Iindidi zezilwanyana: Ukuhlelwa kwazo kunye neMizekeliso

Ibhayoloji yohlulwe yaba zizikumkani ezihlanu, esinye sazo bubukumkani bezilwanyana, isilwanyana seso sihamba kwiPlanethi yoMhlaba kanye njengoko abantu behamba kwaye banokuhlelwa okanye bahlulwe iintlobo zezilwanyana, Funda ukuze ufumane okungakumbi malunga nabo.

Ubukumkani bezilwanyana

Bonke bangabantu abangakwaziyo ukudibanisa ukutya kwabo okanye ukuqiqa kwiimeko ezinzima.

Isidingo sokukhangela ukutya senze ukukwazi ukuhamba kubaluleke kakhulu kwezi zinto ziphilayo, ngoko ke izilwanyana ziye zaphuhlisa uluhlu lwezinto ezilungiselelwe ukuququzelela ukuhamba kunye nokomelela ukuze i-skeleton yabo yangaphakathi nangaphandle isebenze njengenkxaso kunye nendlela yokuzingela kunye nokuphila. .

Ide yenza ukuba ezi zilwanyana ziguquke ngokuhamba kweminyaka kwaye iinkqubo ezintsha ziye zavela kuzo, njengengqondo kunye neemvakalelo. Kwizilwanyana zezilwanyana kunokubonwa ukuba ukuveliswa kwazo kwezinye iimeko kwenzeka njani ngokwesondo okanye ngokwesondo.

Iiseli

Iiseli ziiyunithi ezisisiseko zabo bonke abantu abaphilayo, njengoko usazi kakuhle, iiseli zinokuba yi-eukaryotic okanye iprokaryotic.

Izinto zeseli ezimiselayo zithini izilwanyana Zizo:

• Isiseko
• ICytoplasm
• inwebu yeplasma

Nangona kunjalo, kukho iseli edume kakhulu kwisilwanyana, yi-neuron esebenza yedwa kwaye ngokukodwa kwinkqubo yemithambo-luvo yezilwanyana.

izicubu zezilwanyana

Iiseli zokwandisa ukusebenza kwazo zidibana kunye, zibangele izicubu, nganye kwezi zenza umsebenzi, zilungelelaniswe kunye nezicubu ezenza umzimba wesilwanyana. Ezi zahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezine zezicubu zezilwanyana kunye nezinto ezine eziphuma kuzo, ngokuxhomekeke kwiimpawu zazo ze-morphological and physiological:

• Izihlunu ze-nervous: Yenziwe ngeeseli ezikhethekileyo ekuqhutyweni kwe-nervous impulse, oko kukuthi, nge-neurons kunye ne-neuroglia, ejongene nokubonelela ngenkxaso kunye nesondlo kubo, i-neurons yenziwa yi-soma, yindawo apho i-nucleus. ngamasebe edendrite ngawona aqhuba ikhonkco kunye nezinye iineurons.
• Izicubu ze-Epithelial: Yiyo egubungela umphezulu wangaphandle womzimba kunye nemingxuma yangaphakathi yezinto eziphilayo ezininzi, zenziwe ngamaseli eqela elixineneyo kakhulu, elinokuthi lihlelwe njenge-epithelial elula okanye i-stratified epithelial.
• Izicubu zezihlunu: Ibonakaliswe ngokukwazi ukwenza isivumelwano, yenziwe ngamaseli e-spindle, iifibers, ezenziwe ngamaprotheyini anamandla enkontileka, i-myosin kunye ne-actin. Ezi zahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezintathu zezihlunu zezihlunu zezi:

1. Amathambo,
2. Intliziyo
3. Kuthambile

• Izicubu ezidibeneyo: Esi sicatshulwa sibonwa ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na into kwizilwanyana ze-vertebrate, yenziwe ngamanani amancinci amancinci, afakwe kwi-intracellular substance, eyenziwe ngamaseli amancinci kwaye ijikelezwe yi-matrix.
• izicubu ze-adipose: Iphuma kwi-tissue edibeneyo, eyenziwe ngamaseli atyebileyo ngamafutha, yindawo yokugcina, inkxaso kunye nokuzalisa izicubu, umzekelo, kwiingqungquthela ze-mammary.
• Izicubu zeCartilaginous: Iqulunqwe ngamaseli akhupha i-matrix enzima kunye ne-collagen fibers, ayinayo imithwalo okanye i-nerve kwaye iyinkxaso yezicubu ze-embryonic phases of vertebrates.
• Ithambo elilukiweyo: Yeyona thambo liphambili lethambo le-vertebrates, iiseli zezicubu zethambo zibizwa ngokuba yi-osteocytes, le zicubu zixutywe kakhulu yimithambo yegazi emininzi eyinkcenkceshela ngeendlela ezithile.
• Ithishu yegazi: Yenziwe ngegazi kunye neplasma, efumaneka kwi-suspension yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli ezinjengeeseli ezibomvu nezimhlophe zegazi kunye neeplatelets.

Iinkqubo zezilwanyana kunye nezixhobo

Njengabantu, izilwanyana zinamalungu engqiqo anencasa, ukuva, ukujoja, ukubona nokuchukumisa. Inkqubo yezilwanyana yahlulwe yaba zithathu, ezenziwe ngamalungu, ezi nkqubo zezi:

• Inkqubo yamathambo: Le nkqubo iye yaphuhliswa kwiminyaka, ngokukodwa kwezinye iintlobo eziye zaguquka, oku kusebenza ukubonelela ngenkxaso kunye nokulungiswa kwezicubu zomzimba.
• Inkqubo yemisipha: Kanye kunye ne-skeleton, inika inkxaso kunye nokulungiswa kumzimba wezilwanyana.
• Inkqubo yovalo: Luxanduva lokuthumela nokufumana imiyalezo phakathi kwamalungu ahlukeneyo omzimba, ukuze asebenze ngendlela elungelelanisiweyo kwaye anike impendulo ekhawulezileyo kwisivuseleli.

Xa zonke iinkqubo zisebenza kakuhle, izixhobo zezilwanyana zinikwa indawo, phakathi kwazo zezi:

• Inkqubo yokwetyisa: Inoxanduva lokuqhekeza ukutya kwizinto ezilula, ukwenzela ukuba zifakwe kwaye ziqhutywe kuzo zonke iiseli, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lokutya, izakhiwo ezikhethekileyo zingabonakala kuzo, umzekelo, isityalo, i-gizzard, i-intestinal ceca, njl. Inkqubo yokwetyisa yezilwanyana ifuna uncedo lwamalungu amaninzi ekusebenzeni kwayo.
• Inkqubo ye-Excretory: Luxanduva lokuphelisa inkunkuma kwi-metabolism.
• Izixhobo zokuphefumla: Ukwahluka kuhlobo ngalunye lwesilwanyana, seso esithwala ioksijini ukuya emzimbeni wesilwanyana nasemalungwini, sikwanawo nomsebenzi wokuyikhupha ikwimo yekharbon diokside. Kwezinye izilwanyana, ukuphefumla kunokuba ngesikhumba, kwabanye kuyimfuneko ukuba babe namalungu awenza lo msebenzi, ngelixa kwizilwanyana zasemanzini zihamba ngeegill.
• Inkqubo yokujikeleza: Inoxanduva lokuhambisa iimveliso zokugaya kunye ne-oksijini kuzo zonke iiseli, zenziwe ngeemvini, i-arteries, i-capillaries kunye nentliziyo.

iintlobo kunye Ukuhlelwa kwezilwanyana

Ukuhlelwa kwezilwanyana kunokwahluka ngokwezo:

• isakhiwo somqolo: Olona hlelo lusetyenziswa kakhulu.

1. Izidalwa eziphilayo
2. Izilwanyana ezingenamqolo

• Ukutya:

1. Herbivores: Zitya izityalo.
2. Iinyama: Zitya inyama.
3. Omnivores: Zitya izityalo okanye inyama.

• Ukuveliswa kwakhona:

1. Ovoviviparous: Ukuzala kwenziwa ngamaqanda ahlala ngaphakathi emzimbeni kamama de alungele ukuqandusela.
2. Oviparous: Babeka amaqanda ngaphandle kwaye balinde ukuzalwa.
3. Viviparous: Izilwanyana ezibunjwe esibelekweni nezizalwa ngendlela kanina yokuzala.

• iindlela zokuphila:

1. Umhlaba
2. Yasemanzini
3. Ukubhabha

• Imikhwa yendalo.

Njengoko kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zezilwanyana emhlabeni, kuyimfuneko ukwazi ukuba Ukuhlelwa kwezilwanyana ngokwe-taxonomic Lisebe lebhayoloji elinoxanduva lokunika igama kwiintlobo. Njengazo zonke izinto eziphilayo, izilwanyana zihlelwa ngokweentlobo neentlobo.

Izilwanyana zinokuhlelwa ngokwesakhiwo sazo se-vertebral kwi:

• Izidalwa eziphilayo
• Izilwanyana ezingenamqolo

Izidalwa eziphilayo

Zizo izilwanyana ezinomqolo, phakathi kwe iintlobo zezilwanyana Kolu kuhlelwa zizidalwa eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini ezazizizidalwa zokuqala ezinethambo lomqolo ezazihlala kwiPlanethi yoMhlaba. Okwangoku, ii-vertebrates zimele kuphela ipesenteji ephantsi yezilwanyana njengoko zikhula, i-skeleton yazo ikhula, imizimba yazo inokwakheka okude kwaye inomnqonqo kwaye ixesha elininzi ingqondo ikhuselwe ngukhakhayi.

Izilwanyana ezinomqolo zinokwahlulwa zibe ziintlanzi, izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini, ezirhubuluzayo, iintaka kunye nezilwanyana ezanyisayo.

1. Amathambo eentaka alula kakhulu ngoko ke ayakwazi ukubhabha.
2. Iintlanzi ziguquguquka ngakumbi kwaye zivumela ukuba zihambe emanzini.
3. Izilwanyana ezihlala emanzini ezinemilenze emine ziphefumla emiphungeni nangolusu lwazo olufumileyo, zixhomekeke emanzini ubuncinane ukuze zizale, kanti izirhubuluzi zibeka amaqanda eqokobhe, nto leyo evumela ukuba zihlale kwindawo eyomileyo ngokupheleleyo.
4. Ngenxa yamathambo azo, izilwanyana ezanyisayo zihamba nkqo ngemilenze yazo.

Intlanzi

Igama lentlanzi alibhekiseli kulo naluphi na udidi lwe-taxonomic phakathi kwezilwanyana, kuba iintlanzi zibandakanya malunga namashumi amabini amawaka eentlobo ezidityanisiweyo, ngaphandle kwemihlathi kunye nemihlathi.

Imizimba yabo igqunywe ngamaxolo kwaye iphefumla ngeegill, inelungu elilawula uxinzelelo lwamanzi kwaye isetyenziselwa ukudada, ukuntywila, ukuvelisa okanye ukuthwebula isandi, imigca esecaleni isebenza njengelungu leemvakalelo zokubamba amaza kwaye banayo inkqubo yokuziva, ekunokuthiwa ivumba.

