UbuBhuda kunye nobuShinto zezona nkonzo zibalulekileyo eJapan, yaye enye yeendlela zokubeka ezi nkonzo kukwakhiwa kwezi ndawo zivaliweyo ezixubana nenkangeleko yomhlaba kulo lonke ilizwe laseJapan. Ngeli nqaku, siyakumema ukuba ufunde ngakumbi malunga ne Iitempile zaseJapan.
Iitempile zaseJapan
Iitempile zaseJapan zithe saa phakathi kwemimandla emininzi kunye nenomtsalane, ezi tempile zamandulo zaseJapan zohlulwa ngoyilo lwazo lwasempuma olusekwe ziimbono ezingenakuphikiswa, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kunzima ukwahlula ngenxa yodaka lwenkolo phakathi kweenkolelo ezi-2 eziphambili, kodwa kuxhomekeke ekubeni ngubani ohlonitshwayo abakwaziyo ukuwenza. bachaza amaBhuda okanye amaShinto yaye, ukusa kumlinganiselo omncinane, bangamaConfucius.
Yaye ukuba, kumaJapan oku akubonakali kubaluleke kangako, ezi ndawo, kunokuba zisebenzise ukuthandaza nokuthetha neekamis, ziseka iindawo zokuhlanganisana ukuze zisondeze uluntu. Okulandelayo, ezi zezona zidumileyo kwaye zityelelwe iitempile zaseJapan kulo mhlaba waseJapan:
Iitempile zamaBhuda zaseJapan
EJapan, kukho ikhulu kunye neetempile zamaBuddha zaseJapan, oku kunjalo, ukuba kwindawo nganye yeli lizwe laseJapan kukho ubuncinane enye yezi. Ezi zithuba zisekela ukusasazwa kwazo ngokusebenzisa izivalo ezixande ezihlaliswa ziingcango ezitywina indawo yokungena kumhlaba ongcwele ogadwe yimifanekiso eqingqiweyo emibini yomgadi ebizwa ngokuba yiNiô okanye Kongōrikishi.
Bakwanayo neholo elikhulu eliliziko lomboniso womfanekiso ophambili kaBuddha; Ukongeza, i-kodo okanye iholo isiganeko, edla ngokusetyenziswa ukubamba iintlanganiso protocol, yaye ekugqibeleni inqanaba ezintlanu pagoda apho iintsalela ezingcwele zigcinwa, ukugqibelela umbono, le complex ingqongwe iigadi Zen-style. Ezinye zeetempile zenkcubeko yaseJapan ezingumzekelo wemizekelo yamaBhuda zezi:
Enryaku-ji
Enye yeetempile zaseJapan yasekwa nguSaicho, umanduleli weTendai Buddhism ngexesha leHeian kwaye yeyona tempile ingaphaya kwemfundiso yobuBuddha. Ifumaneka kwi-848 yeemitha ukuphakama kweNtaba iHiei, kwaye kumda ophakathi kweShiga kunye nephondo laseKyoto, itempile yahlulwe yaba ziindawo ezintathu eziphambili: To-do, Sai-to, kunye neYokawa, ngokudibeneyo eyaziwa ngokuba yiHieizan Enryaku-ji.
Kule ntaba ingcwele, iimonki ezinkulu ezimbalini ezinjengoHonen, uShinran, uEisai, uDokyo noNichiren bafunda baza baqhelisela le mfundiso; Ngaphezu koko, itempile yayikhusela ikomkhulu kunye nohlanga ukusuka kwicala elikumntla-ntshona apho imimoya engendawo ifumaneka khona. Ukongeza, le ndawo ebiyelweyo yabhengezwa njengeNdawo yeLifa leMveli yi-Unesco ngo-1994.
Kiyomizu-dera
Yenye yezona tempile zidumileyo eJapan, oku kwasekwa ngonyaka we-780 kwindawo enye yeengxangxasi zaseOtowa ngasempuma yeKyoto. Le tempile yayisuka kwihlelo likaHosso lobuBhuda, lelinye lawona mahlelo amadala eJapan Buddhism. Oku ebudeni bonyaka ka-1994, kwachongwa njengeNdawo yeLifa leMveli yeHlabathi yiUNESCO.
