Umnxeba Ithiyori yeAtom yeDemocritus ichaza ukuba i-matter yindibaniselwano yee-athom, ezi zihambelana ngokuthe rhoqo kwaye zingenasiphelo zihambelana nobukhulu obufutshane, ngoko ke azibonakali kwizivamvo. Kule posi siza kufunda malunga nale thiyori inomdla, awukwazi ukuyiphosa!
Ngubani uDemocritus?
WayengumGrike ocinga kunye nezibalo owazalwa phakathi kweenkulungwane ze-V-IV ngaphambi kukaKristu, wayengumfundi waseLeucippus, owayeyaziwa ngokuba ngumcabango ohlekayo.
Ifilosofi enenqanaba elibanzi lokuthabatheka, ukhunjulwa ngaphezu kwayo yonke into ngokukwazi kwakhe ukwenza i-atomize into. Kuqikelelwa ukuba wayengumdali we-physics okanye umdali wesayensi yangoku.
UDemocritus wafumanisa ukuba xa ilitye lisikwa phakathi, inxalenye nganye iqulethe inani elifanayo leepropati njengelitye lokuqala.
Kwakukho ezininzi Imirhumo evela Idemokhrasi oko kwaphawula imbali ukususela ekubeni wayecinga ukuba ukuba ilitye laliqhubeka linqunyulwa libe ngamaqhekeza amancinane, liya kufikelela kwinqanaba elincinane kangangokuba lalingenakuphinda lisikwe. Kanye kunye ne Igalelo likaBlaise Pascal.
Kuthiwa lowo waxela ikamva kunye nendalo yakhe ebalulekileyo uthetha ngeDiacosmos yakhe enkulu, apho wayebambe khona i-plebiscite eyaziwayo, ibhaso elinikwe ubuncinci be-600 geniuses.
Kuthiwa wahamba kwiindawo ngeendawo eziquka i-Egypt apho wahlala iminyaka emi-6 de wafumana ulwazi olululo malunga nejometri, umzekelo, ukuya eIndiya efuna ubulumko obungakumbi.
Imali awayekwazi ukuhamba ngayo yayishiywe nguyise xa esweleka, wanikwa abantakwabo, wamnika naye, emva koko wenza iDiacosmos ukuzikhusela kwizityholo ezikhawulezileyo ezenziwa ngabanye abachitha ukulandelana kwakhe. abazali.
Iingcali zefiziksi ezidumileyo uDalton, uBohr, uEinstein kunye noRutherford yayingengabo kuphela ababethetha ngeathom, kuba igama elithi molekyuli ladalwa ngungqondongqondo uLeucippus waseMiletus kunye nomfundi wakhe uDemocritus kwiminyaka engama-460 ngaphambi kukaKristu.
Iminikelo yeDemocritus
Wayengumntu ophetheyo ekuyileni isayensi yeemolekyuli eyakhuthazwa ikakhulu yiLeucippus kwiminyaka emininzi ngaphambili.
Kukho iingqondi zamaGrike ezininzi ezenza igalelo elikhulu kwisayensi yangoku njengoko babetyala imbewu yenkolelo yeathom. UDemocritus uphawule ukuba indalo kunye nayo yonke into eyijikelezileyo yenziwe ziimolekyuli ezinezi mpawu zilandelayo:
- Ukuqala kohlobo lweathomu yeDemocritus.
- Ezi molekyuli zahlukile ngokwasemzimbeni.
- Iimolekyuli azinakutshatyalaliswa.
- Iimolekyuli zihamba ngalo lonke ixesha.
Njengomphumo wazo zonke ezi ziqinisekiso, abacingayo babesazi ukuba amandla ezinto eziphathekayo aya kuxhomekeka kuphela kuhlobo lweathomu eyakhiwe kuyo kunye nokudityaniswa kweeathom ezininzi enye kwenye.
iathom
UDemocritus wayephethe inzululwazi yemolekyuli yendalo yonke, eyaqalwa ngumfundisi-ntsapho wakhe uLeucippus. Le nzululwazi njengazo zonke ezinye iithiyori zamaGrike ayiwaxhasi amabango ngokusebenzisa imifuniselo, kodwa endaweni yoko izichaza ngokwayo ngeengxoxo zendalo.
