La Ithiyori yokutsha ihambelana nenkqubo enzima kakhulu ekusebenziseni i-fuel element kunye ne-oxygen. Emva kweminyaka emininzi apho izazinzulu zayityeshelayo into eyayiyiyo ngokwenene, ekugqibeleni indoda engumFrentshi yakwazi ukuyinika ingcaciso eyiyo.
Yintoni iTheory ye-Combustion?
Masiqale kuqala nge-oxidation, eyindlela yokusabela apho enye into edibeneyo isebenzisana ne-oksijini, ukuthetha ngemichiza kuthiwa ngale nkqubo i-element ilahlekelwa yi-electron.
Ngoko ke sithi ukutsha kuxa oku kusabela kusenzeka kwaye isibaso esibandakanyekayo sikhupha amandla obushushu okwenza idangatye eliqaqambileyo okanye idangatye elidlulayo. Amaxesha amaninzi isenokungabandakanyi nomlilo, isenokuba yigesi ekhupha ubushushu.
Ioksijini inegalelo ekuphenduleni ngento ebizwa ngokuba yi-oxidizer, nto leyo evumela ukuba i-oxidation yenzeke ngokukhawuleza kwaye i-fuel inokukhulula amandla. Amafutha kufuneka abe phantsi kweemeko ezithile ukuze afikelele kwinqanaba, elibizwa ngokuba yi-flash point kwaye kuzo zonke iifutha kukho iimeko ezahlukeneyo, konke oku ukwenzela ukufezekisa le mpendulo.
Ngokuqhelekileyo isibaso sisuka kwindalo ephilayo, sinokuvela kwizilwanyana okanye kwizityalo kwaye zisetyenzwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ukuze zibe ziimveliso eziluncedo eziza kusetyenziswa ngumntu kubomi bakhe bemihla ngemihla.
Akudingeki ukuba ube ngumntu okrelekrele kakhulu ukwazi yonke into emelwa ngumlilo ebomini, yinto eyenza izinto ezininzi zobomi bethu bemihla ngemihla, njengokuthuthwa, ukupheka, ukuveliswa kwezinto, kusibonelela ngombane kwaye ezinye iinjongo ezininzi eziyimfuneko ekulondolozweni kobomi njengokuba kunjalo namhlanje.
Imbali yeTheory yokuTsha
Ngokwembali i ithiyori yokutsha Ihambelana nenkqubo ethi i-primitives ithathelwe ingqalelo, emva kweenkulungwane ezininzi zezifundo, iimvavanyo kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwaba ngumxholo wempikiswano phakathi kwezazinzulu ezinkulu ezazama ukufumanisa ukuba yintoni inkqubo emva kokusabela.
Ngomnyaka we-1718 iJamani yanika igama into ekucingelwa ukuba ngunobangela wale ndlela yokusabela, ekubeni wathi ngexesha le nkqubo i-compound eyakhiwe yi-oxidized kwaye yayingumthombo wedangatye, iqulethe into ekucingelwa ukuba yakhululwa xa idibene. ngeoksijini, ukuba ukusabela kwathatha ixesha elifutshane kwakungenxa yokuba yonke into sele ikhululiwe.
Yanikwa igama elithi phlogiston kwaye lisetyenziswe kwiziphakamiso ezahlukeneyo malunga nokusebenzisana kwe-oksijini kunye nezinye izinto ezingenakutsha, kodwa ezinokuthi zibe ne-oxidized. Kwiminyaka emininzi kamva kwafunyaniswa ukuba isiphakamiso sasingalunganga, nangona kunjalo, izazinzulu ezimbalwa ziye zavumela ukuba zingabonakali kwaye zaphakamisa iingxoxo ezithethelela ubukho be-phlogiston kumafutha.
Kwakumalunga nonyaka we-1788 awathi uAntoine Lavoisier, usokhemisti waseFransi, wayilahla ingcamango yephlogiston waza wacebisa ukuba phakathi kwabaninzi. Iindidi zokuphendula kwamachiza, xa ioksijini isebenzisana ne-element ke i-reaction ebizwa ngokuba yi-oxidation iyacatshukiswa, kwelinye icala ukuba inkqubo yayiyenye indlela ejikeleze kwathiwa iyancipha, apho endaweni yokulahlekelwa kwee-electron zafunyanwa.
Nangona kunjalo, kwakubonakala ngathi ngelo xesha wonke umntu wayethanda i-phlogiston theory, ngoko umFrentshi, ekunye nomntu osebenza naye, waseka iphephancwadi apho bapapasha khona uphando lwabo, kwakuloo mzuzu xa wonke umntu echitha i-phlogiston njengento.
Kwakhona loo mzuzu apho wanikwa isihloko esithi "uyise wekhemistri yanamhlanje", ekubeni kunye naye zonke izinto kule nzululwazi zaqala ukuxabiswa.
Izazinzulu ezininzi zelo xesha zayityeshela ukubaluleka kwe-oksijini njengento, akuzange kube ngu-Antoine weza ukuphakamisa ingcamango yakhe malunga ne-oxidation yezinto, ukuba imibuzo emininzi malunga neengcamango zangaphambili (esekelwe kwi-phlogiston) yachithwa.
Iiklasi zokutshisa
Ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo engqongileyo kunye nento ebandakanyekayo ekutshiseni, oku kunokuba ziindidi ezintathu ezahlukeneyo, siya kuzikhankanya zonke apha ngezantsi:
ukutsha okungaphelelanga
Kwenzeka xa kungekho oksijini eyaneleyo kwi-reaction yokubangela ukuba i-element i-oxidize ngokupheleleyo, umzekelo; kwimeko ye-carbon, ayiyi kukwazi ukuba yi-carbon dioxide (eya kwenzeka ntoni ukuba i-oxidation iphelile), kodwa iya kuhlala njenge-carbon monoxide.
Ihamba ngaphandle kokuthi into ebandakanyekayo iya kutshiswa ngesiqingatha, ngaloo ndlela, ithathwa njengephakathi kwaye ngenxa yeso sizathu ibizwa ngokuba yi-complete combustion, imveliso ephuma kule mpendulo ibizwa ngokuba yi-unburned, kuba izizathu ezicacileyo.
Ukutshiswa ngokupheleleyo
Ngokungafaniyo nokutsha okungaphelelanga, kulo mzekelo inkqubo ye-oxidation igqitywe ngempumelelo, yonke into ebulela into yokuba amafutha asetyenziswayo avumela kwaye indalo iyakwazi ukwanelisa i-oksijini, kunye ne-surplus, ekubeni i-Combustion ifikelela kubukhulu bayo obukhulu kwaye ivumela ukuba i-oxygen ifumaneke. i-oxidation ukuba yenzeke kulo lonke ukwakhiwa kwento, ukuba kuyenzeka, hayi kumafutha kuphela.
Kubalulekile ukuba umoya ube yi-surplus factor ukuze oku kutsha kubangele, kungenjalo kuya kuba phakathi, njengokutsha okungaphelelanga.
Ukutshisa okungathathi hlangothi okanye kweStoichiometric
Ziyakwazi ukuveliswa kuphela ngenjongo kwindawo efanelekileyo kule nkqubo kwaye iqulethe ukuvavanya izinto ezifanelekileyo ukwenzela ukuba ezinye iimpawu zokubunjwa kwazo zingagqithiswa kwaye ziphela zibe ngumlilo opheleleyo.
Oku, kunye nomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo we-oksijini, kuya kwanela ukuvelisa impendulo ethi i-oxidizes ngokuchanekileyo i-elementi, evumela impumelelo kwaye ingabi yinguqu enkulu.
Amanqanaba eTheory yokuTsha
Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, ukutsha kukusabela okukhawulezayo kwaye kuyamangalisa ukucinga ukuba kunezigaba, kodwa ukuba kunjalo, kwenzeka nje ngokukhawuleza kangangokuba kunzima kakhulu ukukufanisa, zibonwa kuphela kwindawo elawulwayo. kwaye njengento yokufunda.
Inkqubo yethiyori yokutsha inzima kakhulu ukusuka kwinqanaba lokuqala ukuya kwinqanaba lokugqibela, kuloo mizuzwana imfutshane kukho iinkqubo ezininzi zeekhemikhali ezenzeka ngexesha elinye, nangona kunjalo, ezi zigaba Iinjongo zophando kwizifundo ezininzi kunye neempendulo zemichiza eziveliswa kule nkqubo, zisaqhubeka zimangalisa iingqondo zezazinzulu ezininzi ezikrelekrele.
Amanqanaba e ithiyori yokutsha Zizo:
- ukusabela kwangaphambili: Kweli nqanaba iiradicals zenziwa ngokusasazwa kwamacandelo e-hydrocarbon, kamva aqala ukusebenzisana neoksijini. I-Radicals iiyunithi eziguquguqukayo kakhulu kwaye kwinkqubo zivame ukuphuhlisa kwaye ziqhekeke ngokukhawuleza, ukuba ukutsha akuzinzile kwaye isantya apho i-radicals iveliswa ngayo ayihambelani nenkqubo, ukuqhuma kunokwenzeka.
- Inqanaba lesibini: Oku kuxa onke amalungu enkqubo edibana kwaye avelise i-oxidation, kukho utshintshiselwano olukhulu lwee-electron phakathi kwe-oksijini kunye namafutha. Ikwalinqanaba lokutsha apho ubushushu obuninzi buveliswayo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuyilweni komlilo.
- Inqanaba lokugqibela: Ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lokutsha, luya kugqiba ukuphela kwayo, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo kuxa inkqubo ye-oxidation igqityiwe kwaye iigesi zenziwa ukuba yimpembelelo yokusabela.
Isiphumo sethiyori yokutsha
Olu hlobo lokusabela luvelisa ukubunjwa kweentsalela ezisisiphumo se-oxidation yezinto zamafutha, ngokuqhelekileyo ezinye zezi ziigesi eziyingozi kakhulu kwimpilo yabantu, kunye nokungcolisa umoya, okuchaphazela izilwanyana kwaye zihamba. ukuya kwiatmosfera isenza sibe mandundu isiphumo segreenhouse, oku kubangela ezinye iingxaki kokusingqongileyo.
Olu hlobo lwenkunkuma lunokohlulwa lube ziindidi ezimbini esizikhankanya ngezantsi:
- Irhasi: Ngaphandle koko eli gama likumelayo kwabaninzi, eneneni ezinye zezi gesi azinakubonwa nangempumlo yomntu, kodwa yonke into iya kuhlala ihambelana namafutha abandakanyekayo ekuphenduleni.
Phakathi kweegesi ezinokuba yingozi yi-carbon monoxide, ekwabizwa ngokuba ngumbulali othuleyo, kuba ayibonakali kuyo nayiphi na ingqiqo kwaye xa le gesi itsalwa ngokugqithisileyo, ingena emiphungeni ize idlulele emithanjeni ithatha indawo yeoksijini igazi, elibangela ukufa ixesha elide.
- umsi: Umsi uqulunqo oluqulunqwe ngamagesi ahlukeneyo kunye nezinto ezibandakanyekayo kwinkqubo yokutsha, nayo inamaqhekeza athile akhutshwe kwi-fuel kwaye ahlakazwe emoyeni. Umsi ngumphumo wokutsha okungaphelelanga apho i-oxidation ayizange yenzeke ngokupheleleyo kwaye ukubola kwezinto kwachithwa emoyeni.
Umbala welifu unokuxelela okuninzi malunga nokubunjwa kweegesi ezisasazwayo, umzekelo; Ukuba umbala ulula, oko kuthetha ukuba eyona nto ininzi i-oksijeni kwaye ayinayo ityhefu, kodwa inokucaphukisa kakhulu impumlo kunye nomqala. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba kumnyama okanye ngee-shades ezahlukeneyo, kufuneka uqaphele, kuba oko kubonisa ukuba kukho ukudibanisa kweegesi eziyingozi kakhulu.