Enye yezona zinto zinomtsalane zidumileyo kule ndawo ibiyelweyo yibhalkhoni enkulu eyenziwe ngamaplanga ukusuka apho unokubona umhlaba ozele yimithi emangalisayo yeentyatyambo kunye nesixeko saseKyoto; Le ndawo ayivumelekanga ukuba ingene eluntwini, ungangena kuphela kwibalcony ebizwa ngasentla, apho kukho iivenkile ezincinci apho unokuthenga khona amakhubalo okanye nasiphi na esinye isikhumbuzo; Ukongeza, kule ndawo unokuncoma umfanekiso omncinci weKanon ngobuso obulishumi elinanye kunye neengalo ezilikhulu.
Emva kwetempile kukho iJishu Shrine, enikelwa kwisithixo esiphethe uthando; Apho uya kufumana amatye amabini abekwe kude ngeemitha ezili-18, abathi ngokokutsho kwabo ukuba umntu uyakwazi ukudlula ukusuka kwelinye ukuya kwelinye egqunywe amehlo, uya kufumana uthando.
Ingxangxasi ye-Otowa ifumaneka ngaphantsi kwetempile, ngokuqhelekileyo kukho ukugaleleka kweendwendwe kwaye bafola ukuze basele kula manzi, kuxhomekeke kumthombo osela kuwo, into enye okanye enye iya kuba yinzuzo. Ukuba ulandela indlela, phakathi kwesi sivalo kunye nengxangxasi, uya kufumana i-pagoda enemigangatho emithathu ebizwa ngokuba yiPagoda Koyasu kwaye kuthiwa inika ukhuseleko kunye nokukhululeka kokubeletha kuye nawuphi na umfazi okhulelweyo.
Kotoku-in
Le ndawo ebiyelweyo ibekwe eKamakura kwiphondo laseKanagawa, kwaye idume kakhulu ngomfanekiso wayo omkhulu wobhedu kaBuddha; Imilinganiselo yayo ibandakanya ukuphakama kweemitha ezili-11,35 kunye nobunzima beetoni ze-121. Ngoku umfanekiso kaBuddha umi ngaphandle, nangona kunjalo, kumaxesha adlulileyo wawubekwe kwigumbi elikhethekileyo elakhelwe ukuhlalisa; esi sakhiwo asisekho, kodwa iintsalela zeentsika ezingama-56 zisabonwa. Isakhiwo sokungena satshatyalaliswa ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX yinyikima nomlilo.
Ukwakhiwa komfanekiso kwaqala ngo-1252 kwaye akukacaci ukuba ngubani umdali wayo, umfanekiso wokuqala ogqityiweyo ngo-1238 wenziwa ngamaplanga kodwa watshatyalaliswa yi-typhoon, ngoko ke kwagqitywa ukuba wenze enye nge-bronze.
Kinkaku-ji
Le yitempile yeZen esemantla eKyoto, eyohlulwe kukuba iindawo zayo ezimbini zihonjiswe ngegolide. Ngaphambili yahlukaniswa njengeRokuonji kwaye yayiyi-retreat ye-Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, umnqweno wakhe wokugqibela yayikukuyijika ibe yinkomponi yeZen emva kokufa kwakhe, kwaye oku kwenziwa ngonyaka we-1408. Umzukulu wakhe, uAshikaga Yoshimasa, waphefumlelwa nguye. ukwakha itempile yaseGinkakuji okanye ipavilion yesilivere kwelinye icala lesixeko kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka kamva.
Le tempile yakhiwe ngqo phambi kwendawo yokugcina amanzi, kwaye ngumsebenzi wokugqibela wokuqokelela owakhiwa ngu-Ashikaga Yoshimitsu. Itshisiwe yadilizwa ngamaxesha amaninzi, esona siganeko sisondeleyo senzeka ngo-1950 yimonki ephakamileyo kwaye isakhiwo esikhoyo sibuyiselwa kwi-1955.
