Izityalo kwindalo zineendlela ezahlukeneyo zebhayoloji okanye zobomi, kuxhomekeke kubudlelwane bazo nendawo ezingqongileyo, ezi zezi: imithi, izihlahla okanye imifuno. Esi sithuba sinenjongo yokuba ufunda malunga nezityalo kwaye ngokukodwa malunga neentlobo zeMithi. Ukunika iimpendulo malunga nokuba yintoni na umthi, amalungu awo, iimpawu, ukusetyenziswa, kunye nemizekelo yeentlobo zemithi.
Iindidi zeMithi kunye neempawu zayo
Masiqale ngokucacisa ukuba yeyiphi imithi, abanye ababhali bayavumelana ngokubonisa: ukuba imithi isemhlabeni, izityalo zemithi, ezinobude obuphakathi okanye ubude, kunye nesiqu kunye ne-ramifications ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kwi-4 yeemitha ukuphakama, efikelela ekupheleni, oku. isebe inokuba ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ukuphuhliswa. Imithi nayo ibonakaliswe ngokomelela kwesiqu sayo, ububanzi bamasebe kunye nokutshintsha kwexesha elide.
Ngokwale nkcazo yemithi, zikho, ngaphezu kwezityalo ezinkulu, eziphakathi okanye ezincinci ezineempawu ezikhankanywe ngasentla, kodwa kunye neentlobo ezithile ze-cacti, imithi yesundu, i-ferns yemithi kunye nezinye i-frailejones (izityalo ezifumaneka kwi-Andean Cordillera).
Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, ulwalamano lwazo nemekobume lugqiba indlela eziphila ngayo izityalo (imithi, amatyholo, okanye imifuno), ngoko kunokutshiwo ukuba ukumila kwemithi kukwaphenjelelwa lulwalamano lwayo nezinto ezahlukahlukeneyo ezisingqongileyo, njengemozulu. nomhlaba. Ngenxa yoku, imithi inendima ephambili kwindalo.
Ngokuxhomekeke kolu budlelwane, imithi inokuphila ixesha elide kwaye iphile ukusuka kwiminyaka elishumi elinesibini ukuya kwiminyaka engamawaka amahlanu njenge "Bristlecone Pine", enobude beemitha ezi-4 okanye ngaphezulu kwe-100 yeemitha. i-eucalyptus regnans, apho iisampulu zaziwa zilinganisa malunga ne-140 yeemitha ukuphakama. Kwakhona, ezinye zineziqu ezibhityileyo kunye nezinye ezinemitha engama-30 ububanzi, njengeeBaobabs kunye neeAhuehuetes.
Izinto zemithi
Iimpawu zemithi zimelelwe yingcambu, i-trunk kunye nesithsaba, kunye nokukhula okulinganayo kwezi zinto zintathu ngexesha lokuphuhliswa kwazo, ngenjongo yokugcina umlinganiselo oqhubekayo weendawo zabo. Olu phuhliso ludityanisiweyo lwamalungu awo yinto abayibiza ngokuba luyilo lomthi. Olu lwakhiwo lomthi lubonakaliso lwe-morphological, oluye lwaba yinto ebonakalayo.
Iingcambu
Iingcambu ziyinxalenye yenkxaso kunye nokutya kwazo zonke izityalo, kuba imisebenzi yazo ephambili kukufunxwa kwamanzi kunye neetyuwa zeeminerali ezisebenza njenge-hydration kunye nesondlo kwizityalo kwaye kule meko imithi. Zikwaxhasa ekukhuseleni umthi emhlabeni kwaye zithintele iimeko zemozulu ezifana nomoya ukuba ungawawisa phantsi, ngenxa yesi sizathu imithi inenkqubo yeengcambu ezihlala zihamba ngokuthe tye, phakathi kunye ne-pivoting okanye nzulu. Umthamo wayo ufana nomthamo we-canopy yomthi.
Ifayile yelog
Isiqu sinomgaqo-siseko okhuni oqhele ukuhluma kumphakamo othile ukusuka emhlabeni, owaziwa ngokuba yikomityi, kule ndebe amagqabi (amagqabi) ayakhiwa, kwaye iintyatyambo neziqhamo ziyakhula. Ngaphakathi kwesiqu kukho i-xylem, eye yaba yinkqubo ehambisa amanzi ukusuka kwiingcambu ukuya kwisithsaba (amasebe, amaqabunga, iintyatyambo kunye neziqhamo). Kwaye kwakhona nge-phloem, eyinxalenye ye-vascular tissue apho amanzi kunye nezondlo zidlula kwelinye icala kwi-xylem. Zombini i-xylem kunye ne-phloem zinika i-lignified consistency kwizikhondo zemithi.
Ikomityi (amasebe kunye namagqabi)
Isithsaba semithi senziwa yinxalenye ye-branched yomthi, oko kukuthi, amasebe kunye namagqabi kwaye ifumaneka kwindawo ephezulu yemithi. Amagqabi ngamalungu akhethekileyo ezityalo, kulo mzekelo imithi efunxa iiminerali ezifumaneka kwi-atmosfera, amandla elanga, ize iyiguqule ibe yiswekile ukondla isityalo nokukhulula ioksijini emoyeni. Khumbula ukuba imithi zizidalwa ezizii-autotrophic, ezivelisa ukutya kwazo. Oku kutya kwezityalo kuveliswa ngokusabela kwe-biochemical ebizwa ngokuba yi-photosynthesis.
Iintyatyambo
Kwizityalo ezivelisa iintyatyambo zizitho zokuzala zezityalo kwaye ke imithi. Anamalungu amane: i-calyx, i-corolla, i-stamens, kunye ne-ovary okanye i-gynoecium.
I-calyx yeentyatyambo yinto enokubonwa ngeliso lenyama kwaye zingama-sepals, angamagqabi aluhlaza akhusela intyatyambo. I-corolla yeyona ndawo ibonakalayo kwiintyatyambo, yenziwe ngamagqabi ahlukeneyo eentyatyambo anemibala eyahlukeneyo kunye nezixa ezibizwa ngokuba ngama-petals. Amalungu okuzala zistamens kunye ne-ovary okanye i-gynoecium, zombini zibekwe kumbindi wentyatyambo.
Iziqhamo
Emva kokuba intyatyambo ivundisiwe, iziqhamo ziyakhiwa. Kwiziqhamo kukho imbewu, iziqhamo ziyahluka ngokweentlobo zesityalo. Iziqhamo zinokuba yinyama okanye zome. Iziqhamo ezinenyama ngumzekelo, iiapile, iipesika, iiorenji. Kwelinye icala, amandongomane zezi: acorns, walnuts, hazelnuts, phakathi kwabanye.
Iindidi zeMithi ngokobungakanani
Kwindalo kukho malunga ne-100 lamawaka eentlobo zemithi, uninzi lwazo lukhula kwimimandla yetropiki yeplanethi, ukulungelelanisa i-morphology kunye ne-physiology ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko zemozulu kunye ne-edaphic yendawo nganye. Ezi zinokubonwa zikhula kwiindawo zendalo nakwimixokomelwano yendalo engenelwa ngabantu njengezixeko.
Ngokuxhomekeke kubukhulu bayo, kunokuthiwa kukho ezimbini izicwangciso eziphambili, ezi: I-Parasol okanye uhlobo lwe-polyaxial kunye ne-candelabra okanye uhlobo lwe-monoaxial. La malungiselelo emithi yimpendulo yokusombulula ingxaki yokuba amagqabi afumana i-insolation kangangoko kunokwenzeka emini. Le mpendulo igcina ibhalansi kunye nokufumaneka kwamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba, kunye ne-eco-physiology yesityalo.
I-parasol okanye i-polyaxial shaft
Kolu hlobo lwemithi, amasebe ahlukana nesebe lomama kumgama omde ukusuka kumphezulu womhlaba kwaye adlulele kwaloo mphakamo. Le ndlela yokulungelelanisa amasebe ivumela onke amagqabi omthi ukuba afumane ukukhanya okwaneleyo kwelanga emini. Ingabonwa kwimithi yosapho lweFabaceas, umzekelo: i-carob.
Candelabra okanye umthi wohlobo lwe-monoaxial
Kulo hlobo lomthi, isebe eliphambili alihluli kodwa kumgama omkhulu ukusuka kwisiseko. Amasebe aphezulu, emva kohlobo lokulahlwa ngokunyanisekileyo, ngokukhawuleza alula kwaye azibeke kwindawo ehambelana nomama okanye isebe eliphambili, njengemithi yaseBurseraceae, enjengomthi wentlaka yokuqhumisa.I-Boswellia sacra) ekusenokwenzeka ukuba ngumthi ekwakuvela kuwo isiqhumiso ekuthethwa ngaso eBhayibhileni esanikelwa ziZazi njengesipho.
Ukuguqulwa kolu hlobo lokukhula kwesebe, uhlobo lwe-candelabra, yimeko yeentlobo zemithi ezicinezela i-ramifications yazo kunye nokukhula ngokukhawuleza kwesiqu kubangela ukuba amasebe ambalwa abekwe phezulu kwisithsaba somthi. Ngokomzekelo, imithi yemithi, imithi yesundu, iCycas, iGuapuruvu, phakathi kwabanye.
Iindidi zeMithi enamagqabi kunye neEvergreen
Imithi, kuxhomekeke kwisigxina samagqabi awo ngexesha lokukhula kwawo kunye nexesha lonyaka, kuthiwa yi-deciduous okanye i-evergreen. Kwiindawo ezitshisayo, ukulahleka kwamagqabi awo kwenzeka ngenxa yokungabikho okanye ubuninzi bamanzi kwaye kwenzeka ngexesha elomileyo, ngenxa yemvula encinci. Emazweni anemozulu epholileyo, ayenzeka ngexesha lekwindla nasebusika, apho iimeko zemozulu zibi.
imithi evuthulukayo
Igama elithi deciduous ligama elidityanisiweyo elenziwe kwingcambu yegama lesiLatini elithi “caducus”, elithetha ukuwa, kunye ne “folium”, elithetha igqabi. Oku kuthetha ukuba umthi ovuthulukayo okanye uhlobo lomthi ovuthulukayo kuthetha ukuba ngumthi olahlekelwa ngamahlamvu ekupheleni komjikelo wokukhula, njengempendulo ye-physiological evumela ukusetyenziswa okunengqiqo kwezondlo ezifunxayo kwiimeko ezimbi, imozulu kunye namanzi. ngakumbi kwixesha lasekwindla nasebusika kwimimandla enemozulu epholileyo kunye nexesha elomileyo kwiindawo ezishushu.
Kumazwe anemozulu epholileyo, ukuwa kwamagqabi ekwindla kuyamangalisa kakhulu, le nkqubo iyahluka ngokuxhomekeka kwiimvula okanye nakwixesha lasebusika, njengoko kubonwa kumthi we-maple. Olu luhlu lwamagqabi lulungelelanisa olunenzuzo, ekubeni iintlobo zemithi ezilahlekelwa ngamagqabi aziyi kufuneka zichithe amandla ngexesha lasebusika zikhusela amaqabunga awo kwiqhwa.
Kwimimandla eshinyeneyo, kukho iindawo ezinjengamahlathi avuthulukayo apho ukubakho kwemvula kuye kube namandla kakhulu ngexesha elinye lonyaka kuze kufike ixesha lonyaka elomileyo eliphawuleka kakhulu. Kule mimandla, imithi evuthulukayo iyawachitha amagqabi awo ukuze lo mthi wonge amanzi amaninzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka ngexesha lonyaka elomileyo. Imithi engenamagqabi ifunxa amanzi aphantsi komhlaba ngexesha lembalela.
Kweleenjiko, imithi emininzi enamagqabi avuthulukayo iphelelwa ngamagqabi ebudeni bexesha lonyaka elomileyo, yaye kusenokwenzeka nokuba kumahlathi ashinyeneyo akweleenjiko, iindawo ezinemvula eyaneleyo, ukufuma kwemekobume nokufumaneka kwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba, kubekho iindidi zemithi ehlala iluhlaza.
Iintlobo zemithi enamagqabi
UGinkgo biloba: Lo mthi ukwabizwa ngokuba yi "fan tree" ngenxa yeemilo zamagqabi awo.Olu hlobo lukhula kancinci, luhlobo lwe dioecious, olunobume be pyramidal ukukhula kwesithsaba saso, xa bengamadoda naxa bengabantu ngabanye. iindebe zabo zibanzi; Amagqabi awo avuthuluka kwaye afana nabalandeli abancinci.
ILagerstroemia ibonisa: Ngumthi omncinci oneziqu ezininzi, malunga neemitha ezisi-8 ukuphakama. Ixolo lesiqu salo ligudile, likhula ngokubonakalayo kwaye lingwevu-pinki. Amagqabi awo aluhlaza bumnyama ngombala kwaye ayawa ngexesha lokwindla. Ngenxa yobuhle beentyantyambo zayo ezimhlophe, ezipinki, ezibomvu ngokubomvu okanye ezi-mauve kunye neziqu, isetyenziswa njengento yokuhombisa.
i-castanea sativa: Ngumthi ophakathi kwama-25 ukuya kuma-30 eemitha ukuphakama, kunye nesiqu esifutshane, esithe tye nesityebileyo esimalunga neemitha ezi-2 ububanzi. Umbala wexolo lawo uyahluka xa likhula, lisuka eluthuthwini okanye libemdaka ukuya kutsho kumdaka omnyama. Amagqabi anesiseko esijikelezileyo, i-asymmetrical kunye nemiphetho edibeneyo. Iziqhamo zayo ziyatyiwa kwaye ibikade ingumthombo wokutya obalulekileyo kumazantsi eYurophu.
UAlbizia julibrissin: Idla ngokubizwa ngokuba yiConstantinople acacia, umthi ovuthulukayo malunga neemitha ezili-15 ubude, isithsaba esibanzi, ixolo eliluhlaza bumnyama bungwevu. Isiqhamo yimbotyi. Ivela kumzantsi-mpuma nakwimpuma yelizwekazi laseAsia, ukusuka eIran, eTshayina naseKorea. Yaziswa eYurophu ukusuka kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo ukwenzela ukusetyenziswa kokuhlobisa.
Iindidi zeMithi Evergreen
Ngokuchaseneyo nemithi evuthulukayo kwindalo, imithi ehlala iluhlaza inokubonwa, oko kukuthi imithi eluhlaza okanye imithi enamagqabi ahlala eluhlaza. Kwimimandla enemozulu epholileyo le mithi igcina amagqabi ayo kungakhathaliseki ixesha lonyaka lonyaka. Olu hlobo lomthi luhlaziya amagqabi ngokuqhubekayo, kukho iindidi ezimbini zemithi enamagqabi ahlala eluhlaza.
Imithi yeEvergreen broadleaf: Yimithi enamagqabi anamagqatyana abanzi ahlala encamathele kumasebe omthi unyaka wonke. Le yimithi enamagqabi kakhulu kwaye ivelisa umthunzi omninzi apho ikhula khona. Amagqabi anamahlamvu abanzi ahlala eluhlaza afunyanwa ngokubanzi kwimimandla eshushu kunye ne-ikhweyitha enamaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye neemvula ezininzi.
Imithi enamagqabi afana nesikali, i-acicular okanye inaliti emile kwaye ihlala iluhlaza: Yimithi amagqabi okanye amaphecana acuthekileyo kwaye made. Ezi ndidi zemithi zikholisa ukukhula kwindawo ezinamaqondo asezantsi obushushu. Phakathi kwale mithi engapheliyo kukho i-conifers, amaqabunga awo abunjwe ngesikhumba kwaye agqunywe nge-resin. Iingcali zibhalisa malunga ne-600 yeentlobo ze-conifers, enye yeyona mithi midala kunye neyona mide kwindalo. Ezinye iintlobo zemithi yolu hlobo: ipine, i-cypress kunye nemisedare, phakathi kwabanye
Ziyahluka kwiindidi zemithi evuthulukayo kuba imithi ehlala iluhlaza ayitshintshi umbala wamagqabi ayo kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka ukuba ixesha lokulahleka kwamagqabi lide kakhulu, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha liyenzeka rhoqo kwiminyaka eyi-17. Imithi ehlala eluhlaza iyaziwa ukuba ixhaphake kwiindawo ezishushu kunye ne-equatorial kwaye eminye ifumaneka kwiindawo ezibandayo zamazwekazi: Asia, Melika kunye neYurophu.
Phakathi kwemithi ehlala iluhlaza, yi Pinus longaeva, edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yibristlecone pine okanye ngesiNgesi ibristlecone pines. Ifumaneka kwindawo ekhuselweyo yeentaba eziphakamileyo kumzantsi-mpuma weUnited States, ukunqanda ukuthenwa. Kukholelwa ukuba banokuphila iminyaka engaphezu kwama-5.000 XNUMX.
Iintlobo zeEvergreen Tree
Quercus Ilex: Yaziwa ngegama eliqhelekileyo le-oki, i-chaparra okanye i-chaparro, ngumthi ophakathi kobude obuphakathi kwiMeditera. Ngumthi onokufikelela kwiimitha ezingama-30 ubude, okanye ukukhula kwamatyholo, ngenxa yeemeko zemvula. Le mithi ikhuliselwa iziqhamo zayo, ebizwa ngokuba zii-acorns.
IMagnolia grandiflora: Umthi we-magnolia, inzalelwane yase-United States, ngumthi onomphezulu wephiramidi. Ngumthi omalunga neemitha ezingama-35 ukuphakama, unamagqabi ahlala eluhlaza, alula, namagqabi amise okweqanda ashiyeke de kuvele amagqabi amatsha ngexesha lentwasahlobo. Yenzelwe ukusetyenziswa kokuhombisa.
I-Arbutus inedo: Ngumthi ophakathi kwe-4-7 yeemitha ukuphakama. Isasazwa ukusuka kummandla weMeditera, eFransi ukuya eUkraine. Bayibiza ngobukrwada njengomthi wamaqunube. Amagqabi ayo afana ne-laurel, i-elliptical kunye ne-green green. Luhlobo oluzimeleyo lwaseSpain, nangona kunjalo, kwezinye iindawo zelo lizwe liziphatha njengomhlaseli ongaqhelekanga. ukusetyenziswa kokuhombisa.
Amagqabi e-Coniferous evergreen afana nenaliti
IiConifers lelona qela libalulekileyo le-gymnosperms. Babekade beliqela elilawulayo lemithi phantse kuyo yonke imimandla, ngoku baye bagxothwa zii-angiosperms. Zibizwa ngokuba ziiconifers kuba imbewu yazo ifumaneka kwisakhiwo esikhethekileyo esibizwa ngokuba ziicones. Ukuzala, i-conifers ivelisa iicones zamadoda kunye nemazi kwisityalo esinye. IiConifers zivela kwiCarboniferous, malunga ne-300 yezigidi zeminyaka. Okwangoku ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuhombisa, isetyenziselwa i-pulp yephepha kunye nokwakhiwa.