Zihamba ngokuziqhubela ngeentshukumo ezingagungqiyo zomzimba kwaye zincediswa yi-caudal fin, engumsila, kwaye zisebenzisa amaphiko aseleyo ukuzinzisa ukudada kwazo.

Uninzi lweentlobo zeentlanzi zidla, zidla ezinye iintlanzi, iintaka kunye nezilwanyana ezincelisayo, nangona kunjalo, zinokutya kwizityalo zasemanzini okanye iplankton. Kukho iintlobo ezintathu zeentlanzi:

1. Intlanzi ye-cyclostome, ziintlanzi ezingenamhlathi ezine-connective kunye ne-cartilaginous skeleton, umzekelo, i-lamprey.
2. intlanzi ye-chondrichthyan, ziintlanzi ezine-cartilaginous skeleton engazange i-ossifies, kukho iindidi ze-600 ezihlelwa njenge-elasmobranchs ezibandakanya ookrebe kunye nemitha kunye ne-chimeras ezibandakanya ezinye iintlobo ze-25 zeentlanzi.
3. Intlanzi ye-osteichthyan, ziintlanzi ezine-ossified skeleton, izikali zazo zixutywe kwaye zisongelwe kumaleko we-mucous, zineembilini ezine okanye ezintlanu, imvakalelo ephuhliswe kakhulu yokuvumba, izitho ezikhethekileyo zokuva kunye namehlo asecaleni, lawo angenazikali, njengee-eels. , baphefumle ngolusu lwabo, abanye banemiphunga esebenzayo. Olu didi lweentlanzi luyi-oviparous kunye nokuchumisa kwangaphandle njengama-turtles.

Amphibians

Izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini zalawula umhlaba iminyaka ezizigidi ezingamashumi amahlanu, de kwafika izirhubuluzi zaza zabagxotha.

Ama-Amphibians anokhakhayi oluthe tyaba oludibanisa i-vertebra yokuqala yekholamu yomgogodla, amathambo omhlathi anamazinyo, anesikhumba esingenalutho ngaphandle kwamaxolo, ahlala efumile ngenxa ye-secretions ye-mucous ye-epithelial glands, kwezinye iintlobo Ungabona amadlala anetyhefu.

Isigaba sombungu senzeka emanzini lo gama abantu abadala besinda kuzo zombini ezi nkqubo, zasemanzini nasemhlabeni, oku kuthetha ukuba xa zikhula zenza imiphunga okanye ziphefumle ngolusu lwazo, inkqubo yazo yokujikeleza kwegazi isebenza ngakumbi kuneyentlanzi, kuba zinentliziyo. enamalungu amabini kunye ne-ventricle enye.

Izilwanyana ezihlala emanzini zinamalungu oluvo, zizo zodwa izilwanyana ezisenalo olu phawu lwentlanzi, oluphuhliswa ngama tadpoles, ilungu lokuva lenziwa yindlebe engaphakathi kunye nombindi wendlebe, amehlo ayakwazi ukubona imibala kwaye amile kakuhle. iinkophe zaphuhliswa.

Ukuveliswa kwama-amphibians kuhlala kungokwesondo, ezinye iintlobo, ukwenzela ukuba amaqanda abo akhuselekile, aphuhlise izakhiwo ezikhethekileyo zokuthutha emlonyeni, esiswini okanye kwezinye iifolthi zesikhumba.

Ama-Amphibians kuphela kwesilwanyana esiye sahlala ngoku siqhubeka sihamba kwinkqubo ye-metamorphosis, ukuba ibe ngabantu abadala, uninzi lwezi zilwanyana zi-oviparous, zinendlela yokukhusela ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lweentlobo, kunye nezinye zinetyhefu, ezinye zinokutshintsha. abembala, abanye banokukhupha inxalenye yemizimba yabo ukuze bazikhusele.

Izilwanyana

Zizilwanyana ezinomqolo zokuqala eziqhelaniswe ngokupheleleyo nobomi basemhlabeni, zibandakanya malunga neentlobo ezingamawaka amathandathu ezinosasazo olubanzi ngokwejografi kulo lonke iplanethi.

Nangona eyona ngqwalasela iphezulu ifumaneka kwiindawo ezitshisayo nakwiindawo ezibandayo zinqabile, zohlulwe zibe ziindidi ezintathu:

• Iimfudo: Zibonakala ngeqokobhe okanye isakhiwo seqokobhe esigquma uninzi lwemizimba yazo kwaye siyikhusele.
• Iinyoka: Bakwiqela lamaxolo ngathi ngamacikilishe.
• Iingwenya: Kunye necaiman kukho iqela leengwenya.

Ulusu lwezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo zomile, lubonakaliswa ngokuphuhliswa kwezikali zeempondo, ezidla ngokuba zikhulu kakhulu kwaye ziphawulwe, kunye nesisu seenyoka, zihlala zitshintsha ulusu. Umlomo mkhulu kwaye imihlathi inamazinyo afanayo, ngaphandle kwamafudo angenawo, ulwimi lwawo lunokukhawuleza kwaye lube nefolokhwe, luphantse lungahambi okanye lube lude kwaye luncangathi.

Isisu, i-excretory system kunye namalungu angasese avuleleke ngaphandle ngombhobho oqhelekileyo, obizwa ngokuba yi-cloaca, intliziyo inamalungu amabini kunye ne-ventricle, ephantse yahlulwe kubini yi-septum engaphelelanga. Ukuchumisa kwezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo kungaphakathi, ezi ntlobo zi-oviparous, zibeka amaqanda phantsi kwaye zinokuhluka phakathi kwama-6 kunye nama-200 amaqanda ngexesha lokuzala.

Ezi zilwanyana zaziwa njengezilwanyana ezinegazi elibandayo, oku kungenxa yokuba azilawuli ubushushu bomzimba ngemetabolism yazo, kodwa kufuneka zisoloko zibhenela kwimithombo yobushushu yangaphandle, ngenxa yesi sizathu nazo kufuneka zihlale kwiindawo ezishushu, apho zinokulawula ubushushu bakho. ngokulula. Kuqhelekile ukuzibona zilele elangeni ukuze zigcine amandla eziwasebenzisela ukuzingela nokwetyisa amaxhoba azo.

Ngokungafaniyo nezinye izilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo, inyoka yiyo yodwa engenamilenze kwaye ityibilika emhlabeni, intshukumo yayo iyajikajika xa umzimba wayo ungenzima kakhulu. Xa umzimba wabo unzima, bahamba ngentshukumo efana ne-accordion, isantya sokuhamba kwenyoka ziikhilomitha ezilishumi elinesithathu ngeyure, ayinazindlebe okanye iinkophe, umzimba wayo mde kwaye ubhityile, wenziwe phakathi kwekhulu elinamakhulu amathathu amathambo omqolo. .

Kugqalwa njengohlobo oluyingozi, ekubeni uhlobo olunye kwezithathu lwenyoka lunetyhefu yaye ekuphela kwendlela enokuchaphazela ngayo ezinye izilwanyana okanye kwanomntu kukuluma ukuze utofe ubuthi obuneempawu ezahlukahlukeneyo ezixhomekeke kuhlobo lwenyoka.

Aves

Zii-oviparous vertebrates, zibonakaliswa ngokuba nomzimba ulungelelanise ukubhabha, ukwenza esi senzo imilenze yazo yangaphambili iguqulwe yaba ngamaphiko kwaye umzimba ugqunywe ziintsiba.

Bagcina ubushushu bomzimba phakathi kwamashumi amane ananye kunye namashumi amane anesibini e-centigrade, ngenxa yeenkqubo zabo zokujikeleza kunye nokuphefumla baye baphuhlisa inkqubo ye-nervous central. Iintsiba kunye nomlomo oneempondo zezona mpawu zayo zibalaseleyo.

Iintsiba kukwakheka kwe-epidermal ebandakanya i-axis esembindini eqinileyo kunye nomgangatho, iintsiba zihlala zitshintsha kwaye kuhlobo olufanayo zinokuba nombala owahlukileyo, kuxhomekeke kwixesha lonyaka okanye ixesha lokuzala. Umlomo wenziwe ngeecornea ezimbini kwaye uyahluka ngokwendlela yokutya kwentaka.

I-skeleton yeentaka ilula, i-compact kwaye iqinile, amathambo abonakaliswe ngokungabi namathambo kunye nezithuba apho afunyenwe khona, agcwele umoya, i-sternum iphuhliswe kakhulu kwaye yenza inxalenye yangaphambili ye-keel, i-welded. iiclavicles zenza ithambo le-V eliqhelekileyo leentaka.

Imilenze iguqulelwe ukubhabha kuba isebenza ukuhamba kwaye njengesixhobo sokumisa, i-musculature yeentaka inamandla kakhulu kwaye ithande ukugxila kumbindi womzimba. Zonke iintaka zinolwimi, ummizo udla ngokuba mkhulu kwaye ubizwa ngokuba sisityalo sokugcina ukutya.

Isisu sinenxalenye yedlala esetyisa ukutya kunye nenxalenye enezihlunu ekusilayo. Imiphunga incitshisiwe ngelixa uthungelwano lwe-bronchial lubangele iingxowa zomoya eziqokelela umoya ngaphakathi xa zibhabha. Inkqubo yokujikeleza iquka intliziyo enamalungu amabini kunye neeventricles ezimbini.

Inkqubo ye-excretory yenziwe ngezintso, ingqondo inkulu kuneyezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo, kwaye amaziko ombono makhulu kwaye aphucukile. Zonke iintaka zi-oviparous kwaye izixhobo zokuzala zamadoda zibandakanya amasende amabini kunye nebhinqa lama-ovari amabini, ukuchumisa kungaphakathi.

Kukho iintaka zasemanzini ezichitha ixesha elininzi lobomi bazo elwandle kwaye ngenxa yesi sizathu iinyawo zazo zinentambo, nangona kunjalo, kukho iintaka ezingakwaziyo ukubhabha, ezifana noonombombiya, abahlala kwiikoloni zokuzikhusela kumarhamncwa kunye nayo nayiphi na enye into. Ingozi. Kuthiwa ziintaka zaselwandle, njengoko zibhabha ukusuka kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kwaye zintywila ukuze zibambe ukutya, oonombombiya banokuntywila baze bantywile nzulu ukuze babambise iintlanzi abazifumana bephantsi kwamanzi.

Izilwanyana ezanyisayo

Izilwanyana ezanyisayo liqela lezilwanyana ezinomqolo eziye zafumana ngoku ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwiifom, oku kubavumele ukuba bahlale kwiindawo ezininzi ezineempawu ezahlukileyo kakhulu.

Izilwanyana ezanyisayo zahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amabini, iprototheria kunye nethiriya. iimpawu zezilwanyana Izilwanyana ezanyisayo zinokwahluka ngokweentlobo zezilwanyana, ulusu lwenziwe ngolwelwesi olugqunywe buboya kunye nedermis.

Olunye ulwakhiwo lwezilwanyana ezanyisayo ezinalo kukukhushini kweminwe, iinzipho, iinzipho, iimpuphu kunye neempondo. Umzimba wayo uhlukaniswe ube yimimandla emithathu: intloko, i-trunk kunye nomsila, intamo iphuhliswe kakhulu ngaphandle kwezilwanyana ezithile, izitho ezine zizalwa kwi-trunk, ngokubanzi ziphela emilenzeni ngeminwe emihlanu.

Nangona olu cwangciso lunokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwintshukumo efunwa sisilwanyana, iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zezilwanyana ezanyisayo ngumhlathi, owenziwa lithambo elinye. Izixhobo zakho zokuva zenziwe ngeentlala ezintathu ezinoxanduva lokudlulisela izandi kwindlebe engaphakathi. Ukukhathalelwa nokondliwa kolutsha ngobisi oluveliswa ngamadlala ebele.

Ukukwazi ukugcina ukushisa komzimba kubangelwa ukuba umzimba wayo ugutyungelwe ngeenwele, ukuveliswa kwayo ku-viviparous, oko kukuthi, inzala yayo izalwe yenziwe ngokupheleleyo, ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yayo yokuzala. Izilwanyana ezanyisayo zinengqondo.

Amazinyo alo enziwe ngamazinyo obungakanani obuhlukeneyo kunye neemilo, ulwimi lunemisipha enzima kakhulu enika ukuhamba okukhulu, isisu sinika uninzi lwazo umngxuma omnye, amathumbu ahluka ngobude, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lokutya, inkqubo yokuphefumla iqulathe iinkqubo eziliqela ezifikelela emiphungeni apho isebe libe bronchioles.

Banemijikelezo emibini yokujikeleza kwegazi kunye nentliziyo ekwabelwana ngayo kumalungu amabini kunye neeventricles ezimbini, banezintso ezimbini ezithi ngazo zigqithise umchamo kwisinyi nangaphandle kwi-urethra. Inobuchopho obuphuhliswe kakhulu kwaye buyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu obuqhubekayo kwintambo yomgogodla.

Bane-cerebral cortex ejongene nemisebenzi ye-sensory kunye ne-motor, apho awona mandla aphezulu engqondo yezilwanyana ezincelisayo. Inkqubo yokuzala yamadoda yenziwe ngamasende amabini, abafazi banama-ovari amabini, akhupha ii-ovules ngokusebenzisa imibhobho, ukuchumisa kuhlala kungaphakathi kunye neentlobano zesini, ibhinqa liyamkela kuphela ngesondo ngexesha lobushushu elivelisayo. .

imizekelo yezilwanyana ezinomqolo

• IntlanziUkubhanqa: I-Seahorse, i-anchovies, i-eel, i-catfish, i-herring, abanye.
• Aves: Inciniba, irhea, iipartridges, penguins, pelicans, gannets, amanye amadada.
• Izilwanyana: Amacikilishe, ooxam, oolovane, iinyoka, amacikilishe, iingwenya, iingwenya, abanye.
• Izilwanyana ezanyisayoIiplatypus, ii-marsupials, i-anteater, amahashe, iimpuku, Umvundla, lemur, nabanye.
• Amphibians: Amasele, intulo, amaxoxo, ixoxo lomdlezana, nabanye.

Izilwanyana ezingenamqolo

Zonke zizilwanyana ezingenamqolo, zahlulwa zibe:

• IArthropods
• non arthropods

Nangona ezininzi zincinci, ezinye zinokufikelela kubukhulu obukhulu, njengoko kunjalo kwi-squid enkulu, enokufikelela malunga neemitha ezingamashumi amabini ubude, nangona kungabonakali njalo ekuqaleni.

Ii-invertebrates nazo zinamehlo, iintloko, imilenze kunye nomsila, ziyi-invertebrates eziphambili, nangona kunjalo izilwanyana ezingenamqolo ezilula ezifana nezipontshi azihambisani nalo mgaqo, zinomzimba olula ngaphandle nangaphakathi.

Iintlobo zezilwanyana ezingezona i-arthropod

Zibizwa ngokuba zii-non-arthropod invertebrates, malunga neentlobo ezintandathu ezinophawu oluphambili oluqhelekileyo kukwahlula kwi-arthropods, ezi zilwanyana zezi:

• Iziponji
• IiCnidarians
• Iintshulube
• IiMollusks
• annelids
• Echinoderms

Iziponji

Ziyi-invertebrates zaselwandle ezibhekwa njengowona mbutho ulula, nangona ziyinyani ze-multicellular organisms, azinayo izitho ezihlukeneyo kunye nezikhethekileyo. Umzimba wezipontshi ulungelelaniswe kwinkqubo yeendlela kunye namagumbi angaphakathi, zondla ngokucoca amaqhekeza okutya ahanjiswa ngamanzi.

I-choanocytes ziiseli ezifakwe ngaphakathi kwesiponji ezenza kwaye zigcine ukuhamba kwamanzi rhoqo emzimbeni, ngenxa yentshukumo ephuhliswe yi-flagella yazo, amanzi angena kwii-pores ezininzi kwaye ajikeleza ngenkqubo yeendlela kunye namagumbi, de afikelele kwi-flagella. umgodi ophakathi kwaye ekugqibeleni uphume nge-osculum.

Bakwanoxanduva lokubandakanya amasuntswana afumaneka emanzini, sinokuthi la masuntswana ziibhaktheriya, i-algae kunye nenkunkuma ethile ephilayo, edlula kwiseli ekhethekileyo apho igaywe kwaye emva koko iimveliso zokugaya zikhutshwa ngaphandle.

Izipontshi ziyakwazi ukuvelisa ngokungafaniyo nge-budding kunye nesondo ngamaqanda, zihlelwe ngokwamaqela amathathu:

• calcareous
• hexactinellides
• iiponji

Ngokuqhelekileyo bahlala kwimimandla engaselunxwemeni kunye ne-benthic, ezinye zifumaneka kubunzulu obukhulu, ubukho bezipontshi azikaziwa ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, uAristotle uthetha ngeeponji malunga nomnyaka we-350 BC, ezichaza njengezilwanyana zaselwandle ezinikwe amandla amakhulu okuvuselela. .

IiCnidarians

Zizinto eziphilayo zasemanzini ezineendiza ezininzi ezilinganayo ze-symmetry, zinezitho ezihlanganiswe kwiinkqubo, kwaye ziza ngeendlela ezimbini: i-polyps kunye ne-jellyfish.

I-polyp eqhelekileyo igxininiswe kwi-substrate ngesiseko okanye unyawo, kumbindi wangemva wesithsaba ngumlomo, ojikelezwe ngamathambo amaninzi, abuye agqunywe ngamaseli ahlabayo. Iipolyps ngokuqhelekileyo zenza iikholoni ngohlobo lwe-asexual reproduction ebizwa ngokuba yi-budding.

I-Jellyfish ziifom ezikhululekileyo, abaqubhi, abantu abahambahambayo kunye nababodwa, abemi bobuninzi bamanzi, bane-bell-shaped kwaye banezinto ezifanayo njenge-polyps kodwa zibekwe phezulu, umphezulu wangaphandle ubizwa ngokuba yi-ambrella.

Yomibini imizimba yeepolyps kunye nejellyfish inomngxuma osembindini obizwa ngokuba yi-gastrovascular cavity, eqhagamshelwe ngaphandle ngentunja enye, esebenza njengomlomo kunye ne-anus.

Udonga lomzimba olunqanda lo mngxuma osembindini lwenziwe ngezaleko ezintathu, i-epidermis, ngaphantsi kwayo i-maleko ye-connective tissue kunye ne-mesoglea edibanisa i-gastrovascular cavity, kukho i-epithelial tissue ebizwa ngokuba yi-gastrodermis ngaphantsi kwe-epidermis. Ezi zilwanyana zineeseli zemithambo-luvo nezihlunu ezivumela ukufinyela nokuhamba.

Zinokwahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amathathu:

• IHydrozoa
• i-scyphozoa
• IiAnthozoans

Ziyakwazi nokubonwa kumanzi amatsha, njenge-hydra, ekwaziyo ukukhupha iiseli ze-epidermis, inwebu ebizwa ngokuba yi-perisarch esebenza ngaphandle kwamathambo.

I-Jellyfish ingenzeka phantsi kweedigri ezimbini zobunzima, ezona zilula ziyi-hydromedusae, edla ngokuba yincinci ngobukhulu kwaye ibe ne-gastrovascular cavity engamkelekanga, kanti i-scyphomedusae medusa ine-septate cavity.

IiMollusks

Umzimba we-molluscs ugqunywe ngumaleko okhethekileyo obizwa ngokuba yi-mantle, eyenza imigobe emibini esecaleni ejikeleze kwaye ivale umzimba kumgodi onxuseneyo. Uninzi lweemolluscs ziphefumla ngeegill, kodwa ezinye, njengeenkumba zasemhlabeni, zinemiphunga, ipharynx inelungu lokukhuhla elibizwa ngokuba yiradula.

Inkqubo ye-nervous iphuhliswe kakhulu kwaye ifikelela kubunzima obukhulu kuzo zonke i-invertebrates kwi-cephalopods, inkqubo yokujikeleza ivulekile kwaye igazi layo liqukethe i-hemocyanin enokuthi ichazwe njenge-pigment yokuphefumula.

Iimolluscs zihlelwa ngokwamaqela asixhenxe ngokweempawu zonyawo kunye neqokobhe kwaye ngokophuhliso lwenkqubo yemithambo-luvo, ezona zibalulekileyo zezi:

• Iigastropods ezineentloko kunye neenyawo eziphuhle kakhulu kunye ne-visceral mass ye-visceral mass ye-terrestrial and aquatic.
• I-Bivalves eneqokobhe eyenziwe zizivalo ezimbini ezicacileyo kunye nentloko ene-atrophied, ezi zezasemanzini.

I-Cephalopods enonyawo oluguqulelwe kwiingalo ezininzi ezijikeleze intloko, igobolondo inokuthi i-atrophied, i-aquatic.

I-molluscs inomzimba othambileyo, ongacandekiyo apho amalungu amathathu anokwahlulwa, intloko engaphezulu okanye engaphantsi, ubunzima be-visceral apho uninzi lwamalungu afunyanwa khona, kunye nonyawo lwe-muscular.

Baye baqhelana phantse kuzo zonke iimeko zokuphila, bahlala kwiindawo zomhlaba, kumanzi amatsha kunye nasemanzini aselwandle, ubukhulu babo buhluka ukusuka kwiimilimitha ezimbalwa ukuya kwiimitha ezininzi, uninzi lwabo lunemizimba ekhuselweyo yiqokobhe, nangona ngamanye amaxesha oku kunokuba ngaphakathi, kukho iindidi ezimbini ze-molluscs:

1. Iimonoplacóforos zezona molluscs zamandulo kwaye zineqokobhe elenziwe sisiqwenga esinye.
2. Iipolyplacophores zineqokobhe elenziwe ngamacwecwe asibhozo adityanisiweyo, agubungela wonke umzimba.

Iinkumba zinomzimba othambileyo kwaye xa zijongene naso nasiphi na isisongelo zirhoxa ngaphakathi kweqokobhe lazo, apho zikhuselekile, iqokobhe lenkumba liyi<em>calcareous exoskeleton ethi ukongezelela ekusebenzeni njengokhuseleko ikwasebenza njengenkxaso, njengoko inkumba ikhula. iqokobhe layo liyakhula kunye nayo.

Kwiingwane, iingalo zizele ziisuckers, ezizisebenzisa kakhulu ukubamba amaxhoba azo, zikwafumanise kuluncedo kakhulu ukubambelela ematyeni nokuhamba ecaleni kolwandle. Ukutsala ingqalelo yeemazi, iinkunzi zolunye uhlobo zizibeka ngendlela yokuba iincanci ezinkulu ezisemazantsi eentente zivele.

Iintlobo zezilwanyana ze-arthropod

I-arthropods lolona didi luninzi lwezinto eziphilayo kwizilwanyana, ngaphezu kwe-80% yazo zonke iindidi ezaziwayo, i-arthropods yangoku yahlulahlulwe yaba ziindidi ezintathu, zonke zinemanyano kwinxalenye nganye yomzimba wazo, ngenxa yokuba zilula ngokulula. Ukuchazwa, kunye ne-annelids kuphela kwezilwanyana ezinomzimba ohlukeneyo kunye ne-appendages ecacileyo.

Umthamo wabo omkhulu wokuziqhelanisa nokusingqongileyo ubavumele ukuba bahlale kuzo zonke iindawo zokuhlala ezikwiplanethi Iindidi zearthropod zezi:

• Izinambuzane
• iicrustaceans
• iiarachnids

Umzimba we-arthropods wenziwe ngamacandelo adibeneyo kwaye ahlanganiswe kwiingingqi ezintathu okanye iinxalenye:

1. Intloko
2. Isifuba
3. Isisu

Kwicandelo ngalinye kukho iperi ye-appendages, ukongeza kwi-ganglia yenkqubo ye-nervous, i-arthropods ineenkqubo eziphuhliswe kakuhle zezinto eziphilayo, inkqubo yokugaya iyinkimbinkimbi kwaye imimandla emithathu inokwahlulwa kuyo:

1. sobuKristu
2. Ephakathi
3. Ingaphandle

Inkqubo yegazi ivulekile, oko kukuthi, igazi kunye ne-plasma fluids mix kwaye ibangele i-hemolymph, ukuphefumla kunokuba yi-cutaneous, i-branchial okanye i-tracheal, inkqubo ye-nervous hyponeuric, oko kukuthi, ibekwe kwi-ventral kwi-digestive tract , yenziwe. izibini ezininzi ze-ganglia njengoko kukho amacandelo.

Ii-arthropods zineentsholongwane ezisabelayo, ezibambekayo, ezibonwayo, zekhemikhali kunye ne-acoustic. Ngokuphathelele ukuveliswa kwazo, azifani, ngamanye amaxesha umehluko phakathi kwendoda kunye nesetyhini zibonakala kakhulu, ukuchumisa ngokuqhelekileyo kungaphakathi kwaye ukufezekisa oku babonelelwa ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-appendages ezinxulumene nokuhlanganisana.

Uphuhliso lwe-Embryonic luyinkimbinkimbi, umntu osandul 'ukuqanduselwa kwiqanda kufuneka ahambe ngezigaba ezininzi ngaphambi kokufumana ukubonakala komntu omdala, kwezinye iimeko utshintsho luqhubekayo, kwezinye luba ngokukhawuleza kwaye lunzulu, oku kunokuthiwa yi-metamorphosis.

Insectos

Iindidi zezinambuzane zenza elona qela likhulu kunye nelona qela lahlukeneyo lezilwanyana kwaye libandakanya kuphela izilwanyana ezingenamqolo ezikwaziyo ukubhabha, ngaphezu kwesigidi iintlobo zezinambuzane zaziwa kwaye kusekho ezininzi ezisafunyanwayo.

Baye baqhelana nazo zonke iindawo ezisemhlabeni kunye namanzi ahlambulukileyo, banokuphila phantsi kweemeko ezinzima, ezinokuthi ezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana zingakwazi ukunyamezela, azikho kwi-ecosystem yolwandle, ukwahlukana okukhulu kwezinambuzane kungenxa yokuguquguquka okukhulu kunye noloyiso lwendalo. i-aerial medium, enkosi kumaphiko ayivumela ukuba ibhabha.

Emzimbeni wezinambuzane amacandelo amathathu ahlukene:

1.  Intloko
2. Ithorax
3. Isisu

Ngokuphathelele ukuzala, babelana ngesondo ngokwahlukeneyo kwaye i-dimorphism ngokwesondo phakathi kwamadoda nabasetyhini ihlala rhoqo, ukuchumisa kungaphakathi kwidome. Ezi ntlobo zezilwanyana zineempawu ezifana nezi:

• Entloko ineempondo ezimbini, umlomo kunye nesixhobo sokuhlafuna, njengamalungu abonakalayo akholisa ukuba namehlo amathathu okanye amabini ahlangeneyo.
• Ithorax yenziwe ngamacandelo amathathu kwaye inemilenze emithathu yemilenze kunye nezibini ezimbini zamaphiko emacaleni.
• Isisu sahlulwe saba ngamacandelo alishumi elinanye kwaye icandelo lokugqibela elibizwa ngokuba yi-telsón, liphefumla ngoqhoqhoqho kwaye likhuphela ngaphandle ngemibhobho yokwetyisa.

Ukuzala kukwesondo kwaye kwezinye iimeko kufana ne-asexual, iintlobo zophuhliso ukusuka kwiqanda ukuya kumntu omdala zezi:

•  ametabolusi-metamorphosis ayenzeki.
• heterometabolus, kuxa kukho isigaba esiphakathi phakathi kweqanda, umntu omdala kunye neoli.
•  ImetaboliOku kuxa kwenzeka i-metamorphosis.

Iicrustaceans

I-Crustaceans ibonakaliswe ngokuba neeperi ezimbini ze-eriyali, kukho malunga namawaka angamashumi amathathu eentlobo, uninzi lwazo luhlala emanzini, nangona ezinye ziqhelanise nobomi emhlabeni, imimandla emithathu eyahlukeneyo inokubonwa emzimbeni wabo:

1.  i-cephalic
2. I-Thoracic
3. Isisu

Izibini zokuqala zihlala zihlangene kwaye zenze i-cephalothorax, ehlanganiswe negobolondo, ine-appendages ekhethekileyo: ukuhlafuna, ukuphefumula, ukuzala, phakathi kwabanye.

Iklasi ye-crustaceans yahlulwe yangamaqela amane aphambili:

• iicopepods: Ziikhrastaceans ezincinci ezibaluleke kakhulu kwihlabathi laselwandle, kukho neentlobo ezininzi ze-parasitic kwiintlanzi.
• barnacles: Zihlala zincanyathiselwe ematyeni, kwimithi okanye kwezinye iindawo.
• ii-amphipods: Zilinganisa iimilimitha ezimbalwa kwaye zigcwele phakathi kwe-algae kunye nobunzulu obuthambileyo bolwandle.
• iidecapods: Zezona crustaceans eziguquguqukayo kakhulu kwaye zininzi, zinemilenze emihlanu yokuhamba, iqela libandakanya iiprawns, i-crayfish, i-lobster kunye noononkala.

Iiarachnids

Uphawu lwayo oluphambili kubukho be-pincer-shaped appendages okanye amagwegwe abekwe emlonyeni, ebizwa ngokuba yi-chelicerae, umzimba wohlulwe ube ngamacandelo amabini, i-cephalothorax kunye nesisu, kwezinye iimeko icandelo lesithathu liya kubonakala, eliya kuba ngumsila, oku. kuphela kwimeko yoonomadudwane.

Ii-arachnids zineeperi ezintandathu ze-appendages, ezine kuzo zi-locomotors, isibini esinye se-chelicerae kwaye esinye isibini sinemisebenzi ebambekayo, phantse zonke zizilwanyana ezizingelayo ezikwaziyo ukubamba kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwexhoba lazo, ezizityumzayo kwaye zifunxe ulwelo lwazo. Ziphefumla ngeentunja okanye ngemiphunga, kanti ezinye ziphefumla kuqhoqhoqho olufana nolwezinambuzane.

Ukukhutshwa kuqhutyelwa ngeetyhubhu zokugaya, zibonakalisa i-dimorphism yesini kwaye ininzi i-oviparous, i-scorpions zenza i-archaic order ye-archaic, umzimba uhlanganiswe yigobolondo, i-pedipalps iphuhliswe kakhulu kwaye ine-pincers ekugqibeleni. Umsila ubhityile kwaye umxinwa kwaye ekupheleni kwawo kukho ulwamvila olunetyhefu, abalusebenzisela ukuzingela.

I-Pseudo-scorpions ibonakala ngathi i-scorpions encinci, ayikho ngaphezu kwe-centimeter, nangona ingenayo umsila kunye ne-stinger. I-Solífugos okanye izigcawu zelanga zinomzimba ogqunywe ziinwele, zinemilenze esibhozo kunye neentsinjana eziphuma ebusweni bazo.

I-araneids iquka izigcawu, zidla ngokuba namehlo aphakathi kwamathandathu ukuya kwasibhozo, ezenziwe ziziqwenga ezibini kunye nesakhono sokutofa ityhefu, isisu sinamadlala avelisa isilika, amantshontsho, ekugqibeleni, mancinci kwaye anomzimba ongacandekiyo, abanye ukuphila ngokukhululekileyo kwaye ezinye ezininzi zizifunxi-gazi ezifana namakhalane. Zizilwanyana ezisemhlabeni kwaye imizimba yazo igqunywe yi-exoskeleton, zidla ngokutya inyama.

Ii arachnids zavela kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama 500 ezigidi eyadlulayo kwaye zazisemanzini.Zaye zagqama ngobukhulu bazo obukhulu phakathi kweentlobo zefosili, kukho imizekelo engaphezulu kweemitha ezintathu ubude, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo ezona arthropods zikhulu ezakha zakho.

imizekelo yezilwanyana ezingenamqolo

• Iziponji: Calciesponges, vitreous, bath, coralline.
• IiCnidarians: I-Lion's Mane Jellyfish, iikorale, ibhokisi jellyfish, gorgonians.
• Iintshulube: bendinayo
• IiMollusksUkubhanqa: Iinkumba, iimbatyisi, ingwane, ingwane.
• annelids: Iintshulube zaselwandle, intshulube yomhlaba, irhewu.
• EchinodermsUkubhanqa: i-starfish, iikomkomere zaselwandle, iiurchins zolwandle.