Icandelo ngalinye libandakanya uyilo lolwakhiwo olwahlukileyo, kodwa ezi zithuba azinakutyelelwa: Isithuba sokuqala setempile senziwe kuyilo lweShinden, olusetyenziswa kwiibhotwe ngexesha le-Heian; oku kwenziwa ngeendonga zesamente kunye nokuqiniswa kweplanga, kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo kaBuddha noAshikaga Yoshimitsu.
Isithuba sesibini sakhiwe kuyilo lweBukke, olusetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwiindawo zokuhlala zeSamurai, kwaye ingaphandle layo ligcwele igolide ngokupheleleyo. Ngaphakathi kukho umfanekiso oqingqiweyo weBodhisattva Kannon, ejikelezwe yeminye emine eqingqiweyo emele ookumkani abane basezulwini: uBhishamon, uZōchōten, uJikokuten, noKōmokuten.
Indawo yesithathu neyokugqibela yetempile, yakhiwe kuyilo loyilo lweeholo zokucamngca zeZen yaseTshayina kwaye ikwagqunywe ngegolide.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba kukho iitempile zamaBuddha ezingenakubalwa ezikhoyo kuzo zonke iikona zaseJapan; Ezinye iitempile zeBuddhism esinokuzikhankanya zezi:
- AmaNara ngamaTadai-ji
- Horyuji
- Shitennō-ji
- Isanjusangen-do
- Ryoanji
- Senso-hee
Iingcwele zamaShinto zaseJapan
Maxa wambi iindawo ezingcwele zamaShinto zibizwa ngokuba yijinja okanye i-yashiro, leyo, ngokungafaniyo namaBhuda, ayinazo iimpawu zecawa; kunjalo, zahlulwe nge arch yemveli okanye torii, edla livela kuzo zonke iingcango ezi, ukongeza kwigumbi izipho kunye ema okanye iipleyiti zomthi apho izibhambathiso zingabhalwa, injongo yayo kuphela intsikelelo nokuzinikela. a kami Phakathi kwezi ntlobo zeendawo ezingcwele zaseJapan, sinazo:
Isukushima
Ime kwiSiqithi sase-Itsukushima ecaleni kwedolophu yaseHatsukaichi, kwiphondo laseHiroshima. Isekelwe phezu kwamanzi kwaye ibhaliswe njenge-UNESCO World Heritage Site kwi-1996; ukongeza ekulondolozweni yimithetho engqongqo yolondolozo lwelifa lemveli.
Ingcwele ephantsi kolawulo lukaRhulumente waseJapan, iyona nto inomtsalane kwiMiyajima, inesivalo esine-pier apho unokubona isango le-torii elakhiwe elwandle; le torii arch inokuchukunyiswa xa umsinga uphantsi.
Fushimi inari
Ngenye yezona zivalo zibalulekileyo eJapan kwaye idume ngamasango amaninzi e-torii abekwe enye emva komnye kwaye yasungulwa ngo-794 AD Inikezelwa kwi-kami Inari, unkulunkulu werayisi. Lo thixo udla ngokudityaniswa neempungutye ezingabathunywa bakhe, yiyo loo nto ubona imifanekiso eqingqiweyo emininzi kangaka endleleni. Uyilo lwala masango lubekwe emva kwendawo ebiyelweyo kwihlathi leNtaba ye-Inari engcwele, eyi-233 yeemitha ubude kwaye ikwisakhiwo esingcwele esifanayo.
meiji jingu
Inikezelwa kwimimoya ka-Emperor Meiji kunye nenkosikazi yakhe u-Empress Shoken. Imi kanye ecaleni kwesikhululo saseHarajuku. Le ndawo ibiyelweyo ikufuphi neYoyogi Park, kwaye indawo yayo yendalo igqame kakhulu kwisixeko esikhulu esakhiwe ngeenxa zonke kuyo.
Le tempile yakhiwa ngo-1920, iminyaka eyi-8 emva kokufa koMlawuli kunye neminyaka emi-6 emva kokufa kwe-Empress. Yatshatyalaliswa ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kodwa yaphinda yakhiwa kwakhona ngenxa yokubaluleka kwayo.
UMlawuli waseMeiji wayengumlawuli wokuqala weJapan eyayiphila ngelo xesha, wazalwa ngowe-1852 waza wafikelela etroneni ngowe-1867 xa wayeneminyaka eli-15 kuphela ubudala, kwelona nqanaba libalulekileyo loHlaziyo lweMeiji. Xa i-feudal yaseJapan yaphela kwaye yaqala ukwenza izinto zanamhlanje kunye nentshona ukwenza izivumelwano nezizwe ezinkulu eziphuhlileyo, uMlawuli wafa ngo-1912.
Ngenye yezona ndawo zidumileyo eJapan, ngeentsuku zokuqala zonyaka ngexesha leHatsumode, ifumana ngaphezu kwe-3 yezigidi zokutyelela, ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na enye indawo kulo mmandla.
Nikko Tosho-gu
Le yakhiwa phakathi 1634 kunye 1636 ekuqaleni kwexesha Edo, Tokugawa Ieyasu emva kokufa kwakhe. Umzukulwana wakhe u-Iemitsu wagqiba ukwakha ilitye lesikhumbuzo ukuze umoya kayisemkhulu uphumle. Kangangeminyaka emi-2, ngaphezu kwe-15 lamawaka amagcisa nabachweli abavela kulo lonke ilizwe basebenza ekwakhiweni kwelitye lesikhumbuzo elaliza kuqulatha uthuthu lwe-shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu. Uyilo lwale nto lumele isitayile saseGongen-zukuri, esibonakala kakhulu kwiitempile zaseJapan.
Isiza sachongwa njengendawo engcwele ngexesha leMeiji; Kwisithuba sokuqala, iGojunoto Pagoda ikhona, enemigangatho emihlanu, apho nganye ifuzisela izinto ezi-4:
- Umhlaba
- Amanzi
- Fuego
- Umoya
Ezi zikwimeko enyukayo. Ngaphambili lisango likaNiyomon, elijikelezwe yimifuziselo emibini yeNiō; eyokuqala, ngomlomo eyahlukanayo ukuvakalisa “a”, umlinganiswa wokuqala wesiSanskrit; yaye umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wesibini uvalwe umlomo, ugqibezela ukuchaza unobumba wokugqibela.
Ngasemva kwesango leNiomon kukho indawo yesibini evulekileyo, apho isitali esingcwele sikhoyo, phambi kwaso, kukho umzobo womthi odumileyo weenkawu ezintathu ezilumkileyo. Iiyure ezininzi ngosuku, isitali sisetyenziselwa ukukhusela ihashe elinikwe uNikkō ngurhulumente waseNew Zealand. Kulo mmandla kukho ithala leencwadi le-sutra, kwaye intendelezo ijikelezwe ngoovimba kunye nomthombo ongcwele owakhiwa ngo-1618, osetyenziselwa izithethe zokuhlanjululwa.
Ukusuka apho, kukho amanyathelo amabini akhokelela kwiSango laseYomeimon, elikhokelela kwindawo evulekileyo yokugqibela kunye neendawo ezinikezelwa kwi-shogun. I-Yomeimon mhlawumbi ngowona msebenzi uhonjiswe kakuhle kuyo yonke i-complex; enye yeepilaster zayo zomthi ibhukuqelwa ngabom, ukuyimela ngokungafezekanga.
Ngaphambi kokuba ufikelele kwisango laseYomeimon, udlula phakathi kwegubu kunye neenqaba zentsimbi, apho izixhobo ezimele isiqalo kunye nokufa. Ukufikelela kwindawo ye-shōgun kungesango leKaramon, elona litye lincinane kumatye ezikhumbuzo. Ingcwaba likaTokugawa Ieyasu alikho kwiindawo ezivaliweyo, kodwa kwinqaba edibeneyo, ebizwa ngokuba yiHōtō.
Ukuba ulifumene linomdla eli nqaku kwiiTempile zaseJapan, siyakumema ukuba wonwabele ezi ezinye: