Iintaka zihlelwa ngokwe iintlobo zeentaka, ukuba zizilwanyana zasemoyeni, ezinye zazo zinokuba zasendle kwaye iindawo ezihlala kuzo zihlala zihlala emahlathini okanye emahlathini, siyakumema ukuba uqhubeke ufunda ukuze ufunde ngakumbi ngazo. 
Umoya oPhakathi
Yindlela ekufanele ithathelwe ingqalelo ngokudlula kwizinto ezininzi eziphilayo, kuba ezinye zazo ziyiplanktonic, ezinye ziyisebenzisela ukuhamba kwazo, njengeentaka, inzuzo yayo ephambili ixhomekeke kumathuba okuphepha imiqobo evezwa yindalo. emhlabeni, ukufuduswa okanye ukusasazwa kwento ephilayo, iintaka zinokufikelela emoyeni.
Amaphiko anceda ukoyisa iingozi ze-orographic, ezithintela ukufikelela kwilizwekazi okanye ukuwela imiqobo yendalo, iingalo zolwandle okanye iilwandle, ngale ndlela kuye kwenzeka ukuba kungene iziqithi zolwandle, indawo yomoya ibeka njengemeko yomzimba. ukunciphisa ubunzima bomzimba kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ukwandisa i-airfoil kunye nokuphuhlisa ezinye iindlela zokuqhubela phambili.
Ngamanye amazwi, yiyo loo nto iintaka zinamaphiko kwaye imizimba yazo incinci kwaye ikhaphukhaphu, amaphiko abe sisisombululo sendalo yonke kwindawo esemoyeni, kunokubakho ii-invertebrates kunye ne-vertebrates, umahluko kuphela kukuba phakathi kwezilwanyana ezinomqolo amaphiko agqunywe ngawo. iintsiba, eziphucula iimpawu zabo ze-aerodynamic.
Iintaka
Ziizilwanyana ezinomqolo ezibonakala ngokuba nomzimba okhanyayo kunye nohlengahlengiso, ngenxa yesi sizathu amalungu azo angasemva aguqulwa abe ngamaphiko kwaye umzimba ugqunywe ziintsiba.
Iimpawu zeentaka
Iintaka zigcina ubushushu bomzimba wazo phakathi kwe-41 kunye ne-42 ye-centigrade, ngenxa yenkqubo esebenzayo yokujikeleza kwegazi kunye nenkqubo yokuphefumla kunye nenkqubo ye-nervous ephuhliswe kakhulu.
Iintsiba kunye nomlomo weempondo zezona mpawu zibalaseleyo, amaphiko yi-epidermal formations equka i-axis ephakathi eqinile, i-pluage ihlala ichithwa, nangona kunjalo oku kunokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwentaka, imilomo yenziwe ngamagqabha amabini aneempondo. kwaye Bafumana iindlela ezahlukeneyo ngokwemodeli yokutya kwentaka.
Izihlunu zeSkeleton zeentaka
I-skeleton yeentaka ilula, i-compact kwaye iqinile, amathambo aye ahamba kwinkqubo yokutshintsha, kuba kwiimeko ezininzi i-bone umongo iye yanyamalala kwaye iindawo ezihlala kuzo zizaliswe ngumoya, i-sternum iphuhliswe kakhulu kwaye ibunjwe yi-anterior yayo. inxalenye yesiqu, elinye lamalungu eentaka.
I-clavicles edibeneyo yenze ithambo eliqhelekileyo, endaweni yeentaka ezibizwa ngokuba yi-furcula, i-forelimbs iguqulwa ukuze ibaleke, ukwenzela ukuba ithathelwe phezulu, imilenze isebenza njengesixhobo sokumisa kunye nokuhamba i-musculature inamandla kakhulu kwaye igxininise kwiziko. komzimba.
I-Anatomy kunye ne-physiology
Zonke iintaka zinolwimi, i-esophagus idla ngokuba nokwandiswa okubizwa ngokuba sisityalo sokugcina ukutya, isisu sinendawo ye-glaular eqondisa ukutya kunye nenxalenye ye-muscular ekusilayo, amathumbu aphela kwi-cloaca, imiphunga iyancipha, ngelixa ukuba inethiwekhi ye-bronchial inike isethi yeengxowa zomoya, eziqokelela umoya ngaphakathi.
Kwindawo esezantsi yoqhoqhoqho, banelungu elivelisa isandi elibizwa ngokuba yi-syrinx, inkqubo yokujikeleza kwegazi inentliziyo ene-atria ezimbini kunye neeventricles ezimbini, inkqubo yokukhupha inkunkuma yenziwa zizintso ezimbini ezidityaniswe ne-cloaca, ii-ureters ezimbini, iintaka zidibene kunye nendle incama encamatheleyo kunye nolwelo olumhlophe oluphuma ekufunxeni kwamanzi emchameni.
Okwangoku, ingqondo inkulu kuneyezirhubuluzi kwaye umbindi wokubona mkhulu kwaye unobugocigoci.Umzekelo woku zizikhova nezikhova zasebarn ezibona ebusuku.
ukuveliswa kunye nophuhliso
Oku kuya kuxhomekeka kuhlobo lweentaka, izixhobo zokuzala zamadoda zibandakanya amasende amabini, amabhinqa anee-ovari ezimbini, ukuchumisa kuhlala kungaphakathi, amaqanda ane-yolk eninzi eyaziwa ngokuba yi-yolks, ukondla i-embryo kunye neqokobhe elikhuselayo le-limestone.
Badla ngokuwafaka ezindlwaneni bawafukamele, oko kukuthi, bawafudumeze de azalwe, amanye amantshontsho azalwa enqunu aze ahlale okwethutyana kwindlwane, etyiswa ngabazali bawo, de kuphume iintsiba zawo ukuze akwazi ukuzibamba. ngokwabo, abanye bagutyungelwe phantsi kwaye banokulandela abazali babo kamsinya nje bakuba bezelwe.
Iintlobo zeentaka zolwandle
Iintaka zaselwandle zichitha ixesha elininzi lobomi bazo elwandle, ngenxa yesi sizathu imiphunga yazo idityanisiwe, eminye ifana noonombombiya, kuzo zonke iintaka zaselwandle yeyona ikwaziyo ukuqhelana nobomi basemanzini, kuba zithwala uhambo olude ngaphantsi kwamanzi kwaye ziphelelwe ngamandla. xa zibhabha, amaphiko azo asebenza njengamaphiko okudada yaye umsila usebenza njengomkhuseli.
Enye ye imizekelo yeentaka, Ingaba u I-Emperor penguin Inkunzi ibeka amaqanda ezinyaweni zayo ukuze ingawuchukumisi umkhenkce.Umzimba wayo ugqunywe ziintsiba ezingangeni manzi eziwukhuselayo kwingqele.
Iintaka zaselwandle ngokubanzi zihlala ezindulini ukuze zizikhusele kumarhamncwa ayo nayiphi na enye ingozi, zihlala emaweni njengoko kwenzeka kwiingabangaba ezinomlomo okhonkxiweyo, amaphiko amade kunye neenyawo ezine-webbed, ekuzalweni kwazo zineentsiba ezinamabala eziphulukene nazo xa sele zikhulile, ziintaka ezingabhabheli phezulu okanye ngokukhawuleza, kodwa ziincutshe zokubhabha, zidla ngokubonwa emanxwemeni asemaweni.
Ukutya kwabo kwahluka kwiintlanzi ze-mollusc, amaqanda kunye ne-carrion, ezinye zinyuka imilambo kwaye zifike kwizixeko ezingaphakathi kwelizwe ezitsalwa yinkunkuma.
Kuzo zonke iindidi zeentaka zaselwandle, ialbatross yiyo yodwa enamaphiko amade, ngokuqhelekileyo ithathwa njengentaka efudukayo, ayizizo zonke ezitya ukutya ngendlela efanayo ne-pelicans kunye ne-gannets, ziyantywila ukusuka kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kwaye zintywile ukuya. bamba ukutya, amangabangaba iintlanzi ngokubhabha ezantsi kwaye njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, oonombombiya banokutshona kwaye bantywile enzulwini ibambe iintlanzi ozifumanayo xa uqubha.
Iintlobo zeentaka
Nahlulwe kubini iintlobo zeentaka, i-paleognathus kunye ne-neognathus, ezi zibandakanya zonke iindidi eziphilayo, zezi:
Iipaleognaths
Bahlanganisa ndawonye iintaka ezingakwaziyo ukubhabha kunye namaqela, njengeentaka ezibalekayo, zenziwe ngeendidi ezintlanu zeentaka:
- Iinciniba: Ngeenzwane ezimbini emilenzeni, zinokufikelela kwiimitha ezimbini ubude kwaye zinobunzima obuzikhilogram ezingamashumi alithoba.Zakha amaqela amakhulu adityaniswa nemihlambi yezilwanyana ezanyisayo ezitya utyani kwaye iinkunzi zifukamela amaqanda.
- IiCassowaries kunye ne-emu: Zineenzwane ezintathu emilenzeni kwaye amaphiko e-vestigial afikelela kwiimitha ezintlanu ukuphakama, ahlala e-Australia naseNew Guinea.
- I kiwis: Zineenzwane ezine ezinyaweni zazo kunye nomlomo omde oneempumlo ezivulekileyo ekupheleni, ubukhulu benkukhu, zinokubonwa eNew Zealand.
- I-Rheas: Ngeenzwane ezintathu emilenzeni yazo ukuya kwinqaku leemitha ezimbini ubude, iinkunzi zifukamela amaqanda, zenza amaqela amancinane ahamba nezilwanyana ezanyisayo ezitya utyani, zihlala eMzantsi Melika.
- Iinxalenye: Zibonakala ngamaphiko azo aqalayo kunye nesali encinci ezivumela ukuba zibhabhe ngokufutshane, xa kukho ingozi, iinkunzi nazo zifukamela amaqanda.
IiNeognates
Ziintaka ezibhabhayo, ezinentsiba eziphuhlileyo, iindidi zeentaka ezenza eli qela zezi:
- Iintaka zeBooby okanye iipenguin: Amaphiko atshintshile abe ngamaphiko kunye neenyawo zewebhu ezineminwe emine, iintsiba zigubungela wonke umzimba kwaye zihlala kwimimandla ye-polar.
- Petrels, albatross, shearwaters kunye neepaino: Iindiza ezibalaseleyo ezineenyawo eziphotheneyo, amaphiko amade amade, zihlala kuzo zonke iilwandlekazi, iialbatross zihlala emhlabeni kuphela ukuze zifukamele.
- Iiloon: Babonakala ngokuba ne-bill enkulu egqitywe ngenqaku kunye neenyawo ezimfutshane zewebhu, bangabantu abahlukeneyo abalungileyo kwaye bahlala elwandle ngokubanzi.
- IiGrebe kunye neeGrebes: Baneminwe enewebhu, bayakwazi ukuntywila emanzini, kwaye bahlala emanzini amatsha.
- IiPelicans, cormorants, gannets kunye neefrigatebirds: Baneminwe emine ehlanganiswe yi-membrane kunye nesikhwama entanyeni, banokuphila kokubili elwandle nasemanzini ahlambulukileyo.
- Iingwamza, amacephe, iiflamingo, iingqumba, iimarabouts, iintaka, iintaka: Zinemilenze emide kunye nemilomo emide, ngamanye amaxesha iinyawo zewebhu, zihlala kwindawo ehlala emanzini okanye kufuphi nayo.
- Amadada, amarhanisi, yongeza, amadada kunye namarhanisi: Zinomsila obanzi, osicaba, iinyawo ezinentambo, kunye nomsila omfutshane.
- Ukhozi lweharpy, ookhetshe, iikayiti, ookhetshe, amaxhalanga neecondors: Ngomlomo ogobileyo kunye nemilenze eneenzipho ezomeleleyo, ziiflaya ezigqwesileyo nezibhabhayo, ukutya kwazo kukutya inyama okanye i-necrophagous.
- Iiparrots, iimacaws, iiparrots, iiparakeets, iicockatoos: Zinomlomo ogobileyo kunye nemilenze ecinezelayo kunye neminwe emibini ukuya phambili kunye nemibini ngasemva, iintsiba zazo zimibalabala kwaye ziyamangalisa.
- Ingcungcu Amaphiko azo abonakala ebukhali kwaye zibhabha, iingcungcu zezona ntaka zincinci zikwaziyo ukuphaphazela nokubuyela umva.
- Izikhova kunye nezikhova zasebarn: Ziphawulwa ngokuba nentloko ebanzi kunye namehlo kwindawo engaphambili, umlomo omfutshane, iinzipho kunye neentsiba ezixineneyo, zizilwanyana zasebusuku.
- Amahobe: Ngokuqhelekileyo abantu basemhlabeni, bahlala kumhlaba ocociweyo, banokusela ulwelo ngaphandle kokuphakamisa iintloko zabo.
- Izagwityi, inkukhu, iturkey, ipikoko: Zinemilenze emide xa zihamba kwaye zincinci ukukwazi ukubhabha, amantshontsho azo akhohlakele.
- IiToucans kunye neenkuni: Umlomo wayo mde kwaye utsolo, nolwimi olude, zonke ziintaka zehlathi.
- I-Nightingales, i-Chiffchaffs, i-Chickadees: Kweli qela kuzo zonke iintaka zeparadesi, amagwababa, ezi ntaka zenza olona luhlu luninzi kunye neentlobo ezimalunga namawaka amahlanu ezibonisa iindidi zeentaka ezidlulayo, iminwe emine izimele kwaye enye ihlelwe ngasemva, inikwe kakuhle Ndiyacula, abantwana babo bangamasikizi.