Uqinisekisa ukuba yonke into ayiyonto ngaphandle kokudityaniswa kwezixhobo zokuqala eziqulethe iimpawu zokuzinza kunye nobude, ezifunyenwe njengezinto ezincinci kwaye ngoko zingabonakali kuzo zonke iingqondo, ezithathwa nguDemocritus njengeemolekyuli ezinentsingiselo "akukho kwahlukana."
Isayensi ye-atomistic yeDemocritus kunye neLeucippus inokucwangciswa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
- Iiathomu ziqinile, azibonakali, zihlangene, azinakutshatyalaliswa.
- Ii-athomu zaziwa kuphela ngokumila nobukhulu bazo, kodwa kungekhona ngeempawu zangaphakathi.
- Iimpawu zenkqunto ziyatshintsha ngokuxhomekeke kwiqela leathom.
Vacuum
Iingcali zefilosofi zazicinga ngokuhluke kakhulu kune-Eleatians, oku kungenxa yokuba i-Eleatians ayizange ithande ukunyakaza njengenxalenye yenyaniso, kodwa kunoko kwakuluhlobo oluthile lwesiganeko, ekubeni uLeucippus kunye noDemocritus bachaza ukuba intshukumo ikhona. Wachaza ngethuba lokuqala malunga namandla e-inertia. Ngapha koko, eyona nyani iphambili yee-athomu kunye ne-void ifana nokuba kwaye ingeyiyo into yokuba i-Eleatians yabonisa.
Ukungafuni kukaPlato
UPlato mhlawumbi wayenengxaki yobuqu kunye noDemocritus kuba wayefuna ukuba yonke imibhalo yakhe ipheliswe, kungakhathaliseki umboniso wefilosofi ngokuchasene nabo.
Kwelinye icala, umfundi kaPlato uAristotle wayenolwazi ekudalweni kukaDemocritus nangona wayengonwabanga kakhulu ngayo. Umzekelo woku kukuba uAristotle waqinisekisa ukuba izinto ezisisiseko ezifana nezi: umhlaba, umlilo, umoya namanzi, ayenziwanga ziiathom.
Nangona imiboniso yakhe yabonisa inkcaso enkulu kwi-atomism ye-Democritus, equkwa phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe ibonisa ukuba i-atomism yayiqondwa ngokunzulu ngokukhethwa kweengcinga zaseGrisi.
Emva kwethuba, iingcingane ezahlukeneyo ezifana noEpicurus nabafundi abafana noLucretius bathatha iatom ngohlengahlengiso oluthile.
UDemocritus wasweleka eneminyaka engama-90 ubudala, okwathi ngokutsalwa okucacileyo kwakumalunga nonyaka wama-372 BC. Nangona ezinye iingcali zithi azivumelani kwaye zivakalisa ukuba waphila de kwaba 104 okanye 109 BC.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuba umhla wokufa kwakhe uDemocritus wayecatshangelwa zizazinzulu ezahlukeneyo zenkulungwane ye-19 neye-20, zazimxabisa kakhulu ngenxa yazo zonke izinto azifumanisayo kwintanda-bulumko, zafumanisa ukuba kukho iindidi ngeendidi zeeathom ezithi xa zidibene zenze izinto ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo.
Izigqibo zikaDemocritus kunye nezinye iingcinga ezifana ne Ithiyori ye-Quantum Planck malunga nezinto ezifunyenweyo abazenzayo ngokuqiqa. Wabeka ukubaluleka kobunyani ngasemva kwaye wayenokholo oluncinane kwisenzo soluvo, oku kuthetha ukuba wayezixabisa zonke iimvakalelo.
Isithandi sobulumko esihlekayo
Kukho amabali athetha nge-Democritus ehleka ngokuhlekisayo ngalo lonke ixesha kwintshukumo yehlabathi, kwaye bathi kukuhleka kwengqondi enkulu.