlobo zeminenga
Nalu uluhlu lweentlobo zeminenga apho sichaza ezona mpawu zibalulekileyo zezi zilwanyana zanyisayo zikhulu zasemanzini:
I-Bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus)
Iminenga ene-Bowhead inomzimba omkhulu otyebileyo ongenamqolo. Zinemihlathi emikhulu ezivumela ukuba zigcine iindevu ezimalunga nama-300, ezimalunga neemitha ezi-3 ubude. Umzimba wayo wonke umnyama ngaphandle kwendawo encinane emhlophe esilevini. Ihamba ngokwamaqela athobekileyo angekho ngaphezu kwabantu aba-5, kodwa kwiindawo zokutya bangenza amaqela amakhulu.
Kuphela kodidi lomnenga oluchitha bonke ubomi bawo kumanzi amhlophe. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba, ngokuhlala kumanzi abandayo ngolo hlobo, i-metabolism yayo icotha, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ibe lolona hlobo loluntu lude lwaziwayo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, lufikelele kubomi obumalunga nama-200 eminyaka. Ubungakanani bomnenga we-bowhead buyahluka ngokwesini, iinkunzi zincinci kunemazi, zifikelela kwiimitha ezingama-20 ubude, ngelixa iinkunzi zinobude obuzimitha ezili-18 kuphela.
Abantu abadala banokufikelela kubunzima obufikelela kwiitoni ezili-100. Amantshontsho azalwa malunga neemitha ezi-4 ubude kwaye anobunzima obumalunga netoni enye. Zitya iicrustaceans ezithobekileyo ezifana nekrill, kunye neemolluscs ezincinci. Njengeminenga ye<em>baleen , itya ngokuhluza amanzi ngebhali yayo nokusebenzisa indlela yokuloba, okanye ngokulandela umkhondo wolwandle ishukumisa udaka ngemisila yayo ikhangela ii<em>crustaceans kunye ne<em>molluscs.
Njengoko sele sikhankanyile, ziphila unyaka wonke kumanzi asezinzulwini zolwandle, ngakumbi kumanzi akwi-arctic, kuwo wonke ummandla osisazinge, oko kukuthi, kwiArctic, emantla eKhanada naseAlaska, kumantla eGreenland nakumantla eRashiya. Ukufuduka kwabo kuthintelwe ukuhamba phambili kunye nokuhlehla komkhenkce unyaka wonke bekhangela ukutya. Ngokutsho kweInternational Union for Conservation of Nature, iminenga ebizwa ngokuba yi<em>bowhead whale idweliswe njengezilwanyana ezisesichengeni.
Umnenga wasemaZantsi okanye waMazantsi (Eubalaena australis)
Eyona nto yahluke kakhulu kwi-southern right whales kubukho be-calluses entloko. Ezi zisebenza ngokomzobo weminwe, ekubeni ingekho iminenga emibini enamanxeba afanayo. Ezi zikhula kulo lonke ixesha lokukhula komntwana, kwaye zigcwele i-amphipod kunye ne-barnacle crustaceans. Umsebenzi weefowuni ezinjalo awaziwa.
Imikhwa yabo yentlalontle iyaziwa kancinci, elunxwemeni badla ngokubonwa bobabini kunye nababini, okanye njengamaqela. Zinombala wecandelo elingunxantathu kwaye zingwevu-mnyama ngombala, zinee-calluses ezingwevu ezimhlophe ezihlukileyo, kwaye ngaphandle kobukho be-dorsal fin. Umlomo wayo omkhulu uneendevu ezingama-450, nganye iphakathi kweemitha ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-2.5 ubude.
Ubungakanani beminenga yasezantsi imalunga ne-16 yeemitha, kwaye iimazi zinokufikelela kwiimitha ezili-17 ubude kwaye, kwelinye icala, kuqhelekile ukufumana amadoda anokufikelela kwiimitha ezili-15 ubude. Abantu abadala bafika benobunzima obuziitoni ezingama-40 ukuya kwezingama-60. Ekufikeni kwabo emhlabeni, aba baselula bafane balinganise umyinge weemitha ezi-4,5 ubude yaye ubunzima babo buziitoni ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu. Iminenga yase-Southern right itya i-krill kunye ne-copepods ngokuhluza amanzi ajikelezileyo.
Njengoko igama labo libonisa, bahlala kwi-hemisphere esemazantsi. Sinokuzifumana kuMzantsi weAtlantiki, kuMzantsi weIndiya, nakuMzantsi Pasifiki. Ukusuka kumanzi apholileyo ukuya kumanzi e-Antarctic, ngaphandle kokufikelela kumanzi ashushu kufuphi ne-ikhweyitha. Kuncinci okwaziwayo malunga nokufuduka kwazo, kwaye isiphelo sazo ngexesha lokutyisa eliphambili alaziwa. IManyano Yamazwe Ngamazwe YoLondolozo lweNdalo idwelisa umnenga oyi-southern right whale njengolona didi lungaxhalabi kangako.
Umnenga womkhenkce okanye uMntla wasekunene (Eubalaena glacialis)
Njengezalamane ezisemazantsi, iminenga yomkhenkce ngokuyintloko ibonwa ngothotho lweminxeba entloko. Emlonyeni wayo sinokufumana iindevu ezimalunga nama-300 eziimitha ezi-3 ubude. Nangona iindidi ezahlukeneyo, i-glacial right whale inomzimba ofana, ophantse ufane, kumnenga osemazantsi. Ibala layo linonxantathu ngokwecandelo, ayinalo iphini lomqolo kwaye inombala omdaka kancinci kune-austral, iqhele ukubamnyama, kwaye amanye anamachokoza amhlophe esilevini nasesiswini.
Ziye zaba zezinye zezilwanyana eziye zafumana esona sohlwayo sikhulu ukutyhubela iinkulungwane zokuzingela, kangangokuba bezisoloko zisecicini lokuphela ngezihlandlo ezininzi. Okwangoku, zintlobo ezithandwa kakhulu kwiingozi ngenxa yokungqubana neenqanawa. Ubungakanani bomkhenkce ofanelekileyo busuka kwi-14 ukuya kwi-18 leemitha ubude, kwaye ubunzima bawo buhluka kwiitoni ezingama-30 ukuya kwezingama-70. Iimazi zidla ngokuba nkulu kuneenkunzi. Abancinci balolu hlobo bazalwa ngobukhulu obumalunga neemitha ezi-4 kunye nobunzima beetoni ezinesiqingatha. Batya i-zooplankton, njenge-copepods kunye nemibungu yeentlanzi, kunye ne-krill.
Ngokufanayo nesalamane sayo sasemazantsi, ihamba imigama emide idada ngokucothayo yaye ihluza amanzi ukuze ifumane ukutya. Bahlala kumanzi apholileyo napholileyo oMntla weAtlantiki, ukusuka kunxweme olusemazantsi eGreenland ukuya kunxweme olusemantla eAfrika, nakunxweme olusempuma lweUnited States ukuya kunxweme olusentshona lweYurophu (iNorway, iGreat Britain, iFrance neSpain. ), ungaze udlule i-ikhweyitha. Umnenga womkhenkce udweliswe njengezilwanyana ezisesichengeni sokuphela yiManyano yeZizwe ngezizwe yoLondolozo lweNdalo.
Umnenga waseMntla wePasifiki (Eubalaena japonica)
Umnenga oyiNorth Pacific yi-right whale luhlobo olulingana ne-glacial right whale. Inomzimba omkhulu, otyebileyo omnyama okanye omnyama ngwevu ngombala. Ibonisa uhlobo olufanayo lwee-calluses njengezinye iintlobo ze-right whale. Ayinayo i-dorsal fin kwaye inothotho lwamachokoza amhlophe kwisisu.
Umnenga oyi-right whale waseNorth Pacific unokulinganisa malunga neemitha ezili-18 ubude kunye nobunzima obuziitoni ezingama-90. Njengeminye iminenga, iimazi zidla ngokuba nkulu kuneenkunzi. Ekuzalweni, amantshontsho anobude obumalunga neemitha ezine kwaye anobunzima obumalunga netoni. Zitya ii-crustaceans ezithobekileyo ezifana nekrill kunye ne-copepods ngokucoca-ukuqubha kufuphi nomphezulu. Njengoko igama lazo lisitsho, ezi zilwanyana zanyisayo zihlala kuMntla wePasifiki.
Ekubeni abemi bayo bencitshiswe kakhulu, ukusasazwa kwayo akwaziwa ngokuchanekileyo. Bacingelwa ukuba bahlala kwindawo yoLwandle lwaseBering kunye neGulf yaseAlaska, kunye nebhendi emxinwa ethe nkqo ukusuka kwiPeninsula yaseKamchatka ukuya eJapan. Imeko yolondolozo lwe-right whale yaseNorth Pacific imbi kakhulu, ihlelwa yi-International Union yoLondolozo lweNdalo njengohlobo olusengozini yokunyamalala. Kuqikelelwa ukuba inani labo lilonke alifikeleli kubantu abayi-1000.
Umnenga oLungileyo wePygmy okanye uMnenga oLungileyo (iCaperea marginata)
Umnenga we-pygmy right whale ngumnenga onzima kakhulu, ekunzima ukuwufumana, ngoko akukho lwazi malunga nolu didi. Kanye njengeminenga, inomzimba omde nobhityileyo, apho iphethe iphiko elincinane lomqolo. Umbala womzimba wayo ungwevu omnyama apha ngasemva kunye nengwevu ekhanyayo esiswini. Nangona ngokuqhelekileyo kuthiwa yi-pygmy whale whale, lo mnenga awubonisi iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zezinye iintlobo ze-right whale.
Kuyo yonke iminenga ye-baleen eyaziwayo, i-pygmy right whale, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, incinci. Abantu abadala bamalunga neemitha ezisixhenxe ubude kwaye banobunzima beetoni ezine. Iinkcukacha malunga nobunzima kunye nobukhulu benzala yolu hlobo ayaziwa. Njengoninzi lweminenga ye-baleen, ukutya kwabo kwenziwa ngekrill kunye neecrustaceans ezithobekileyo. Akwaziwa nokuba le minenga itya kweyiphi imimandla.
Zifumaneka kwi-hemisphere esemazantsi, emva kokubonwa emazantsi eArgentina eTierra del Fuego, eNamibia naseMzantsi Afrika, nakunxweme olusemazantsi eOstreliya naseNew Zealand. IManyano yaMazwe ngaMazwe yoLondolozo lweNdalo ayinayo idatha eninzi yokuqikelela imeko yolondolozo lwepygmy right whale populations.
Umnenga oNgwevu (Eschrichtius robustus)
Olona phawu lubalaseleyo lweminenga engwevu kukuba imizimba yayo igqunywe zii<em>barnacles nezinye ii<em>crustaceans ezifunxileyo, ekongezelelwa kuzo izivubeko ezininzi. Zinomzimba omde kwaye zinobulkier kunezo zoororho kodwa zibhityile kunezo zeminenga elungileyo. Abanalo iphiko lomqolo, kwaye intloko yabo ithekele ezantsi. I-baleen yeminenga engwevu ayifikeleli kwisiqingatha semitha ubude.
Olona fuduko lude lwaziwayo lwezilwanyana ezincancisayo, ukusuka eMexico ukuya eAlaska, lolo lomnenga ongwevu. Ngokwezifundo ezahlukeneyo zemolekyuli kunye ne-DNA, i-whale engwevu inokufumaneka kufutshane neminenga engapheliyo kuneminenga. Iminenga engwevu inomdla kangangokuba iba nobuganga bokusondela kakhulu kumaphenyane. Zinokulinganisa malunga neemitha ezili-15 ubude kwaye zinobunzima obumalunga neetoni ezingama-20, apho iimazi ziba nkulu noko kuneenkunzi.
Ekuzalweni zimalunga neemitha ezi-4,5 kwaye zinobunzima obumalunga netoni enesiqingatha. Azibonakalisi ubuhle obukhulu xa kufikwa ekutyeni, kuba kuphela kweentlobo ezondla ngokuthe ngqo kwintlabathi kunye nodaka, apho ifunxa i-benthic crustaceans kunye nesixa esibalulekileyo sodaka kunye namanzi athi kamva awakhuphe phakathi kwe-baleen. Phantse zonke zidla zilele ngecala lasekunene. Mandulo zazifumaneka kulwandlekazi lweAtlantiki nolwePasifiki, kodwa namhlanje zihlala kuphela kolu lwandle, ngakumbi kunxweme olusemantla nakumbindi wePasifiki.
KuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki kukho amaqela amabini awohlukeneyo eminenga engwevu, enye inokufunyanwa phakathi kwamanzi aseJapan, eKorea naseKamchatka Peninsula kwaye elinye lihlala phakathi kweAlaska neBaja California. Imeko yolondolozo lwayo inokwahluka, ekubeni iminenga engwevu yonxweme olusempuma yePasifiki ichazwa “njengexhala elincinane”, kwaye ezo zikunxweme olusentshona zisengozini yokunyamalala ngokutsho kweManyano yeZizwe ngezizwe yoLondolozo lweNdalo.
Iminenga eFin (Balaenoptera physalus)
Olona phawu lubalaseleyo lwefin whale ngumbala wawo, kuba indawo yawo ephezulu ingwevu emnyama ngelixa isisu sinombala ofanayo kodwa sikhaphukhaphu kancinci. Into eyenza umbala wayo ungaqhelekanga kukuba inebala elimhlophe kwicala elingezantsi lasekunene lentloko, ngelixa kwicala lasekhohlo ingwevu emnyama okanye emnyama.
Ekubeni ingumnenga, ibonisa iphiko elincinane lomqolo yaye, ukusuka kwincam yesilevi ukuya kwinkaba yayo, inemiphetho yesikhumba engama-50 ukuya kwangama-80 eyivumela ukuba yandise ulusu ize yandise umthamo womlomo wayo ukuze igqume ukutya okungakumbi. . Umntu omdala uneendevu ezingama-300 ukuya kuma-400 ezinobude obuziisentimitha ezingama-70 inye. Kukho iingxelo ezibonisa ukuba iminenga efileyo inokwandisa ubomi bayo ukuya kutsho phantse kwiminyaka eli-100.
Emva komnenga oluhlaza, i-fin whale ithathwa njengesona silwanyana sikhulu. Iimazi zifikelela malunga neemitha ezingama-20, kwaye amadoda angaphantsi kancinci. Kuqikelelwa ukuba abantu abadala banokuba nobunzima obumalunga neetoni ezingama-70. Amathole e-Fin whale aziimitha ezi-6.5 ubude xa ezalwa kwaye anobunzima obuphantse bube yitoni enesiqingatha. Ukutya kwabo kwenziwa zizikolo zeentlanzi ezincinci, iskwidi, kunye neecrustaceans ezincinci ezifana nekrill. Ngexesha lokutya bavula imilomo yabo kwaye baqubhe ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo ukuze, xa sele begcwele, baqhubeke nokuyivala kwaye bakhuphe amanzi nge-baleen yabo.
Kwiimeko ezithile, ukuba izikolo zixinene kakhulu, umnenga udla ngokuntywila ukuze uhlasele ngaphantsi. Iminenga eyomileyo luhlobo oluxubene kakhulu lweminenga ye-baleen, sinokuyifumana kumanzi amhlophe kunye nakumanzi ashushu, ukusuka elunxwemeni ukuya kulwandle oluphezulu lwazo zonke iilwandlekazi zeplanethi, nakwindawo esentshona yeMeditera. IManyano yaMazwe ngaMazwe yoLondolozo lweNdalo ichaze umnenga njengezilwanyana ezisemngciphekweni wokuphela ngenxa yokuzingela noqhanqalazo lweenqanawa.
Umnenga weBoreal okanye uMntla (Balaenoptera borealis)
Olona phawu lumangalisayo lomnenga i<em>minke ziziva ezimhlophe emqolo. Umzimba womnenga we-minke ubonisa umbala omnyama ongwevu ngasemva kunye ne-gray ekhanyayo kwisisu. Izisu zazo zimfutshane kakhulu kwaye zincinci, kwaye iindevu zazo zincinci kunesiqhelo. Kukho idata encinci malunga nalo mnenga njengoko ingezizo iintlobo zaselunxwemeni kwaye ukuzibeka kulwandle oluphezulu kunzima kakhulu, kwaye phantse lonke ulwazi oluqokelelweyo luvela kwishishini leminenga.
Umnenga we-boreal ngumnenga ophakathi, apho iinkunzi zawo ezindala zifikelela kwi-18 leemitha kunye neemazi malunga neemitha ezingama-20. Ubunzima obuqhelekileyo bomntu omdala bubalwa phakathi kwe-20 kunye ne-30 yeetoni. Intshontsho xa lizalwa linobude obuzimitha ezine ukuya kwezintlanu ezifikelela kubunzima betoni enye okanye ezimbini.
Njengeminenga elungileyo, iminenga ye-bowhead ihlala iqubha phezu kwamanzi ibamba amaxhoba, i-krill kunye ne-copepods, kunokuba ihlasele ixhoba layo njengoko ininzi iminenga i-minke yenza. Zinokufumaneka kuzo zonke iilwandlekazi ezinkulu zeplanethi, itropikhi, imozulu epholileyo, kunye namanzi angaphantsi kwepolar. Ngokukhethekileyo emanzini anzulu kakhulu. Ichazwe njengephantsi kwesisongelo esisengozini yokunyamalala ngokutsho kweManyano yeZizwe ngezizwe yoLondolozo lweNdalo.
Umnenga kaBryde (Balaenoptera brydei)
Akukho nto ingako enokuthethwa ngayo ngeempawu zolu didi, ekubeni ngulo mnenga owaziwa kakhulu nowona unzima ukuwufumana endle. Bahlala kufuphi namanxweme. Inkangeleko yayo ye-morphological ifana kakhulu naleyo ye-boreal whale. Inentloko ebanzi nemfutshane enama-40 ukuya kwangama-70 eluswini lwayo ukuze yandise umlomo wayo, kunye nephiko lokuhlala. Amaphiko ayo e-pectoral athozamile kwaye anesitayile.
Umbala wayo ngasemva ubluish-mnyama kwaye isisu sayo singwevu okanye sikhrimu. Kangangeminyaka emininzi kwakucingwa ukuba umnenga Bryde kunye tropical whale wenza uhlobo olufanayo, kodwa izifundo zofuzo zakutshanje baye babonisa ngokuchaseneyo, ukuba iintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Ubungakanani bayo bunokufikelela kwiimitha ezili-15 ubude kwaye bunobunzima obuziitoni ezingama-40, kukho umahluko omncinane phakathi kwenkunzi nemazi.
Xa bezalwa, ama-pups afikelela kwiimitha ezi-4, kwaye kuqikelelwa, kodwa akwaziwa ngokuchanekileyo, ukuba ubunzima babo buphantse bube yitoni. Ukutya kwayo kuqulathe iintlanzi ezindilisekileyo, iskwidi kunye neecrustaceans, ezivula umlomo wayo xa idada, ukuze iwuvale kamva ngokukhupha amanzi phakathi kweendevu zayo. Zifumaneka kumanzi apholileyo nakumanxweme eetropiki kuzo zonke iilwandle zehlabathi. Akukho lwazi lwaneleyo lokuvavanya ngokuchanekileyo imeko yolondolozo lomnenga kaBryde.
I-Tropical Fin Whale (Balaenoptera edeni)
Kunye nomnenga kaBryde, luncinci ulwazi olukhoyo malunga nomnenga wetropikhi, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba kude kube mva nje bezijongwa njengezidalwa ezifanayo. Inombala omncinci omnyama ongwevu emqolo kunye nomhlophe kwisisu. Amaphiko e-pectoral mancinci kwaye anesitayile, kwaye i-dorsal fin ibonakala njengerhengqa. Iminyene yeminenga ethile ayifuduki okanye ukuba iyafuduka iba mifutshane kakhulu, ihlala unyaka wonke kwindawo enye. Ngumnenga wesibini kwawona mncinane, ufikelela kubantu abadala abamalunga neemitha ezili-12 ubude nobunzima obuziitoni ezili-12.
Akukho lwazi lungaphaya malunga nobukhulu kunye nobunzima bamantshontsho abo ekuzalweni. Iminenga eyokugqibela isekela ukutya kwayo kwiintlanzi, iicrustaceans, kunye ne-cephalopods. Kanye njengoninzi lweminenga, ukuyidla ihlasela ixhoba layo ngomlomo wayo ovulekileyo, ukukhupha amanzi aseleyo phakathi kwebaleen. Zifumaneka kumanzi ashushu, ashushu kulwandlekazi lwePasifiki, lwaseIndiya nolweAtlantiki. IManyano yaMazwe ngaMazwe yoLondolozo lweNdalo ayinayo idatha eyaneleyo yokuhlela ngokuchanekileyo imeko yolondolozo lwe-tropical whale.
I-Fin whale okanye umnenga oBlue (Balaenoptera musculus)
Ngokungathandabuzekiyo uphawu oluphambili lomnenga iblue whale kukuba ugqalwa njengesona silwanyana sikhulu kwezakha zakho ngokweengxelo zefosili. Umzimba wayo omkhulu omde kunye nowenziwe isitayile unombala ongwevu bu bluish, kwaye ucaca ngakumbi esiswini. Umqolo wayo onamabala ogqunywe ngamachokoza athozamileyo anombala okhanyayo. Zineendevu ezingama-300 ukuya kuma-400 kwicala ngalinye lomlomo, intshebe nganye inobude obumalunga nemitha ubude nesiqingatha semitha ububanzi. Phantsi komlomo zinemiphetho yesikhumba engama-60 ukuya kwangama-90. Ekuveleni kwawo phezulu, ijethi yomoya abayikhuphayo inokunyuka malunga neemitha ezili-10.
Olu hlobo luphakathi kweminenga ehlala ixesha elide, ephila iminyaka engama-90 ukuya kwi-100. Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo, yiminenga ebulalayo kuphela enobuganga bokubahlasela. Njengengcombolo ebangel’ umdla, ulwimi lwesi sidalwa sinokuba nobunzima obufana nobendlovu, yaye intliziyo yaso inobunzima obulingana nobukhulu benqwelo-mafutha. Ukongezelela koku, kuchazwa ukuba imithambo emikhulu ibanzi kangangokuba umntu unokudada kuyo.
Njengoko sele kuphawuliwe, umnenga iblue whale sesona sidalwa siphilayo sikhulu kwezakha zakho. Ngokomyinge bafikelela kwiimitha ezingama-25 ukuya kuma-27, apho iimazi zinkulu kunamadoda. Irekhodi enkulu eqinisekisiweyo yayiyi-specimen efikelele kwiimitha ze-29, nangona sele kushiwo, kodwa ayizange iqinisekiswe, ukuba imizekelo edlula i-30 yeemitha ifunyenwe. Ngokubhekiselele kubunzima, ngokomndilili weminenga yabantu abadala iblue whales idla ngokuba nobunzima obususela kwi-100 ukuya kwi-120 yeetoni, kwaye eyona ngxelo inkulu yobomfuziselo wemazi elotywayo enobunzima obuziitoni ezili-180.
Abancinci kolu didi luziimitha ezisi-8 ubude ekuzalweni kwaye banobunzima obumalunga neetoni ezi-3. Ziqhelisela iindlela ezifanayo nenkoliso yeerorquals, zihlasela ixhoba lazo ngokuvula imilomo yazo emikhulu, yaye kamva ngoncedo lwezihlunu zomlomo nolwimi, ziwakhupha amanzi ngaphakathi emlonyeni ngebaleen, ziwabamba phakathi. amawaka emizekelo yekrill, ukutya abakuthandayo.
Zifumaneka kuzo zonke iilwandle zehlabathi ngaphandle kweArctic kunye nolwandle olusezantsi olunjengoLwandle lweMeditera. Le minenga ifumaneka rhoqo kwimimandla enamanzi anzulu. Umnenga oluhlaza usemngciphekweni wokuphela ngokweenkcukacha zeManyano yeZizwe ngezizwe yoLondolozo lweNdalo.
I-Aliblanco okanye iMinke Whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)
Olona phawu lwaziwayo lomnenga we-minke bubukho bomgca omhlophe kumaphiko amabini e-pectoral, ngaphandle kwento yokuba kwiindawo ezithile akukho mivumbo enjalo. Iminenga iMinke inomqolo omnyama kunye nesisu esimhlophe, ngelixa amacala ayo engwevu ngombala.
Ineendevu ezingama-200 ukuya kwezingama-300 ubude obuziisentimitha ezingama-25 kunye nemiphetho yesikhumba engama-30 ukuya kuma-70 emlonyeni wayo ukuze yandise umthamo wayo xa isitya. Njengenyaniso enomdla, iminenga i-minke yeyona minenga inzima eyaziwayo. Umnenga i<em>minke ngowona mnenga omncinci, ufikelela kubude obuziimitha ezisi-7 ukuya kwezili-10, apho iimazi zinkulu, zinobunzima obumalunga neetoni ezisi-7.
Xa bezalwa, abancinci balinganisa malunga neemitha ezimbini ezinesiqingatha kwaye ubunzima babo bufikelela kwitoni. Iminenga iMinke itya iicrustaceans ezithobekileyo ezifana nekrill kunye neecopepods, zibabambe kwibaleen yazo ngokukhupha amanzi emilonyeni yazo. Zifumaneka kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki, lweAtlantiki, nolwaseIndiya, kummandla ongqamana nommandla osemantla welizwe. Ngokutsho kweManyano yaMazwe ngaMazwe yoLondolozo lweNdalo, i-minke whale ayisiso isilwanyana esisengozini kwaye ihlelwa njengeyona nto ibalulekileyo.
Iminenga yaseAustral (Balaenoptera bonaerensis)
I-southern minke whale ifaniswa ne-minke whale, ngelixa le yokugqibela inokufumaneka kwi-hemisphere esenyakatho, i-southern minke whale ifumaneka kuphela kwi-hemisphere yasezantsi. Kumaxesha amandulo zazijongwa njengeentlobo ezifanayo, ngoko ke akukho nkcazelo yaneleyo yolu didi. Iminenga ye-austral ibonisa umzimba omncinci kunezinye iintlobo zeminenga. Umqolo wayo ungwevu/mnyama ngwevu kwaye isisu simhlophe.
Ngomnye weminenga emincinci ehlala kwiilwandle zethu, kwaye, njenge-minke whale, ifikelela ubude be-7 ukuya kwi-10 kunye nobunzima beetoni ezi-5 ukuya kwezi-9. Njengakuyo yonke iminenga, iimazi zazo zikhulu kuneenkunzi. Amantshontsho aneemitha ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu ubude ekuzalweni kwawo kwaye anobunzima obumalunga netoni.
Iminenga iMinke isekela ukutya kwayo kwikrill kunye neecopepods ezincinci. Ngexesha lokutya, iyawaginya kunye nomthamo omkhulu wamanzi, ize iwakhuphe ngeendevu zayo. Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, i-minke whales inokufumaneka kwi-hemisphere esezantsi, e-Atlantiki, e-Indiya, emanzini asePasifiki kwaye, ngokucacileyo, kumanzi ase-Antarctic. IManyano yaMazwe ngaMazwe yoLondolozo lweNdalo ayinayo idatha eyaneleyo yokuvavanya ngokuchanekileyo imeko yolondolozo lwabantu bayo.
Umnenga kaOmura (Balaenoptera omurai)
Umnenga kaOmura luhlobo olusandul’ ukufunyanwa. Kangangeminyaka emininzi yayibhidekile kunye nomnenga we-Bryde, nangona kunjalo ngo-2003, ngenxa yohlalutyo lwemfuza yeesampuli ezixineneyo kunye neentlanzi, kwabhengezwa ukuba yayingeyiyo iminenga kaBryde, kodwa iindidi ezingaziwayo ukuba zinike igama lomnenga. Ngenxa yobutsha babo, akukho lwazi lubalulekileyo malunga neminenga kaOmura.
Kuyaziwa ukuba zizilwanyana ezihlala zodwa ezinombala we-fin whale, zide kwaye zenziwe ngesitayela esinomqolo omnyama kunesisu. Umnenga kaOmura omdala awugqithi kwiimitha ezili-12 ubude. Akukho lwazi olongezelelweyo malunga nobunzima babantu abadala okanye ubungakanani kunye nobunzima beentsana ezisanda kuzalwa. Ngenxa yobukho be-baleen, kucingelwa ukuba batya i-krill kunye nee-copepods ezincinci zisebenzisa ubuchule obufanayo nezinye iintlobo zeminenga.
Ukubonwa kunye nokubamba kuye kwarekhodwa kumanzi ajikeleze i-Indonesia, iThailand, iChina kunye neJapan. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le mibono yenzeke kunxweme lweNtshona Pasifiki. Ayaziwa ukuba yeyiphi na indlela yokufuduka kwabo, nokuba yeyiphi imimandla yokondla kunye nokuzala. Kuba iludidi olusandul' ukufunyanwa, akukho datha yaneleyo yokufumana imeko yolondolozo lweminenga yaseOmura.
Umnenga weHumpback okanye iYubarta (Megaptera novaeangliae)
Olona phawu lwahlukileyo kwiminenga ye-humpback yi-pectoral fins yayo enkulu emhlophe, neyona ibanzi kuzo zonke iicetaceans. Zinomzimba otyebileyo, intloko ezele ngamaqhuma kunye nephiko elithozamisayo elisekupheleni kwemizimba yazo. Umzimba wayo ubonisa umbala omnyama ngasemva kwaye isisu sinokuba mnyama, grey, okanye mhlophe.
Iphiko lecaudal limnyama phezulu kwaye limhlophe ngezantsi, linamachokoza amaninzi kwindawo emhlophe, enza iipateni ezingenakuphinda ziphindeke. Abaphandi basebenzisa ezi patheni ukuchonga iminenga ye-humpback. Iminenga inemicu yesikhumba esili-15 ukuya kwangama-25 phantsi komlomo neebhali ezingama-200 ukuya kuma-400 kwicala ngalinye lomlomo.
Yiminenga ethe, ngokwembono yezenzululwazi, ifundwe kakhulu ngenxa yobuninzi bayo kunye nendalo yayo enomdla, ethe yakhokelela ekubeni basondele kwiinqanawe ukuba ziye snoop. Njengengcaciso enomdla, enkosi kule minenga ishishini liye lasekwa malunga nokubona kwabo, okoko "ixhuma" kakhulu iminenga, ukutsiba kwayo okukhulu kunye nokuqhelekileyo kuye kwathathwa njengento enomtsalane kubakhenkethi.
Umnenga we<em>humpback ufikelela kubude beemitha ezili-11 ukuya kwezili-16 yaye unobunzima obumalunga neetoni ezingama-35, apho iimazi zinkulu kuneenkunzi. Iminenga esandul' ukuzalwa inobude obuziimitha ezi-4,5 kwaye inobunzima obumalunga netoni enye ukuya kwezimbini. Ukutya kwabo kusekelwe kwi-krill kunye neentlanzi ezincinci kunye nezilwanyana ezingenamqolo. Xa kuziwa ekutyeni, basebenzisa iindlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Eyona nto ibukekayo kukumangalisa ngomsila kunye ne-bubble net.
Okumangalisayo kulele ekubetheni amanzi nge-pectoral okanye i-caudal fins, ukuze ingxolo abayivelisayo ikhwankqise intlanzi kwaye kube lula ukubambisa. Umnatha weqamza luhlaselo lweqela, omnye okanye imizekelo emininzi iqubha ijikeleze isikolo seentlanzi, izisongele kumnatha wamaqamza ogxothwa yiminenga. Emva kokuba isikolo sihlanganiswe kakuhle, iminenga eliqela iphuma enzulwini ngendlela ethe tye kwaye imilomo ivulekile iginye sonke isikolo seentlanzi ngokuluma kanye.
Umnenga we-humpback luhlobo oluxubene kakhulu, kuba ufumaneka kuzo zonke iilwandle zesijikelezi-langa, kufutshane namanxweme kwaye kude nawo. I-International Union for Conservation of Nature idwelise iminenga njengolunye uhlobo lweminenga engalukhathazi kangako.
I-Sperm Whale (iPhyseter macrocephalus)
Olona phawu lubalaseleyo lomnenga wesperm whale kukuba unobuchopho obukhulu kwizilwanyana kwaye ngowona mkhulu owaziwayo odontocete cetacean. Ikwaphethe iwonga lokuba sesona sidalwa sinamazinyo sikhulu ehlabathini, kunye nesinye sezilwanyana ezanyisayo ezifikelela kwezona nzulu zinzulu. Intloko yayo yenye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo kwiminenga ebizwa ngokuba yi<em>sperm whales, ekubeni ayibonwa ngenxa yobukhulu bayo kunye nomhlathi wayo ongezantsi omncinane kakhulu xa uthelekiswa nentloko yayo enkulu. Iminenga yamasperm inamazinyo angama-20 ukuya kwangama-30 kwicala ngalinye lomhlathi ongezantsi.
Umzimba wayo ubonisa umbala ongwevu nangona ngamanye amaxesha unokubonakala umdaka. Umzimba wayo uzaliswe ziziva ekusenokwenzeka ukuba zibangelwa lixhoba layo, ingwane enkulu. Ubomi obulindelekileyo beminenga yamadlozi buqikelelwa malunga neminyaka engama-70. Njengama-odontocetes amaninzi, isebenzisa i-echolocation ukubona ixhoba kunye nokuhamba. Iminenga ye-sperm inelungu elixabiswa kakhulu lishishini leminenga, i-spermaceti, imisebenzi yayo engakhange ichazwe, kodwa kukholelwa ukuba inento yokwenza ne-buoyancy kunye ne-echolocation.
Iminenga yabantu abadala inokulinganisa i-15 ukuya kwi-20 yeemitha ubude, inobunzima obumalunga neetoni ezingama-55. Ngokwahlukileyo kwiminenga ye-baleen, iminenga yesidoda yamadoda mikhulu kakhulu kuneemazi. Abancinci, xa bezalwa, banokulinganisa malunga neemitha ezine, ubunzima malunga netoni enesiqingatha. Ukutya kwabo kusekelwe kwintlanzi enzulu yolwandle kunye ne-cephalopods. Sesona silwanyana sibalulekileyo seskwidi esikhulu sodumo.
Akwaziwa ngokucacileyo ukuba zizingela njani na, kodwa ngokwezivubeko ezikhoyo emzimbeni wazo, kujongwa ukuba ukujongana ngezikhondo zamehlo namaxhoba awo kumlinganiselo omkhulu. Iminenga ye-sperm inokufumaneka kuzo zonke iilwandle zehlabathi kunye noLwandle lweMeditera, zombini kufuphi nonxweme kwaye kude nayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, bakhetha amanzi ashushu kunye namanzi ashushu, nangona kunokwenzeka ukujonga umboniso kufuphi nezibonda. IManyano yaMazwe ngaMazwe yoLondolozo lweNdalo ichaza umnenga wesperm whale njengezilwanyana ezisesichengeni nezisesichengeni.
Ukuguquka kwemvelo
Kangangezigidi zeminyaka, iminenga ichithe ubomi bayo bonke emanzini, nangona kunjalo, kucingelwa ukuba ezi cetaceans zazikhe zakwazi ukuhamba emhlabeni. Olu qikelelo lusekelwe kwisibakala sokuba zizilwanyana ezanyisayo nesibakala sokuba kuye kwafunyanwa intlaninge yezinto ezisalela kwizinyanya zeminenga. Uninzi lwale minenga yamandulo iyafana ngeendlela ezininzi neminenga yanamhlanje, ukanti ezo zidalwa ngokungathandabuzekiyo zazikwazi ukuhamba emhlabeni, kunye nokuhamba emanzini.
Iimeko zomhlaba bezinokubanyanzela ukuba baphile ixesha elide emanzini. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba babenengxaki yokufumana ukutya emhlabeni, ubushushu busenokuba yenye imeko, iminenga ayinaboya, yaye amanzi asenokuba ayebanika indawo yokuphola ukuze bafumane ukutya ukuze baphile. Ngenxa yexesha kunye nendaleko, imilenze yabo yatshintshwa, nto leyo eyabanika ulawulo olukhulu kwiintshukumo zabo emanzini.
Ngamaxesha athile onyaka, amanzi ayebanda kakhulu kangangokuba iminenga yayingakwazi ukuphila njengoko izizidalwa ezinegazi elishushu, ngoko ke yayineendlela zokufuduka. Kuqikelelwa ukuba iminenga yayikhe yaba neenzwane neempuphu, yaye ekuhambeni kwexesha, kungafunekiyo ezi zinto, yaba yinto enokuyisebenzisa.
Izinyanya zeminenga ngokungathandabuzekiyo zazisekelwe kumhlaba. Obona bungqina bungenakuphikiswa boku kukuba banemiphunga kwaye bafuna ukuphefumla umoya osesibhakabhakeni. Obunye ubungqina bembali yayo yasemhlabeni bufumaneka kumathambo ayo, apho amaphiko ayo asenyongweni asenawo amathambo elungu lasemhlabeni, afana nezandla. Ukongezelela, kwiminenga yanamhlanje unokuqaphela ilungu le-vestigial kumaxesha amandulo yayilithambo le-pelvic (nto leyo ebonisa ubukho bamalungu angasemva).
Kuqikelelwa ukuba iminenga ikhona malunga ne-50 yezigidi zeminyaka, iminenga yokuqala ye-baleen yanamhlanje yavela ngexesha eliphakathi kweMiocene, malunga ne-15 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ii-odontocetes zanamhlanje zavela ngaphambili, ekuqaleni kweMiocene, malunga ne-20 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo.
Uninzi lwento esiye sakwazi ukuyibonisa malunga nokuvela kweminenga iye yadibana kule minyaka ingama-25 idlulileyo, ngenxa yophando lwesazi sezinto zakudala uPhil Gingerich, owafumana iifosili ezishiyekileyo zokakayi kunye nawona mathambo abalulekileyo athe anegalelo ekuqinisekiseni ithiyori. malunga nokuvela kweminenga. Iirekhodi zefosili ziyaqhubeka ukushicilelwa, ukuze ulwazi olunjalo lube nokucalulwa.
Kusekuninzi esingakwaziyo malunga nokuvela kweminenga. Ngenxa yoko, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba asiyiyo yonke into oyifundayo ngalo mbandela ichanekile kwaye inokutshintsha njengoko kufundwa ulwazi olutsha kunye nobugcisa obutsha bufumaneka. Ukufunda malunga nokuvela kwemikhomo yindlela enhle yokufunda ngakumbi malunga nemikhomo ngokubanzi, ngoko qiniseka ukuba ubeke eceleni ixesha elithile lokuhlola.
Ishishini elidala le-Whaling
Ukususela ekuqaleni kwayo, phantse kwiwaka leminyaka eyadlulayo, ishishini lokuloba iminenga linembali ende nephikiswanayo. Kukho iirekhodi kwakudala ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu, ukuba abemi abakude beplanethi yethu babesele bexhamle kwiminenga eyayibanjelwe ukutyiwa ngabantu. Kwada kwasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX apho kwasekwa ishishini lokuloba iminenga.
Elona xesha liyingozi kakhulu yayiyinkulungwane yama-1200, xa imfuno yemithombo yeminenga yanda kakhulu, ibeka esichengeni ngokunzulu abantu bezi zilwanyana zanyisayo zikhulu. Ngenene, okwangoku, abemi basekwinkqubo yokuchacha kwiindyikitya zokufa zenkulungwane edlulileyo. Kukholelwa ukuba urhwebo lokuqala lweemveliso ezithathwe kwiminenga lwaqala malunga nomnyaka we-XNUMX kumanxweme aseSpain naseFransi, kunye neeBasques ngokukodwa ukuba ngoovulindlela ekuboneni ukubanakho kweli shishini.
Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, iBritani, iNetherlands, iUnited States nezinye iintlanga zazisele zikhuphisana ngolawulo lweyona mimandla ibalaseleyo yokuloba iminenga. Akukho nxalenye yeminenga eyayityeshelwe. Eyona mveliso iphambili nenengeniso yayiyioli yomnenga eyafunyanwa ngokufudumeza amanqatha ayo, inzuzo yayo ibe nengeniso kangangokuba ngaloo maxesha yayisaziwa “njengegolide elulwelo” kushishino lokuloba iminenga.
Le oyile yayisetyenziselwa ukwenza into engapheliyo yeemveliso ezinjengesepha, iipeyinti, izithambiso zoomatshini, iishampu, njl. Ukongezelela, yayiyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokukhanyisa izibane zeoli ezazikhanyisa izindlu zelo xesha. Enye imveliso ebalulekileyo efunyenwe kwiminenga yayiyi-baleen, eyayisetyenziswa kwiimveliso ezininzi ezifana ne-bristles for brushes, i-ambulera, iintonga zokuloba, njl.
Ifashoni yenkulungwane ye-XIX yayingazukuba njengoko yayinjalo, ukuba yayingekho i-baleen yeminenga, eyayibandakanyiwe njengokuqiniswa kwee-corsets, kwiziketi, kwaye yade yasetyenziswa njengento entle yeenwele njengoncedo. ukuqinisekisa nokugcina iinwele ezintsonkothileyo zelo xesha. Inyama yezi zilwanyana zanyisayo zasemanzini yayingatyiwa kakhulu eYurophu, ngaphandle kwamaxesha endlala, okanye njengamaxesha emfazwe, ngoko ke uninzi lwayo lwalusetyenziswa njengokutya kwezilwanyana.
Ulusu lwalusetyenziselwa ukwenza iileyisi, izitulo, iingxowa, izihlangu, njl. Igazi laliyinxalenye efanelekileyo yeesoseji, izichumisi kunye nezinto zokuncamathelisa. Imveliso eyayixatyiswa kakhulu ngelo xesha yayiyiambergris, incindi ephuma emathunjini eminenga ephumela ngaphandle ngokwemvelo. Iquka ngokuyinhloko i-ambrein, into efana ne-cholesterol, ethi, xa ibonakaliswe emoyeni, yandisa kwaye idada, ngoko ukuqokelela kwayo kulula kakhulu.
Ukufumana iambergris kwakufana nokuphumelela ilotho, njengoko kwahlawulwa intywenka yemali ngayo. Yayisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kunyango lwezigulo ezahlukahlukeneyo, ezinjengokungatyi ukutya, kodwa yayixatyiswa ngakumbi njengento yokulungisa iziqholo neziqholo. Amathambo nawo awazange akhululwe ekusebenziseni i-post-mortem, abalobi abafanayo bachitha ixesha labo bekrola kwaye bebahombisa, kwaye benza iziqwenga ze-chess, amaqhosha, imifanekiso yokuhlobisa, i-necklaces, njl. Njengenyaniso enomdla, abantu baseScandinavia basebenzisa amathumbu njengokutshintsha kweglasi yefestile.
Ukulotywa kweminenga yangoku
I-Whaling namhlanje iphantsi kolawulo oluninzi kunye nommiselo kunangaphambili. IKhomishini yaMazwe ngaMazwe yokuLinga yenzelwe le njongo. Ukuqala kwalo mbutho kwakunesiphithiphithi, ukusukela oko baqala ukukhuthaza eli shishini, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba iintlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana zingabikho. Ngethamsanqa, kamva bafudukela kwiinjongo zokukhusela iminenga kwaye ngo-1982 basombulula ukumiswa okungenamkhawulo kwishishini leminenga, nangona bashiya izinto ezininzi zingalawulwa.
Abanye abantu bomthonyama abanje nge-Inuit eCanada, kunye nolunye uluntu oluncinci eAlaska, eIndonesia naseRussia, bavunyelwe ukuzingela inani eliphezulu leminenga ngonyaka, kuba olu luntu luthobekileyo luphila ngeminenga kwaye luxhomekeke kuyo ukuze luziphilise. ukusinda. Njengoko abaninzi sele besazi, amazwe aphambili ekulobeni iminenga yiNorway, iIceland, iJapan, kunye neDenmark, ngakumbi iZiqithi zaseFaroe.
Ngaphandle kweZiqithi zaseFarae, apho iminenga ekulingwa kuyo iloba khona kumnyhadala obizwa ngokuba yigrindadráp, amanye amazwe akhankanywe ngaphambili azingela iminenga kuphela. INorway yayikuchasile ngokungqongqo ukumiswa, kwaye njengoko sele sikhankanyile, oku kumiswa kushiye izinto ezininzi kulindile, ngenxa yoko, ngokuchasene noko, ngokwemigaqo yekhomishini, kugunyaziswe ukuzingela iminenga ngokusemthethweni. Izabelo zonyaka zaseNorway zijikeleze iminenga engama-500, ngakumbi iminenga eyiminke.
Ekuqaleni, iJapan yayichasene nesi sinyanzeliso, kodwa kamva yaphinda yamisela ukuzingela kwayo njengento yokubamba "izifundo zesayensi", ukuze kuthatyathwe elinye ithuba elisemthethweni leKomishoni ye-Whaling yaMazwe ngaMazwe, ikroba elenza kube lula ukuzingela i-indeterminate. inani leminenga “eneenjongo zenzululwazi”. Ngombulelo koku, iJapan inokuloba iminenga eyifunayo, iqikelela ukubanjiswa konyaka kwimifuziselo emalunga nama-400, eyahluka-hlukeneyo nyaka ngamnye nekufuneka kongezwe iintlanzi ezibanjisiweyo ezihambelana nabalobi beminenga abangekho mthethweni kunye nokubanjiswa okungachazwanga.
Ngokukodwa baloba iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemikhomo kunye ne-sperm whales ngenjongo "yokuhlalutya indima yabo kwi-ecosystem," kodwa yonke loo nyama iphelela kwiimarike. INorway kunye neJapan zezona zizwe ziphezulu ekulobeni iminenga, kodwa ukuqala ngo-2008 i-Iceland yajoyina ipakethe ngokuphinda iqalise ukuloba iminenga ngezabelo zonyaka ze-100 minke kunye ne-150 fin whales. Okwangoku, ezi mveliso zilandelayo zifunyenwe kwiminenga:
- Ioli yomnenga yokusetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso
- I-Ambergris yeziqholo
- inyama etyiwa ngabantu
- I-Spermaceti yeshishini lokuthambisa
- Iingqungquthela ze-Endocrine kunye nesibindi seziyobisi, i-vitamin A, i-hormone, njl.
Iminenga ekuthinjweni
Kukho iminenga ehlala ixesha elide kunye nolonwabo ekuthinjweni. Uninzi lwezi ndawo zenza kube lula kubaphandi ukuba baqonde ngakumbi malunga nezi zidalwa, ukuze bakwazi ukulandela ngcono ukuziphatha kwabo kolu hlobo lokusingqongileyo. Ezinye iintlobo zeminenga zigcinwa eluvalelweni ukuze zincede ukwandisa amanani azo njengoko eminye ibizingelwa de yaphela, yaye oku kuyinkqubo edla ixesha kakhulu.
Kuninzi lwethu akunto imangalisayo ukwazi ukuba kukho iminenga evalelweyo, kwiindawo ezinje nge-aquariums, iindawo ezinomtsalane zabakhenkethi ezivumela abantwana kunye nabantu abadala ukuba bacamngce ngezi zidalwa zingaqhelekanga kwaye kwangaxeshanye baqonde oko kufunekayo ukuze bazikhusele. Ayingabo bonke abantu abakuvumayo ukulondolozwa kweminenga ekuthinjweni, abaninzi abakuboni kufanelekile ukuyigcina ekuthinjweni ngeenjongo ezinjalo.
Abaphengululi abaninzi baye bacinga ukuba ngobugcisa obukhoyo, iminenga inokuphononongwa kwindawo ehlala kuyo. Kuqikelelwa ukuba, kwanangeyona meko ilungileyo yokuthinjwa, indlela abaziphatha ngayo itshintsha kakhulu. Iminenga ayibonisi ezinye zeendlela zokuziphatha ezifanayo ekuthinjweni ezazinokuzibonakalisa endle, kunye nokufuduka yenye yezona zinto ziguquguqukayo ezinkulu ezingenako ukuphinda-phinda ekuthinjweni.
Iminenga icingelwa ukuba ithwele imfuneko yokufuduka phakathi kwayo, ngoko ayinako ukuzala ngokulula ekuthinjweni. Omnye umbandela kukuba banyanzelwa ukuba bahlale njengamaqela amiselweyo ekuthinjweni kungekhona ngokuzikhethela njengoko bebeya kwenjenjalo ngokwemvelo. Ngamanye amaxesha ezi zidalwa zonzakele, kwaye azikwazi ukuphila ngokwazo. Ngokubagcina ekuthinjweni ixesha elithile sinenye indlela yokubabuyisela ngempumelelo kwindawo yabo.
Abanye ngokuqinisekileyo banokubhubha ukuba babuyile ngaphandle konyango oluhlala luhleli kwaye kufuneka bahlale ekuthinjweni ubomi babo bonke. Abancinci, ngamanye amaxesha, bayalahlwa ngenxa yokusweleka kukanina kwaye, ukuba abafakwanga ekuthinjweni, banokufa. Akukho nzame iyenziwayo ukulondoloza iminenga evalelweyo kwindawo efana nendalo njengoko ibonisa ukungonwabi kwimeko enjalo, ukuyeka ukutya nokukhwelana.
Olunye uphando lubonisa ukuba ukuthinjwa kunokuba yingozi kwiminenga njengoko kukho amathuba aphezulu okuba ibhubhe xa idibene neebhaktheriya. Eneneni, ubukho bomnenga bunokufinyezwa ngamashumi eminyaka emininzi ngokungabikho endle. Kubiza kakhulu ukuba nomnenga oseluvalelweni. Uninzi lwale mibutho lubonelela ngokubukela iminenga kunye nemiboniso. Kuqokelelwa imali ukuze kujongwe ezo ndawo zinomtsalane ukuze kuhlawulwe iindleko zokulondoloza ezo zidalwa. Kwizihlandlo ezininzi, iindleko zokutya kuphela zinokunyuka ziye kumawaka eedola ngosuku.
Ezinye iinkqubo zisekelwe kwiminikelo kunye neminikelo yabucala ekuhlawulelwa ngayo iindleko. Uya kukwazi ukufunda ukuba imali eninzi ityalwa kwiinzame zokugcina iminenga iseluvalelweni. Impikiswano iyaqhubeka malunga nokuba yintoni emayiyenzelwe okanye engafanele yenzelwe bona. Ngaba sinikezela iinzame zethu zokuzigcina kwindawo yazo zikhuselekile ekulobeni ngokungekho mthethweni? Okanye ngaba sizama ukubakhusela ngamanani aphantsi ekuthinjweni?
Khusela iminenga ukuze ukhusele iplanethi
Iminenga yaziwa njengezona zilwanyana zikhulu kunye nezona zikrelekrele elwandle. Namhlanje, iingcali zebhayoloji zaselwandle zibonakalise ukuba zibamba iitoni zekhabhoni ukusuka kwiatmosfera, uncedo olunexabiso lezoqoqosho kwihlabathi liphela le-US $ 1 yetriliyoni, ngokophando olupapashwe yi-International Monetary Fund.
Olu phononongo lwenoveli lubonisa ukuba i-stimulus yemali yongezwa kulondolozo lweminenga, ekubeni ukukwazi kwabo ukubamba ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni eveliswa ngabantu kukwenza isisombululo esifanelekileyo sendalo ekutshintsheni kwemozulu. Ababhali bophononongo bathi: "Amandla okuthathwa kwekhabhoni eminenga ayamangalisa ngokwenene. “Uqikelelo lwethu olungagungqiyo lubeka ixabiso lomnenga omkhulu, ngokwemisebenzi yawo eyahlukahlukeneyo, ngaphezu kwezigidi ezi-2 zeerandi, yaye inani elikhoyo leminenga emikhulu lingaphezu kwe-1 lamawaka ezigidi zeedola,” bongezelela.
Ezi cetaceans zikhulu zigcina ikhabhoni emizimbeni yazo kubo bonke ubukho bazo, enokuhlala iminyaka engama-200. Njengoko betshabalala, behla baye kumgangatho wolwandle kwaye bathathe yonke loo CO2 kunye nayo. Ngokutsho kohlolisiso, umnenga ngamnye ubamba malunga neetoni ezingama-33 zecarbon dioxide. Kwangelo xesha linye, umthi unokugcina kuphela i-3% yalo mfanekiso.
Kwindawo apho iminenga ikhona, kuya kubakho i-phytoplankton. Ezi zidalwa zithobekileyo zivelisa ubuncinane i-50% yazo zonke ioksijini esemoyeni. Kwakhona bavalela iitoni ezimalunga nezigidi ezingama-37.000 XNUMX zekharbon diokside, oko kukuthi, baliphinda kane inani elipheleleyo lamahlathi aseAmazon. Inkunkuma yomnenga inefuthe lokuphindaphindeka kwiphytoplankton, ekubeni yenziwe ngentsimbi kunye nenitrogen, izinto ezifunwa yiphytoplankton ukuze zikhule; nto leyo ethetha ukuba okukhona iminenga ininzi, kokukhona ioksijini eninzi.
“Okwenziwa luphononongo lweNgxowa-mali yezeMali yaMazwe ngaMazwe kubonisa ngokucacileyo unxibelelwano olumangalisayo phakathi kwezinye zezinto ezincinci nezinkulu kwiplanethi yethu, kunye nokufaneleka kokuqonda imibutho yazo entsonkothileyo, kungekuphela nje ngenxa yexabiso lazo elingaphakathi, kodwa nangenxa yendima yazo ebalulekileyo abantu,” watsho uDoreen Robinson, ingcali yezilwanyana zasendle kwiNkqubo yeNdawo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo.
Abemi beminenga namhlanje bayinto nje encinci yento ababeyiyo ngaphambili. Izazi ngebhayoloji ziqikelela ukuba kukho abantu abangaphezu nje kwesigidi esi-1,3 elwandle, ikota yabantu ababedla ngokubakho ngaphambi kokuba iminenga ibekho. Abemi beentlobo ezithile ezithile, ezifana ne-blue whale, bancitshiswe ukuya kwi-3%. Ukuze silondoloze kwaye sikhusele ezi zityalo zinkulu, kufuneka sinciphise iingozi ezijongene nazo.
Enye indlela yokwenza oku kukusebenzisa imodeli yenkqubo ye-UN-REDD yokukhusela amahlathi. Eli nyathelo linika amazwe inkuthazo yokulondoloza amahlathi azo njengendlela yokuthintela ikharbon diokside emoyeni. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi kunoxanduva lwe-17% yokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni yanamhlanje.
'Ngokufanayo, iindlela zemali zinokudalwa ukukhuthaza ukuzaliswa kwenani leminenga yehlabathi,' ababhali bophononongo baphawula. “Iinkuthazo ezikwimo yenkxaso-mali okanye enye imbuyekezo zinokubanceda abo basenokuba neendleko ezinkulu ngenxa yokukhusela iminenga. Umzekelo, iinkampani ezithumela ngenqanawa zinokubuyekezwa ngeendleko zokuguqula iindlela zazo ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokungqubana”, batsho njalo.
Ngeziphumo zokutshintsha kwemozulu okunyuka ngamandla kunye nokuphindaphindeka, amanyathelo angxamisekileyo kufuneka athatyathwe ukunqanda okanye ukubuyisela umva umonakalo kuluntu lwezi zidalwa. Abaphandi babala ukuba, ngaphandle kokuba iindlela ezintsha zokulondoloza ziyafumaneka, kunokuthabatha iminyaka engaphezu kwama-30 ukuliphinda kabini inani leminenga namhlanje. "Uluntu kunye nokusinda kwethu akunakukwazi ukulinda ixesha elide," baphawula ababhali.
Umnenga kwiNkcubeko
Mhlawumbi elona bali laziwa kakhulu leminenga livela eBhayibhileni. Kwibali likaYona kunye nomnenga, uYona unomsindo kuThixo aze abuyele kuye, uye wacaphuka ngenxa yokungabikho kwenceba kubantu bakhe. Ngoxa ekunye nabanye oomatiloshe enqanaweni, uYona utshabhisa uqhwithela oloyikekayo oludelela ubukho bakhe bonke abantu abakulo.
UJonás uphoswa emanzini esengozini yokufa, kodwa uginywa ngumnenga omkhulu aza kuhlala ngaphakathi kwawo iintsuku ezintathu. Kungelo xesha apho uYona waqonda ukuba uYehova ubugcinile ubomi bakhe yaye unethuba lokutshintsha indlela awayeziphatha ngayo. UThixo wanelisekile koko kwakugqitywe nguYona, ucela umnenga ukuba umtshicele.
Wandula ke uYehova athumele uYona kuthumo lwabantu bakhe, ukuba ashumayele ngosindiso lukaThixo nangendlela elunge ngakumbi yokuphila ubomi babo. Kuninzi okunokufundwa kwibali likaYona kunye nomnenga, ukuba nonyamezelo nenceba, ngenceba yobuthixo kunye nempembelelo kaThixo kuyo nayiphi na into okanye imeko.
Kwamanye amabali malunga nemikhomo, ayiboniswa njengabasindisi, kodwa njengesongelo. Kukho iziganeko ezininzi zeminenga eyonakaliswa ziinqanawa ezinkulu ababelana ngazo nolwandle, kwamanye ala mabali iminenga ifuna ukuziphindezela. Ngaba bakwenza oko ngenxa yomsindo? Abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba kungenxa yokuba imilo yobuchopho beminenga iyafana neyabantu. Abanye bacinga ukuba inento yokwenza ne-intuition yabo, kwaye baqaphele isikhephe njengesoyikiso, esitsha kwi-cetaceans kuba bengenazo izilwanyana zendalo.
Kwelinye icala, uya kuqonda ukuba asiyiyo yonke into eyinyani xa ufunda i-whale Chronics. Nangona kunjalo, limele ithuba elikhulu lokuphanda ezinye iingcamango zexesha elidlulileyo, ukuphonononga izinto ezibangele iingcamango ezinjalo kwixesha elidlulileyo, kwaye baya kuba nokukwazi ukwenza ukutsalwa kwabo malunga nobuninzi bolwazi.
I-whale isoloko iboniswa kuthi njenge-monster yaselwandle ehlasele amadoda kwiingxelo zeenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. Ubundlobongela obulinganayo ngumnenga ophuma kwinoveli uMoby Dick (okwabizwa ngokuba nguMocha Dick) oba ngumlinganiswa okwibali. Noko ke, siye saluphawula njengohlobo oluthile umntu afanele aluxhalabele. Namhlanje, kukho imibutho emininzi ejongene nokukhusela kunye nokukhathalela ezi cetaceans. Ngo-2016, iArgentina yakhupha i-200-peso bill kunye nenani le-whale yasezantsi.
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