UAbies uthi: Luhlobo lwefir oluvela kwintsapho yasePinaceae, ngumthi wepyramidal, malunga neemitha ezingama-30 ukuphakama, indawo yokuhlala yendalo yiPeninsula yase-Iberia. Amagqabi ayo abukhali kwaye aqinile. Ivelisa amapayina athi xa evuthiwe akhuphe amandongomane epayina.
Taxus baccata: Bayazi ngegama eliqhelekileyo le-yew emnyama okanye i-yew eqhelekileyo, evela eNtshona Yurophu. Yi-conifer emalunga neemitha ezingama-30 ukuphakama, kunye nesithsaba esibanzi sephiramidi, amasebe axwesileyo.Inokuphila iminyaka engama-5.000. Isityalo sonke sinetyhefu, ngaphandle kwe-aril egquma isiqhamo. Ngenxa yokuphila ixesha elide, bahlala betyalwa emangcwabeni ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Yenzelwe ukusetyenziswa kokuhombisa.
I-Atlantic Cedrus: Ngumthi ohlala ixesha elide, ozalelwa kwiiNtaba zeAtlas zaseAlgeria naseMorocco. Ngumthi omalunga neemitha ezingama-30 ukuphakama. Ubume besithsaba saso sibumbene, isiqu saso sithe tye sinexolo eligudileyo, amagqabi angapheliyo kunye neenaliti eziluhlaza-greyish blue.
Sequoia sempervirens: Ngokuqhelekileyo eyaziwa njenge-redwood okanye i-California redwood, ehlala ixesha elide ukusuka kwiminyaka engama-2.000 ukuya kuma-3.000, inokufikelela malunga ne-115 yeemitha ukuphakama kunye ne-7,9 yeemitha ububanzi. Luhlobo olwahlukileyo kwi-sequoia enkulu eziimitha ezingama-85 ukuphakama (Sequoiadendron giganteumkunye ne-metasequoia (IMetasequoia glyptostroboides), ukuphakama okuphantsi, ukuya kuma-45 m. Igama elithi "Sequoia" elaziwa ngalo kwihlabathi liphela, labekwa njengembeko kwinkosi yaseCherokee egama linguSequoyah.
Indlela Imithi Evelisa Ngayo
Ngokwendalo, izityalo zokuqala ezazikho ziyinxalenye yeCandelo leGymnosperms, ezizizityalo ngaphandle kweentyantyambo kwaye phakathi kwemithi esiyaziyo kunye nabameli be-gymnosperms yi-conifers, ebizwa ngokuba yi-conifers, ebizwa ngokuba yi-conifers. iginkgo, phakathi kwabanye. Ngenxa yokuzivelela kwezityalo namhlanje, uninzi lwezityalo kunye phakathi kwazo imithi ekhoyo kwiplanethi yiMagnopliophyta Division (phambi kwe-angiosperms), ezizizityalo ezinobukho beentyatyambo.
Izitho zokuzala zezityalo zifumaneka kwiintyatyambo. Kuzo kukho i-ovule okanye imbewu enokubakho kwi-ovary, into yokuba ifakwe ngaphakathi kwentyatyambo, ukungafani kwezityalo ze-gymnosperm (izityalo ezinembewu enqunu ngenxa yokuba zingenayo iintyatyambo). Ngokwendalo, izityalo ezininzi, kuquka imithi, zivelisa ngembewu kwaye ezimbalwa ngokusikwa okanye ukusika, emva kokuba umoya onamandla uhlukanise umthi kwaye amasebe awo amancinci athatha iingcambu emhlabeni.
Ukuzaliswa kwembewu
Ngokungenelela komntu, ngokujonga indlela imithi ezalwa ngayo kwindalo, baye baqokelela imbewu yabo kwaye bagqibezela indlela yokuvelisa imithi ngembewu kwaye ngokuzama nangempazamo baye bakwazi ukuvelisa imithi ngenye indlela, eyile: ngokusika. okanye ukusikwa, ngokubeka umoya kunye neenkcubeko ze-in vitro. Ukuzala kwakhona ngembewu, ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwembewu, enye yezi ndlela zokulungiselela nokuhlwayela inokusetyenziswa.
Ukuhlwayelwa kwembewu ngokuthe ngqo: Imbewu yemithi esentsimini okanye iziqhamo zayo ziyaqokelelwa zize zityalwe kwiibhedi zembewu.
Ukufunxa imbewu: Ngokuxhomekeke kukuqina kwembewu okanye kusenokuba kukususwa i-mucilage (i-viscous texture efana nerabha), imbewu ifakwa kwisitya esinamanzi malunga neeyure ezingama-24.
istratification ebandayo: Imbewu ifakwa efrijini kangangeenyanga ezimbini okanye ezintathu kubushushu obuphakathi kwe 4 ukuya ku 6 °C, emva koko isuswe kwaye ityalwe kwi nursery. Le ndlela yokulungiselela imbewu iqhutyelwa ngemithi ekhula ngokwemvelo kwimimandla yemozulu epholileyo.
Uhlulo olushushu: Yindlela yokulungisa iimbewu ezithi zibekwe ebushushwini okwethutyana emva koko zihlwayelwe.
Indlela yokothuka yobushushu: Kule meko, imbewu ifakwe emanzini abilayo okwesibini, ize idlulise imbewu kwisitya esinamanzi kwindawo yokushisa, kwaye ishiywe kuyo iiyure ezingamashumi amabini anesine. Emva koko, imbewu ithathwa ukuba ihlwayelwe kwi-nursery. Injongo yale ndlela kukuvelisa amaqhekeza amancinci kwiqokobhe okanye umaleko ongaphandle wembewu. Le micro cut iya kuvumela i-embryo ukuba ifakwe emanzini kwaye imbewu intshule. Igalelwa kwiimbewu ezincinci ezifana nezo ze Acacia sp.
ukuveliswa kwe-asexual
Olu hlobo lokuzala aluveliswanga yimbewu, ngokwendalo iveliswa ngokuphuhliswa nokukhula kwehlumela elitsha ukusuka kwisiseko okanye kwiingcambu zesityalo, ezi ziphuhlisa njengomthi ozimeleyo. Ngokwendalo, xa le ndlela yokuvelisa isenzeka, umthi wolutsha uya kuthatha indawo yomthi omdala abazalelwe kuwo.
Kwindalo, ngolu hlobo lokuzala, umthi wokuqala uphawula indawo yawo, ekubeni imithi ezalwa ngolu hlobo, imithi emitsha, ifana neempawu zabo zofuzo. Olu hlobo lokuvelisa luqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kofuzo, ukuba iimeko zokusingqongileyo zigcinwa, olu hlobo lokuvelisa luya kuba luncedo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba iimeko zokusingqongileyo ziyahluka, ezi zityalo azinakwenzeka ukuziqhelanisa.
Ukuzala ngokutsha ngokusikwa okanye ukusikwa: Kwaziwa ngokuba yi-asexual reproduction, kuba imbewu, engamalungu esini kunye nokuzala kwezityalo, ayisetyenziswa. Ngale ndlela, amasebe amancinci anqunywe emithini (le ndlela ivumela ukuveliswa ngokukhawuleza kwemithi emitsha). Ukusikwa kwamasebe ukuvelisa ukusika okanye izibonda, zinqunywe phakathi kwe-4 ukuya kwi-7 centimeters ubude. Ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo, kuyakuthatha phakathi kweenyanga ezimbini ukuya kwezinye ukumila iingcambu.
Indlela yokuXhuma: Kule meko ke, isebe lomthi liyasikwa, libe sisityalo sokuphindaphinda okanye ukwanda, lifakwe kwisebe lomthi ongumama okanye ipateni ye-graft.I-graft iya kukhula njengenxalenye yesityalo. Isetyenziswa kwimithi emininzi esetyenziswa njengemithi yeziqhamo, oku kwenza ukuba iziqhamo ezahlukileyo zifunyanwe kumthi omnye, okanye ukuphucula umgangatho wazo.
Inzuzo yemithi kwiNdalo
Imithi ingumthombo wobomi kwindalo, kwaye iyinxalenye yezinto eziphilayo ezizihambelayo, ezikwaziyo ukuguqula izinto ezingaphiliyo zibe ziinxalenye zezinto eziphilayo kunye nokuvelisa ukutya kwazo, ukuze zizondle kwaye zikhule. Imithi yenza iicarbohydrates ngecarbon dioxide nasemanzini, ukusuka kwiphotosynthesis yezityalo kunye nokufunxwa kwamandla elangeni. Zizo kuphela izinto eziphilayo ezilungisa ikharbon diokside (CO2), ekufunxeni kwamandla elanga, ivelisa izinto eziphilayo ize ikhuphe ioksijini emoyeni.
Bathatha inxaxheba kwikhonkco lokutya njengabavelisi bokuqala. Kwikhonkco lokutya lenziwe ngabavelisi bokuqala, abathengi kunye nababolisi; ngayo kuqukuqela amandla aqala ngokusetyenziswa kwamandla elanga kwaye aphele ngokubola ngokupheleleyo kwezinto eziphilayo. Amandla ageleza kwicala elinye, ukusuka elangeni litsalwa ngabavelisi abaphambili, badlulela kwizinto eziphilayo zabathengi okanye i-heterotrophs kwaye emva koko bafikelele kwizinto eziphilayo zokubola.
Ukongezelela ekucoceni umoya, imithi ibonelela ngeoksijini ize ivelise ukutya nekhusi kwizilwanyana zasendle; zikhusela umhlaba kukhukuliseko; lawula ubushushu kunye nokufuma; Balawula inkqubo yokusetyenziswa kwamanzi emvula ngokuvumela ukusetyenziswa kakuhle kwamanzi emvula. Izinto ezikrwada ezinje: iinkuni, iselulosi, isikhokho, intlaka, iintyatyambo kunye neziqhamo zifunyanwa emithini. Ukongeza, imithi iyimithombo yokutya kwiziqhamo zabo: njenge-chestnuts, i-walnuts, i-pine nuts, ii-apile, iimango, i-medlars, iziqhamo ze-citrus, phakathi kwabanye.
Ukubaluleka kweMithi kwezoqoqosho
Imithi ineendima ezibalulekileyo ezahlukeneyo ebomini bomntu, nokuba kunqulo, kubugqwirha nakwishishini. Njengomqondiso wenkcubeko kunye nenkolo, unokuba ngumzekelo we-conifers ezisetyenziselwa imithi yeKrisimesi. Kanye nakwimbono yefilosofi kunye nenkcubeko njengomthi weentlobo i-ficus yenkolo, umthi wobulumko.
Imithi yehlathi: Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, umntu uye wasebenzisa imithi ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, iye yasetyenziswa njengemithi yamahlathi ukuze isetyenziswe ngamaplanga kunye nemveliso yawo. Imithi ibonelela ngomthi njengento ekrwada yokwakha kunye nokuveliswa kwefenitshala. Ipulp yomthi yeshishini lephepha.
Imithi yeziqhamo: Eminye imithi isetyenziswa njengemithi yeziqhamo, ukuthatha ithuba leziqhamo ezityiwayo kwishishini lokutya kwaye eminye yale ikhuliswa ngokusekwe koku.
Imithi yokuhombisa: Enye indlela yokufumana inzuzo kubo kumbono wobuhle ngokuhlobisa izitrato, iipaki kunye negadi. Zibizwa ngokuba ziintlobo zokuhombisa, ziyingxenye ye-arboriculture yasezidolophini, kwizixeko ezityala imithi ezitalatweni, iipaki kunye negadi, kunye nomsebenzi wokuhlobisa kunye neendawo zokubhekisela zokuphumla, i-microclimate epholileyo kunye nokuzonwabisa kwabemi.
Ndiyakumema ukuba ufunde kwakhona: